Tanach
Bamidbar 19 במדבר י״ט
Part of: ChukatChukat, Aliyah 1Chukat, Aliyah 2Petuchah, Numbers 19:1
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וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe and Aharon, saying.
Adonoy spoke to Moshe and Aharon, saying.
זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהֹוָה לֵאמֹר דַּבֵּר ׀ אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִקְחוּ אֵלֶיךָ פָרָה אֲדֻמָּה תְּמִימָה אֲשֶׁר אֵֽין־בָּהּ מוּם אֲשֶׁר לֹא־עָלָה עָלֶיהָ עֹֽל׃
This is the statute of the Torah which Adonoy commanded, saying; speak to Bnei Yisroel that they shall take to you a red, perfect cow without a blemish, upon which no yoke was laid.
This is the statute of the Torah which Adonoy commanded, saying; speak to Bnei Yisroel that they shall take to you a red, perfect cow without a blemish, upon which no yoke was laid.
Rashi
ויקחו אליך. לְעוֹלָם הִיא נִקְרֵאת עַל שִׁמְךָ — פָּרָה שֶׁעָשָׂה מֹשֶׁה בַּמִּדְבָּר:
They shall take to you. It will always be called by your name: ”The cow which Moshe prepared in the wilderness.”
אדמה תמימה. שֶׁתְּהֵא תְמִימָה בְּאַדְמִימוּת, שֶׁאִם הָיוּ בָהּ שְׁתֵּי שְׂעָרוֹת שְׁחֹרוֹת פְּסוּלָה (פרה פ"ב):
Red, perfect. It must be perfectly red. If it had two black hairs, it was disqualified.
וּנְתַתֶּם אֹתָהּ אֶל־אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וְהוֹצִיא אֹתָהּ אֶל־מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה וְשָׁחַט אֹתָהּ לְפָנָֽיו׃
Give it to Elozor the kohein; he shall take it outside the camp, and someone shall slaughter it in his presence.
Give it to Elozor the kohein; he shall take it outside the camp, and someone shall slaughter it in his presence.
Rashi
אלעזר. מִצְוָתָהּ בַּסְּגָן (ספרי):
Elozor. The mitzvah was [performed] by the assistant [kohein gadol].
אל מחוץ למחנה. חוּץ לְשָׁלוֹשׁ מַחֲנוֹת:
Outside the camp. Outside the three camps.
ושחט אתה לפניו. זָר שׁוֹחֵט וְאֶלְעָזָר רוֹאֶה (שם; יומא מ"ב):
[He] shall slaughter it in his presence. The commoner slaughters while Elozor observes.
וְלָקַח אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן מִדָּמָהּ בְּאֶצְבָּעוֹ וְהִזָּה אֶל־נֹכַח פְּנֵי אֹֽהֶל־מוֹעֵד מִדָּמָהּ שֶׁבַע פְּעָמִֽים׃
Elozor the kohein shall take some of its blood with his finger and sprinkle it directly facing the Tent of Meeting, some of its blood seven times.
Elozor the kohein shall take some of its blood with his finger and sprinkle it directly facing the Tent of Meeting, some of its blood seven times.
Rashi
אל נכח פני אהל מועד. עוֹמֵד בְּמִזְרָחוֹ שֶׁל יְרוּשָׁלַיִם וּמִתְכַּוֵּן וְרוֹאֶה פִתְחוֹ שֶׁל הֵיכָל בִּשְׁעַת הַזָּאַת הַדָּם (ספרי; זבחים ק"ה):
Directly facing the Tent of Meeting. He stands east of Jerusalem, and focuses his gaze on the entrance to the Sanctuary when sprinkling the blood.
וְשָׂרַף אֶת־הַפָּרָה לְעֵינָיו אֶת־עֹרָהּ וְאֶת־בְּשָׂרָהּ וְאֶת־דָּמָהּ עַל־פִּרְשָׁהּ יִשְׂרֹֽף׃
Someone shall burn the cow in his presence; its skin, flesh, blood, with its waste (that are in its intestines) shall be burned.
