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20:1

כִּֽי־תֵצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל־אֹיְבֶךָ וְֽרָאִיתָ סוּס וָרֶכֶב עַם רַב מִמְּךָ לֹא תִירָא מֵהֶם כִּֽי־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ עִמָּךְ הַמַּֽעַלְךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

When you go to war against your enemy, and you see horse and chariot, people who outnumber you; do not be afraid of them, for Adonoy, your God, is with you, He Who brought you up from the land of Egypt.

When you go to war against your enemy, and you see horse and chariot, people who outnumber you; do not be afraid of them, for Adonoy, your God, is with you, He Who brought you up from the land of Egypt.

Rashi

כי תצא למלחמה. סָמַךְ הַכָּתוּב יְצִיאַת מִלְחָמָה לְכָאן, לוֹמַר לְךָ שֶׁאֵין מְחֻסַּר אֵבֶר יוֹצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה (עי' ספרי); דָּבָר אַחֵר, לוֹמַר לְךָ אִם עָשִׂיתָ מִשְׁפַּט צֶדֶק, אַתָּה מֻבְטָח שֶׁאִם תֵּצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה אַתָּה נוֹצֵחַ, וְכֵן דָוִד הוּא אוֹמֵר (תהילים קי"ט) עָשִׂיתִי מִשְׁפָּט וָצֶדֶק בַּל תַּנִּיחֵנִי לְעוֹשְׁקָי (תנחומא):

When you go to war. Scripture positioned going to war here to teach that anyone lacking a body member is not qualified to go to war. Another interpretation. To teach that if you judge righteously, you will be assured when you go to war, that you will be victorious. Similarly, Dovid said, “I have acted justly and righteously — Do not abandon me to those who would dispossess me.”

על איבך. יִהְיוּ בְּעֵינֶיךָ כְּאוֹיְבִים, אַל תְּרַחֵם עֲלֵיהֶם כִּי לֹא יְרַחֲמוּ עָלֶיךָ:

Against your enemy. Consider them enemies. Do not pity them, for they will not pity you.

סוס ורכב. בְּעֵינַי כֻּלָּם כְּסוּס אֶחָד, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שופטים ו') וְהִכִּיתָ אֶת מִדְיָן כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמות ט"ו) כִּי בָא סוּס פַּרְעֹה (עי' ספרי):

Horse and chariot. In My eyes, they are all like a single horse. Similarly, it says, “You shall strike down Midian as one man.” Similarly, it says, “When Pharoah’s horse approached.”

עם רב ממך. בְּעֵינֶיךָ הוּא רַב, אֲבָל בְּעֵינַי אֵינוֹ רַב (שם):

People who outnumber you. In your eyes they are numerous, but in My eyes, they are not numerous.

20:2

וְהָיָה כְּקָֽרׇבְכֶם אֶל־הַמִּלְחָמָה וְנִגַּשׁ הַכֹּהֵן וְדִבֶּר אֶל־הָעָֽם׃

Now, as you near the battle, the kohein shall approach and speak to the people.

Now, as you near the battle, the kohein shall approach and speak to the people.

Rashi

כקרבכם אל המלחמה. סָמוּךְ לְצֵאתְכֶם מִן הַסְּפָר – מִגְּבוּל אַרְצְכֶם:

As you near the battle. Near your departure from the border settlement at your country’s boundary.

ונגש הכהן. הַמָּשׁוּחַ לְכָךְ, וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא "מְשׁוּחַ מִלְחָמָה":

The kohein shall approach. The one annointed for this purpose. He was entitled “The one annointed for warfare.”

ודבר אל העם. בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ (סוטה מ"ב):

And speak to the people. In the sacred Hebrew tongue.

20:3

וְאָמַר אֲלֵהֶם שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם קְרֵבִים הַיּוֹם לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל־אֹיְבֵיכֶם אַל־יֵרַךְ לְבַבְכֶם אַל־תִּֽירְאוּ וְאַֽל־תַּחְפְּזוּ וְאַל־תַּֽעַרְצוּ מִפְּנֵיהֶֽם׃

He will say to them, ‘‘Hear, Yisroel! You are setting out today to battle against your enemies. Do not be faint hearted; or intimidated and do not panic, and do not be crushed before them;

He will say to them, ‘‘Hear, Yisroel! You are setting out today to battle against your enemies. Do not be faint hearted; or intimidated and do not panic, and do not be crushed before them;

Rashi

שמע ישראל. אֲפִלּוּ אֵין בָּכֶם זְכוּת אֶלָּא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע בִּלְבַד, כְּדַאי אַתֶּם שֶׁיּוֹשִׁיעַ אֶתְכֶם:

Hear, Yisroel. Even if you have no merit other than the reading of the Shema alone, you are worthy of being saved.

