Tanach
Devarim 14:11-21 דברים י״ד:י״א-כ״א
Part of: Re'ehRe'eh, Aliyah 4Chapter 14
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כׇּל־צִפּוֹר טְהֹרָה תֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃
You may eat any pure bird.
You may eat any pure bird.
Rashi
וְזֶה אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־תֹאכְלוּ מֵהֶם הַנֶּשֶׁר וְהַפֶּרֶס וְהָֽעׇזְנִיָּֽה׃
And this is what you may not eat: the griffon vulture and the bearded vulture, and the black vulture;
And this is what you may not eat: the griffon vulture and the bearded vulture, and the black vulture;
Rashi
וזה אשר לא תאכלו מהם. לֶאֱסֹר אֶת הַשְּׁחוּטָה (שם):
This is what you may not eat. This prohibits the slaughtered bird.
וְהָרָאָה וְאֶת־הָאַיָּה וְהַדַּיָּה לְמִינָֽהּ׃
The ra’ah and the ayah, and the kite according to its kind;
The ra’ah and the ayah, and the kite according to its kind;
Rashi
הראה והאיה. הִיא רָאָה הִיא אַיָּה הִיא דַיָּה, וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ רָאָה? שֶׁרוֹאָה בְּיוֹתֵר, וְלָמָּה הִזְהִיר בְּכָל שְׁמוֹתֶיהָ? שֶׁלֹּא לִתֵּן פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לְבַעַל דִּין לַחֲלֹק – שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא הָאוֹסְרָהּ קוֹרֵא אוֹתָהּ רָאָה, וְהַבָּא לְהַתִּיר אוֹמֵר זוֹ דַּיָּה שְׁמָהּ אוֹ אַיָּה שְׁמָהּ, וְזוֹ לֹא אָסַר הַכָּתוּב. וּבָעוֹפוֹת פֵּרֵט לְךָ הַטְּמֵאִים לְלַמֵּד שֶׁהָעוֹפוֹת הַטְּהוֹרִים מְרֻבִּים עַל הַטְּמֵאִים, לְפִיכָךְ פֵּרֵט אֶת הַמֻּעָט (חולין ס"ג):
The ra’ah, ayah, etc. The ra’ah, ayah, and dayah are one and the same. Why is it entitled “ra’ah”? Because its vision is exceedingly powerful. Why does our prohibition specify all its names? In order to refute those who would take exception; so that one does not prohibit it as “ra’ah,” while another permits it with the claim that its name is “dayah,” or its name is “ayah,” and it was thus never prohibited by Scripture. With the birds, the impure ones are specified. This teaches that the pure birds are more numerous than the impure ones. Therefore, those less numerous are specified.
וְאֵת כׇּל־עֹרֵב לְמִינֽוֹ׃
And every raven according to its kind;
And every raven according to its kind;
וְאֵת בַּת הַֽיַּעֲנָה וְאֶת־הַתַּחְמָס וְאֶת־הַשָּׁחַף וְאֶת־הַנֵּץ לְמִינֵֽהוּ׃
And the dark desert eagle owl and the kestrel, and the gull, and the sparrow hawk according to its kind;
And the dark desert eagle owl and the kestrel, and the gull, and the sparrow hawk according to its kind;
אֶת־הַכּוֹס וְאֶת־הַיַּנְשׁוּף וְהַתִּנְשָֽׁמֶת׃
The dark little owl and the long-eared owl, and the tinshames;
The dark little owl and the long-eared owl, and the tinshames;
Rashi
התנשמת. קלב"א שורי"ץ:
And the tinshames. Chalve soriz, [in Old French].
וְהַקָּאָת וְאֶֽת־הָרָחָמָה וְאֶת־הַשָּׁלָֽךְ׃
And the light little owl and the Egyptian vulture, and the shalach;
And the light little owl and the Egyptian vulture, and the shalach;
Rashi
שלך. הַשּׁוֹלֶה דָּגִים מִן הַיָּם (שם):
The shalach. Which catches fish in the ocean.
וְהַחֲסִידָה וְהָאֲנָפָה לְמִינָהּ וְהַדּוּכִיפַת וְהָעֲטַלֵּֽף׃
And the stork, and the heron according to its kind, and the duchifas, and the bat.