Someone shall burn the cow in his presence; its skin, flesh, blood, with its waste (that are in its intestines) shall be burned.
וְלָקַח הַכֹּהֵן עֵץ אֶרֶז וְאֵזוֹב וּשְׁנִי תוֹלָעַת וְהִשְׁלִיךְ אֶל־תּוֹךְ שְׂרֵפַת הַפָּרָֽה׃
The kohein shall take a piece of cedar wood, hyssop, and crimson wool, and throw them into the burning of the cow.
The kohein shall take a piece of cedar wood, hyssop, and crimson wool, and throw them into the burning of the cow.
וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו הַכֹּהֵן וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמַּיִם וְאַחַר יָבֹא אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וְטָמֵא הַכֹּהֵן עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃
Then the kohein shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and afterwards he may enter the camp; [however,] the kohein shall be impure until the evening.
Then the kohein shall wash his garments and bathe his body in water, and afterwards he may enter the camp; [however,] the kohein shall be impure until the evening.
Rashi
אל המחנה. לְמַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָה, שֶׁאֵין טָמֵא מְשֻׁלָּח חוּץ לִשְׁתֵּי מַחֲנוֹת אֶלָּא זָב וּבַעַל קֶרִי וּמְצֹרָע (עי' פסחים ס"ז):
[To] the camp. To the camp of the Shechinah, as no one ritually unclean was sent out of two camps except for the zav, the ba’al keri, and the metzorah.
וטמא הכהן עד הערב. סָרְסֵהוּ וְדָרְשֵׁהוּ — וְטָמֵא עַד הָעֶרֶב וְאַחַר יָבֹא אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה:
The kohein shall be impure until the evening. Rearrange this and extrapolate: “He shall be impure until the evening, and afterwards, he may enter the camp.”
וְהַשֹּׂרֵף אֹתָהּ יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו בַּמַּיִם וְרָחַץ בְּשָׂרוֹ בַּמָּיִם וְטָמֵא עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃
Also, the one who burns it must wash his garments and bathe his body in water; he shall remain unclean until the evening.
Also, the one who burns it must wash his garments and bathe his body in water; he shall remain unclean until the evening.
וְאָסַף ׀ אִישׁ טָהוֹר אֵת אֵפֶר הַפָּרָה וְהִנִּיחַ מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה בְּמָקוֹם טָהוֹר וְהָיְתָה לַעֲדַת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת לְמֵי נִדָּה חַטָּאת הִֽוא׃
A ritually clean person shall gather the cow’s ashes and place [it] outside the camp in a clean place; it shall remain a keepsake for the community of Bnei Yisroel for sprinkling water for purification.
A ritually clean person shall gather the cow’s ashes and place [it] outside the camp in a clean place; it shall remain a keepsake for the community of Bnei Yisroel for sprinkling water for purification.
Rashi
והניח מחוץ למחנה. לִשְׁלֹשָׁה חֲלָקִים מְחַלְּקָהּ, אֶחָד נָתַן בְּהַר הַמִּשְׁחָה, וְאֶחָד מִתְחַלֵּק לְכָל הַמִּשְׁמָרוֹת, וְאֶחָד נָתַן בַּחֵיל (ספרי; פרה פ"ג), זֶה שֶׁל מִשְׁמָרוֹת הָיָה חוּץ לָעֲזָרָה, לִטֹּל מִמֶּנּוּ בְּנֵי הָעֲיָרוֹת וְכָל הַצְּרִיכִין לִטָּהֵר, וְזֶה שֶׁבְּהַר הַמִּשְׁחָה כֹּהֲנִים גְּדוֹלִים לְפָרוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת מְקַדְּשִׁין הֵימֶנָּה, וְזֶה שֶׁבַּחֵיל נָתוּן לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת מִגְּזֵרַת הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר והיתה לעדת בני ישראל למשמרת:
And place [it] outside the camp. He divided it into three parts. One was placed on the Mount of Olives, and one was placed in the “cheil” partition. That of the watches was outside the Temple courtyard, to supply the outlying city dwellers and all those who needed to be purified. That of the Mount of Olives, for the high priests to consecrate other cows. That of the “cheil” partition, placed as a keepsake by Scriptural decree, as it is said, ”It shall remain with the community of Israel as a keepsake.”