על איביכם. אֵין אֵלּוּ אַחֵיכֶם, שֶׁאִם תִּפְּלוּ בְיָדָם אֵינָם מְרַחֲמִים עֲלֵיכֶם, אֵין זוֹ כְּמִלְחֶמֶת יְהוּדָה עִם יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברי הימים ב' כ"ח ט"ו) "וַיָּקֻמוּ הָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר נִקְּבוּ בְשֵׁמוֹת וַיַּחֲזִיקוּ בַשִּׁבְיָה וְכָל מַעֲרֻמֵּיהֶם הִלְבִּישׁוּ מִן הַשָּׁלָל וַיַּלְבִּישׁוּם וַיַּנְעִילוּם וַיַּאֲכִילוּם וַיַּשְׁקוּם וַיְסֻכוּם וַיְנַהֲלוּם בַּחֲמֹרִים לְכָל כּוֹשֵׁל וַיְבִיאוּם יְרֵחוֹ עִיר הַתְּמָרִים אֵצֶל אֲחֵיהֶם וַיָּשׁוּבוּ שֹׁמְרוֹן", אֶלָּא עַל אוֹיְבֵיכֶם אַתֶּם הוֹלְכִים, לְפִיכָךְ הִתְחַזְּקוּ לַמִּלְחָמָה (ספרי; סוטה מ"ב):

Against your enemies. These are not your brothers. If you fall into their hands, they will be merciless towards you. This is not the same as the war between Yehudah and Yisroel, where it is said, “The men whose names were specified arose and took hold of the captives; All those who were naked, they clothed from the spoils. They clothed them, gave them shoes, fed them, gave them drinks, anointed them with oil, and led on donkeys those who were weak. They brought them to Yereicho, the city of dates, near their brothers. Then they returned to Shomron.” Rather, you are proceeding towards your enemies. Therefore, be strong for the battle.

אל ירך לבבכם אל תיראו ואל תחפזו ואל תערצו. אַרְבַּע אַזְהָרוֹת כְּנֶגֶד אַרְבָּעָה דְבָרִים שֶׁמַּלְכֵי הָאֻמּוֹת עוֹשִׂים, מְגִיפִין בִּתְרִיסֵיהֶם כְּדֵי לְהַקִּישָׁן זֶה לָזֶה כְּדֵי לְהַשְׁמִיעַ קוֹל שֶׁיַּחְפְּזוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁכְּנֶגְדָן וְיָנוּסוּ, וְרוֹמְסִים בְּסוּסֵיהֶם וּמַצְהִילִין אוֹתָם לְהַשְׁמִיעַ קוֹל שַׁעֲטַת פַּרְסוֹת סוּסֵיהֶם, וְצוֹוְחִין בְּקוֹלָם, וְתוֹקְעִין בַּשּׁוֹפָרוֹת וּמִינֵי מַשְׁמִיעֵי קוֹל:

Do not be faint hearted or intimidated; do not panic or be crushed. Four prohibitions, corresponding with the four things the Gentile monarchs do. They fasten their armor plates so that they strike each other and produce a clamor which terrorizes their opponents into fleeing; they tramp heavily with their horses and goad them into a frenzy so that the pounding of the horses’ hoofbeats is heard; they utter screams and blow horns and other noise makers.

אל ירך לבבכם. מִצַּהֲלַת סוּסִים:

Do not be faint hearted. From the horses’ neighing.

אל תיראו. מֵהֲגָפַת הַתְּרִיסִין:

Do not be intimidated. From the fastening of the armor.

ואל תחפזו. מִקּוֹל הַקְּרָנוֹת:

Do not panic. From the noise of the horns.

ואל תערצו. מִקּוֹל הַצְּוָחָה (שם):

Do not be crushed. From the sounds of screaming.

20:4

כִּי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם הַהֹלֵךְ עִמָּכֶם לְהִלָּחֵם לָכֶם עִם־אֹיְבֵיכֶם לְהוֹשִׁיעַ אֶתְכֶֽם׃

Because Adonoy, your God, marches with you to do battle for you with your enemies to save you.’’

Because Adonoy, your God, marches with you to do battle for you with your enemies to save you.’’

Rashi

כי ה' אלהיכם וגו'. הֵם בָּאִים בְּנִצְחוֹנוֹ שֶׁל בָּשָׂר וָדָם וְאַתֶּם בָּאִים בְּנִצְחוֹנוֹ שֶׁל מָקוֹם. פְּלִשְׁתִּים בָּאוּ בְנִצְחוֹנוֹ שֶׁל גָּלְיָת, מֶה הָיָה סוֹפוֹ? נָפַל וְנָפְלוּ עִמּוֹ:

For Adonoy your God. They advance by mortal triumph, whereas you advance by the triumph of the Omnipresent. The Plishtim advanced by the triumph of Golias — what was his end? He fell, and they fell with him.