And the stork, and the heron according to its kind, and the duchifas, and the bat.
Rashi
דוכיפת. הוּא תַּרְנְגוֹל הַבָּר, וּבְלַעַז הרו"פא, וְכַרְבָּלְתּוֹ כְפוּלָה (גיט' ס"ח):
The duchifas. This refers to the wild turkey, in Old French, herupe, with a double crest.
וְכֹל שֶׁרֶץ הָעוֹף טָמֵא הוּא לָכֶם לֹא יֵאָכֵֽלוּ׃
And all flying creeping creatures are ritually unclean for you; they may not be eaten.
And all flying creeping creatures are ritually unclean for you; they may not be eaten.
Rashi
שרץ העוף. הֵם הַנְּמוּכִים, הָרוֹחֲשִׁים עַל הָאָרֶץ. זְבוּבִין וּצְרָעִים וַחֲגָבִים טְמֵאִים קְרוּיִים שֶׁרֶץ:
Flying creeping creatures. This refers to tiny insects that creep along the ground. Flies, hornets, and impure locusts, are called שֶׁרֶץ .
כׇּל־עוֹף טָהוֹר תֹּאכֵֽלוּ׃
Every ritually clean bird you may eat.
Every ritually clean bird you may eat.
Rashi
כל עוף טהור תאכלו. וְלֹא אֶת הַטָּמֵא, בָּא לִתֵּן עֲשֵׂה עַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה; וְכֵן בַּבְּהֵמָה "אֹתָהּ תֹּאכֵלוּ", וְלֹא בְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה, וְלָאו הַבָּא מִכְּלַל עֲשֵׂה עֲשֵׂה, לַעֲבֹר עֲלֵיהֶם בַּעֲשֵׂה וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה:
Every ritually clean bird, you may eat. But not the impure ones. This adds a positive command to the negative. Similarly with the animals: “That, you may eat” — but not impure animals. A negative command derived from a positive statement is regarded as a positive command, so that the violator transgresses a positive as well as a negative command.
לֹא תֹאכְלוּ כׇל־נְבֵלָה לַגֵּר אֲשֶׁר־בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ תִּתְּנֶנָּה וַאֲכָלָהּ אוֹ מָכֹר לְנׇכְרִי כִּי עַם קָדוֹשׁ אַתָּה לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
Do not eat any carcass; to the alien in your cities give it and he will eat it or sell it to a non-Jew, for you are a people sanctified to Adonoy, your God; do not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.
Do not eat any carcass; to the alien in your cities give it and he will eat it or sell it to a non-Jew, for you are a people sanctified to Adonoy, your God; do not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.
Rashi
לגר אשר בשעריך. גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב שֶׁקִּבֵּל עָלָיו שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲבֹד עֲ"זָ וְאוֹכֵל נְבֵלוֹת (ספרי):
To the alien in your cities. The resident alien, who has resolved to refrain from idolatry, but eats meat without ritual slaughter.
כי עם קדוש אתה לה'. קַדֵּשׁ אֶת עַצְמְךָ בַּמֻּתָּר לְךָ – דְּבָרִים הַמֻּתָּרִים וַאֲחֵרִים נוֹהֲגִים בָּהֶם אִסּוּר, אַל תַּתִּירֵם בִּפְנֵיהֶם (שם):
For you are a people sanctified to Adonoy. Sanctify yourselves by abstaining from that which is permitted. Things which are permitted, but some abstain from them as if they were prohibited; do not permit them in their presence.
לא תבשל גדי. שָׁלוֹשׁ פְּעָמִים, פְּרָט לְחַיָּה וּלְעוֹפוֹת וְלִבְהֵמָה טְמֵאָה (חולין קי"ג):
Do not cook a kid. Three times; this excludes wild animals, fowl, and impure animals.
כל צפור טהרה תאכלו. לְהַתִּיר מְשֻׁלַּחַת שֶׁבַּמְּצֹרָע (ספרי; קידושין נ"ז):
You may eat any pure bird. This permits the bird released by the metzora.