למי נדה. לְמֵי הַזָּיָה, כְּמוֹ "וַיַּדּוּ אֶבֶן בִּי" (איכה ג'), "לְיַדּוֹת אֶת קַרְנוֹת הַגּוֹיִם" (זכריה ב'), לְשׁוֹן זְרִיקָה:
For sprinkling water. For water of sprinkling, similar to, “they cast a stone at me,” “to cast away the horns of the nations,” meaning to throw.
חטאת הוא. לְשׁוֹן חִטּוּי, כִּפְשׁוּטוֹ, וּלְפִי הִלְכוֹתָיו קְרָאָהּ הַכָּתוּב חַטָּאת, לוֹמַר שֶׁהִיא כְּקָדָשִׁים לֵאָסֵר בַּהֲנָאָה (עי' ספרי; מנחות נ"א):
For purification. The word denotes cleansing, like its plain meaning. In its halachic sense, however, Scripture entitles it חַטָּאת, “sin-offering,” to teach that it is like a sacred object, and thus prohibited from personal benefit.
וְכִבֶּס הָאֹסֵף אֶת־אֵפֶר הַפָּרָה אֶת־בְּגָדָיו וְטָמֵא עַד־הָעָרֶב וְֽהָיְתָה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלַגֵּר הַגָּר בְּתוֹכָם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָֽם׃
The one who gathers the cow’s ashes shall wash his garments, and remain unclean until the evening; it shall be for Bnei Yisroel and for the proselyte who lives among them an eternal statute.
The one who gathers the cow’s ashes shall wash his garments, and remain unclean until the evening; it shall be for Bnei Yisroel and for the proselyte who lives among them an eternal statute.
הַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵת לְכׇל־נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם וְטָמֵא שִׁבְעַת יָמִֽים׃
One who touches the corpse of any [human] soul shall become unclean for seven days.
One who touches the corpse of any [human] soul shall become unclean for seven days.
הוּא יִתְחַטָּא־בוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יִטְהָר וְאִם־לֹא יִתְחַטָּא בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי לֹא יִטְהָֽר׃
He shall cleanse himself with it on the third day and on the seventh day, so that he may become clean; if he does not have himself cleansed on the third day and on the seventh day, he will not become clean.
He shall cleanse himself with it on the third day and on the seventh day, so that he may become clean; if he does not have himself cleansed on the third day and on the seventh day, he will not become clean.
Rashi
הוא יתחטא בו. בָּאֵפֶר הַזֶּה:
He shall cleanse himself with it. With [these] ashes [of the cow].
כׇּֽל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵת בְּנֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם אֲשֶׁר־יָמוּת וְלֹא יִתְחַטָּא אֶת־מִשְׁכַּן יְהֹוָה טִמֵּא וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל כִּי מֵי נִדָּה לֹא־זֹרַק עָלָיו טָמֵא יִהְיֶה עוֹד טֻמְאָתוֹ בֽוֹ׃
Whoever touches a corpse of a [human] soul, who died and does not have himself cleansed defiles the Mishkan of Adonoy (if he enters it), that soul will be cut off from Yisroel; because the sprinkling water was not sprinkled on him, he will be impure his impurity remains.
Whoever touches a corpse of a [human] soul, who died and does not have himself cleansed defiles the Mishkan of Adonoy (if he enters it), that soul will be cut off from Yisroel; because the sprinkling water was not sprinkled on him, he will be impure his impurity remains.
Rashi
במת בנפש. וְאֵי זֶה מֵת? שֶׁל נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם, לְהוֹצִיא נֶפֶשׁ בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאֵין טֻמְאָתָהּ צְרִיכָה הַזָּאָה; דָּ"אַ, בנפש זוֹ רְבִיעִית דָּם (חולין ע"ב):
A corpse of a [human] soul. Which corpse? That of a human soul. This excludes that of an animal, whose ritual uncleanliness does not require sprinkling Another interpretation: “Of a [human] soul” refers to a quarter of blood.
את משכן ה' טמא. אִם נִכְנַס לָעֲזָרָה אֲפִלּוּ בִטְבִילָה בְּלֹא הַזָּאַת שְׁלִישִׁי וּשְׁבִיעִי:
Defiles the Mishkan of Adonoy. If he enters the Mishkan courtyard, even after ritual immersion, without having been sprinkled on the third and seventh [days]. His impurity remains. Even if he immersed ritually.
עוד טמאתו בו, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁטָּבַל:
זֹאת הַתּוֹרָה אָדָם כִּֽי־יָמוּת בְּאֹהֶל כׇּל־הַבָּא אֶל־הָאֹהֶל וְכׇל־אֲשֶׁר בָּאֹהֶל יִטְמָא שִׁבְעַת יָמִֽים׃
This is the law [regarding] a person who dies in a tent; anyone who enters the tent and everything that is in the tent shall be unclean for seven days.
This is the law [regarding] a person who dies in a tent; anyone who enters the tent and everything that is in the tent shall be unclean for seven days.
Rashi
כל הבא אל האהל. בְּעוֹד שֶׁהַמֵּת בְּתוֹכוֹ:
Anyone who enters the tent. While the corpse is inside.
וְכֹל כְּלִי פָתוּחַ אֲשֶׁר אֵין־צָמִיד פָּתִיל עָלָיו טָמֵא הֽוּא׃
Any open utensil that has no cover fastened to it, shall be unclean.
Any open utensil that has no cover fastened to it, shall be unclean.
Rashi
וכל כלי פתוח. בִּכְלִי חֶרֶס הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁאֵין מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה מִגַּבּוֹ אֶלָּא מִתּוֹכוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ אִם אֵין מְגוּפַת צְמִידָתוֹ פְּתוּלָה עָלָיו יָפֶה בְּחִבּוּר, טָמֵא הוּא, הָא אִם יֵשׁ צָמִיד פָּתִיל עָלָיו טָהוֹר (שם כ"ה):
Any open utensil. Scripture refers to an earthen utensil, which does not admit ritual contamination from its outside, but from its inside. Thus, if its seal is not properly and securely fastened, it is defiled, but if there is a seal fastened to it, it is pure.
פתיל. לְשׁוֹן מְחֻבָּר בִּלְשׁוֹן עֲרָבִי, וְכֵן (בראשית ל') "נַפְתּוּלֵי אֱלֹהִים נִפְתַּלְתִּי" — נִתְחַבַּרְתִּי עִם אֲחוֹתִי:
Fastened. The word denotes attachment in Arabic. Similarly, “I have been joined by Godly bonds”— I have been joined to my sister.
וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִגַּע עַל־פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה בַּֽחֲלַל־חֶרֶב אוֹ בְמֵת אֽוֹ־בְעֶצֶם אָדָם אוֹ בְקָבֶר יִטְמָא שִׁבְעַת יָמִֽים׃
Anyone who touches, in an open field, one slain by the sword, a corpse, human bone, or grave, shall be unclean for seven days.
Anyone who touches, in an open field, one slain by the sword, a corpse, human bone, or grave, shall be unclean for seven days.
Rashi
על פני השדה. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ דָרְשׁוּ לְרַבּוֹת גּוֹלֵל וְדוֹפֵק (ספרי; חולין ע"ב). וּפְשׁוּטוֹ — עַל פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה, שֶׁאֵין שָׁם אֹהֶל, מְטַמֵּא הַמֵּת שָׁם בִּנְגִיעָה:
In an open field. The Rabbis extrapolate, this includes the “gollel” and “dofek.” Its plain meaning is that in the open field, where there is no tent, the corpse conveys defilement through touching.
וְלָֽקְחוּ לַטָּמֵא מֵעֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הַֽחַטָּאת וְנָתַן עָלָיו מַיִם חַיִּים אֶל־כֶּֽלִי׃
They shall take for the unclean person of the ashes from the burnt purification-offering and he shall place upon them living [spring] water in a vessel.
They shall take for the unclean person of the ashes from the burnt purification-offering and he shall place upon them living [spring] water in a vessel.
וְלָקַח אֵזוֹב וְטָבַל בַּמַּיִם אִישׁ טָהוֹר וְהִזָּה עַל־הָאֹהֶל וְעַל־כׇּל־הַכֵּלִים וְעַל־הַנְּפָשׁוֹת אֲשֶׁר הָֽיוּ־שָׁם וְעַל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בַּעֶצֶם אוֹ בֶֽחָלָל אוֹ בַמֵּת אוֹ בַקָּֽבֶר׃
He shall take hyssop and dip it into the water; [this is done by] a ritually clean person, he shall sprinkle it on the tent, on all the utensils and people that were there, and on anyone who touched the bone, murder victim, corpse, or grave.
He shall take hyssop and dip it into the water; [this is done by] a ritually clean person, he shall sprinkle it on the tent, on all the utensils and people that were there, and on anyone who touched the bone, murder victim, corpse, or grave.
וְהִזָּה הַטָּהֹר עַל־הַטָּמֵא בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְחִטְּאוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וְכִבֶּס בְּגָדָיו וְרָחַץ בַּמַּיִם וְטָהֵר בָּעָֽרֶב׃
The ritually clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean person on the third day and on the seventh day; he shall purify him on the seventh day when he must wash his garments and bathe in water, and then he becomes clean in the evening.
The ritually clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean person on the third day and on the seventh day; he shall purify him on the seventh day when he must wash his garments and bathe in water, and then he becomes clean in the evening.
Rashi
וחטאו ביום השביעי. הוּא גְמַר טָהֳרָתוֹ (עי' ספרי):
He shall purify him on the seventh day. This completes the purification.
וְאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יִטְמָא וְלֹא יִתְחַטָּא וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִתּוֹךְ הַקָּהָל כִּי אֶת־מִקְדַּשׁ יְהֹוָה טִמֵּא מֵי נִדָּה לֹא־זֹרַק עָלָיו טָמֵא הֽוּא׃
A person who became ritually unclean [and enters the Sanctuary] without purifying himself, that soul will be cut off from the community; for he defiled the Sanctuary of Adonoy, the sprinkling water was not sprinkled upon him, he remains unclean.
A person who became ritually unclean [and enters the Sanctuary] without purifying himself, that soul will be cut off from the community; for he defiled the Sanctuary of Adonoy, the sprinkling water was not sprinkled upon him, he remains unclean.
Rashi
ואיש אשר יטמא וגו'. אִם נֶאֱמַר מִקְדָּשׁ לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר מִשְׁכָּן? כו' כִּדְאִיתָא בִשְׁבוּעוֹת (דף ט"ז):
A person who became ritually unclean, etc. If “Mikdash” was said, why was “Mishkon” said?. . .etc., as stated in tractate Shevuos.
וְהָיְתָה לָהֶם לְחֻקַּת עוֹלָם וּמַזֵּה מֵֽי־הַנִּדָּה יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו וְהַנֹּגֵעַ בְּמֵי הַנִּדָּה יִטְמָא עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃
This shall be the statute for all times; one who sprinkles the sprinkling waters shall wash his garments, and one who touches the sprinkling waters shall remain unclean until the evening.
This shall be the statute for all times; one who sprinkles the sprinkling waters shall wash his garments, and one who touches the sprinkling waters shall remain unclean until the evening.
Rashi
ומזה מי הנדה. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ שֶׁהַמַּזֶּה טָהוֹר, וְזֶה בָא לְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַנּוֹשֵׂא מֵי חַטָּאת טָמֵא טֻמְאָה חֲמוּרָה לְטַמֵּא בְגָדִים שֶׁעָלָיו, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּנּוֹגֵעַ, וְזֶה שֶׁהוֹצִיא בִּלְשׁוֹן "מַזֶּה", לוֹמַר לְךָ שֶׁאֵינָן מְטַמְּאִין עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא בָהֶן שִׁעוּר הַזָּאָה (נדה ט'):
One who sprinkles the sprinkling waters. The Rabbis say that the sprinkler is actually pure, and that this teaches that one who carries the purifying water becomes extremely defiled, so as to contaminate the garments he wears, unlike one who touches [the water]. The reason it is expressed as “the sprinkler” is to teach that they (the waters) do not defile unless they contain a sufficient amount for sprinkling.
והנגע, יטמא. וְאֵין טָעוּן כִּבּוּס בְּגָדִים:
One who touches, etc. shall remain unclean. But his garments do not require ritual washing.
וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִגַּע־בּוֹ הַטָּמֵא יִטְמָא וְהַנֶּפֶשׁ הַנֹּגַעַת תִּטְמָא עַד־הָעָֽרֶב׃ {פ}
Anything which the unclean person touches, shall become unclean; and anyone touching him shall be ritually unclean until the evening.
Anything which the unclean person touches, shall become unclean; and anyone touching him shall be ritually unclean until the evening.
Rashi
וכל אשר יגע בו הטמא. הַזֶּה שֶׁנִּטְמָא בְּמֵת, יטמא:
Anything which the unclean person touches. [Which] this person who was defiled by a corpse [touches], shall become unclean.
והנפש הנגעת בּוֹ: בִּטְמֵא מֵת:
And anyone touching. Him, the one defiled by the corpse.
תטמא עד הערב. כָּאן לָמַדְנוּ שֶׁהַמֵּת אֲבִי אֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאָה, וְנוֹגֵעַ בּוֹ אַב הַטֻּמְאָה וּמְטַמֵּא אָדָם; זֶה פֵרוּשָׁהּ לְפִי מַשְׁמָעָהּ וְהִלְכוֹתֶיהָ. וּמִ"אַ הֶעְתַּקְתִּי מִיסוֹדוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי מֹשֶׁה הַדַּרְשָׁן וְזֶהוּ:
Shall be ritually unclean until evening. Here we learn that a corpse is a “forefather” of defilement, and whoever touches it is the “father” of defilement, and defiles another person. This is the explanation according to its plain meaning and its halachic ramifications. Now I have transcribed the Midrash Aggadah from R’ Moshe Hadarshan’s basic commentary, as follows:
ויקחו אליך. מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם, כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהֵם פֵּרְקוּ נִזְמֵי הַזָּהָב לָעֵגֶל מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם, כָּךְ יָבִיאוּ זוֹ לְכַפָּרָה מִשֶּׁלָּהֶם: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
They shall take to you. From their own. Just as they removed the golden rings, for the [golden] calf, from their own, so shall they bring this from their own as atonement.
פרה אדמה. מָשָׁל לְבֶן שִׁפְחָה שֶׁטִּנֵּף פָּלָטִין שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ, אָמְרוּ תָּבֹא אִמּוֹ וּתְקַנֵּחַ הַצּוֹאָה, כָּךְ תָּבֹא פָרָה וּתְכַפֵּר עַל הָעֵגֶל (תנחומא): [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
A red cow. This is compared to the child of a maidservant who sullied the king’s palace. They said, “let the child’s mother come and wipe away the filth.” Similarly, let the cow come and atone for the calf.
אדמה. עַל שֵׁם "אִם יַאְדִּימוּ כַתּוֹלָע" (ישעיהו א'), שֶׁהַחֵטְא קָרוּי אָדֹם: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
Red. To correspond with “If they [your sins] are as red as crimson. . .” Sin is described as red.
תמימה. עַל שֵׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיוּ תְמִימִים, וְנַעֲשׂוּ בוֹ בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין, תָּבֹא זוֹ וּתְכַפֵּר עֲלֵיהֶם וְיַחְזְרוּ לְתַמּוּתָם: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
Perfect. To correspond with the Israelites, who were perfect, but then were blemished by it. This [offering] shall come and atone for them, and they will return to their perfection.
לא עלה עליה על. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁפָּרְקוּ מֵעֲלֵיהֶם עֹל שָׁמַיִם: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
Upon which no yoke was laid. Just as they discarded the yoke of Heaven.
אל אלעזר הכהן. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּקְהֲלוּ עַל אַהֲרֹן, שֶׁהוּא כֹּהֵן, לַעֲשׂוֹת הָעֵגֶל; וּלְפִי שֶׁאַהֲרֹן עָשָׂה אֶת הָעֵגֶל לֹא נִתְּנָה לוֹ עֲבוֹדָה זוֹ עַל יָדוֹ, שֶׁאֵין קַטֵּיגוֹר נַעֲשֶׂה סַנֵּיגוֹר: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
To Elozor the kohein. Just as they gathered against Aharon, the kohein, [and forced him] to construct the calf. And since Aharon constructed the calf, this service was not performed by him, for, the accuser cannot serve as the defender.
ושרף את הפרה. כְּשֵׁם שֶׁנִּשְׂרַף הָעֵגֶל: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
[He] shall burn the cow. Just as the calf was burned.
עץ ארז ואזוב ושני תולעת. שְׁלֹשָׁה מִינִין הַלָּלוּ כְּנֶגֶד שְׁלֹשֶׁת אַלְפֵי אִישׁ שֶׁנָּפְלוּ בָעֵגֶל, וְאֶרֶז הוּא הַגָּבוֹהַּ מִכָּל הָאִילָנוֹת וְאֵזוֹב נָמוּךְ מִכֻּלָּם, סִימָן שֶׁהַגָּבוֹהַּ שֶׁנִּתְגָּאָה וְחָטָא יַשְׁפִּיל אֶת עַצְמוֹ כְּאֵזוֹב וְתוֹלַעַת וְיִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ: [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
Cedar wood, hyssop, and crimson wool. These three species correspond with the three thousand men who perished because of the calf. The cedar is the loftiest of all trees, the hyssop the lowest of all, signifying that someone haughty who sinned with arrogance must humble himself like the hyssop and the worm to gain atonement.
למשמרת. כְּמוֹ שֶׁפֶּשַׁע הָעֵגֶל שָׁמוּר לְדוֹרוֹת לְפֻרְעָנוּת, וְאֵין לְךָ פְּקֻדָּה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִפְּקֻדַּת הָעֵגֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וּבְיוֹם פָּקְדִי וּפָקַדְתִּי" וְגוֹ' (שמות ל"ב), וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהָעֵגֶל מְטַמֵּא כָּל הָעוֹסְקִים בּוֹ, כָּךְ פָּרָה תְטַמֵּא כָּל הָעוֹסְקִין בּוֹ, וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁנִּטְהֲרוּ בְּאֶפְרוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיִּזֶר עַל פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם" וְגוֹ' (שם), כָּךְ "וְלָקְחוּ לַטָּמֵא מֵעֲפַר שְׂרֵפַת הַחַטָּאת" וְגוֹ": [רש"י בשם ר' משה הדרשן]
A keepsake. Just as the transgression of the calf, which is preserved throughout the generations for punishment, as there is no reckoning which does not include an accounting for the calf, as it is said, “on the day of my reckoning, I will take into account . . . [the sin of the calf], And just as the calf defiled everyone involved with it, so does the parah defile everyone involved with it. Just as they were purified with its ashes, as it is said, “he scattered it on the water, etc.” so “they shall take, for the one defiled, from the dust of the burnt sin-offering, [and place, upon it, spring water.]
Where next
Keep reading
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 20
- Chukat Parsha
זאת חקת התורה. לְפִי שֶׁהַשָּׂטָן וְאֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם מוֹנִין אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל, לוֹמַר מַה הַמִּצְוָה הַזֹּאת וּמַה טַּעַם יֵשׁ בָּהּ? לְפִיכָךְ כָּתַב בָּהּ חֻקָּה — גְּזֵרָה הִיא מִלְּפָנַי, אֵין לְךָ רְשׁוּת לְהַרְהֵר אַחֲרֶיהָ (יומא ס"ז):
This is the statute of the Torah. Because Satan and the nations of the world taunt Israel, saying, “What is this commandment? What is the reason for it”? Therefore, the Torah referred to it as חֻקָּה, a statute. I have decreed it, and you are not permitted to question it.