ההלך עמכם. זֶה מַחֲנֵה הָאָרוֹן (סוטה מ"ב):

Marches with you. This refers to the camp of the sacred ark.

20:5

וְדִבְּרוּ הַשֹּֽׁטְרִים אֶל־הָעָם לֵאמֹר מִֽי־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּנָה בַֽיִת־חָדָשׁ וְלֹא חֲנָכוֹ יֵלֵךְ וְיָשֹׁב לְבֵיתוֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת בַּמִּלְחָמָה וְאִישׁ אַחֵר יַחְנְכֶֽנּוּ׃

The officers will address the people as follows, ‘‘Whichever man has built a new house and did not inaugurate it as a dwelling, let him go and return home lest he die in battle and another man will inaugurate it.

The officers will address the people as follows, ‘‘Whichever man has built a new house and did not inaugurate it as a dwelling, let him go and return home lest he die in battle and another man will inaugurate it.

Rashi

ולא חנכו. וְלֹא דָּר בּוֹ, חִנּוּךְ לְשׁוֹן הַתְחָלָה:

And did not inaugurate it as a dwelling. Did not live in it. חִנּוּךְ denotes inauguration.

ואיש אחר יחנכנו. וְדָבָר שֶׁל עָגְמַת נֶפֶשׁ הוּא זֶה:

And another man will inaugurate it. This is a matter of great anguish.

20:6

וּמִֽי־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־נָטַע כֶּרֶם וְלֹא חִלְּלוֹ יֵלֵךְ וְיָשֹׁב לְבֵיתוֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת בַּמִּלְחָמָה וְאִישׁ אַחֵר יְחַלְּלֶֽנּוּ׃

And whichever man has planted a vineyard and did not redeem it[s fruit,] let him go and return home, lest he die in battle and another man redeem it.

And whichever man has planted a vineyard and did not redeem it[s fruit,] let him go and return home, lest he die in battle and another man redeem it.

Rashi

ולא חללו. לֹא פְּדָאוֹ בַשָּׁנָה הָרְבִיעִית, שֶׁהַפֵּרוֹת טְעוּנִין לְאָכְלָן בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם אוֹ לְחַלְּלָן בְּדָמִים וְלֶאֱכֹל הַדָּמִים בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם:

And did not redeem it. Did not redeem it during the fourth year, when the fruit must be eaten in Jerusalem, or redeemed with money, and the money spent for food eaten in Jerusalem.

20:7

וּמִֽי־הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ יֵלֵךְ וְיָשֹׁב לְבֵיתוֹ פֶּן־יָמוּת בַּמִּלְחָמָה וְאִישׁ אַחֵר יִקָּחֶֽנָּה׃

And whichever man has betrothed a woman and not married her, let him go and return home, lest he die in battle and another man marry her.’’

And whichever man has betrothed a woman and not married her, let him go and return home, lest he die in battle and another man marry her.’’

Rashi

פן ימות במלחמה. יָשׁוּב פֶּן יָמוּת, שֶׁאִם לֹא יִשְׁמַע לְדִבְרֵי הַכֹּהֵן כְּדַאי הוּא שֶׁיָּמוּת (ספרי):

Lest he die in battle. He should return lest he die, for if he does not follow the instructions of the kohein, he deserves to die.

20:8

וְיָסְפוּ הַשֹּׁטְרִים לְדַבֵּר אֶל־הָעָם וְאָמְרוּ מִי־הָאִישׁ הַיָּרֵא וְרַךְ הַלֵּבָב יֵלֵךְ וְיָשֹׁב לְבֵיתוֹ וְלֹא יִמַּס אֶת־לְבַב אֶחָיו כִּלְבָבֽוֹ׃

The officers will further address the people and say. ‘‘Whoever is afraid or faint hearted, let him go and return home, and let him not destroy the resolve of his brothers like his own resolve.’’

The officers will further address the people and say. ‘‘Whoever is afraid or faint hearted, let him go and return home, and let him not destroy the resolve of his brothers like his own resolve.’’

Rashi

ויספו השטרים. לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר כָּאן ויספו? מוֹסִיפִין זֶה עַל דִּבְרֵי הַכֹּהֵן, שֶׁהַכֹּהֵן מְדַבֵּר וּמַשְׁמִיעַ מִן שמע ישראל עַד להושיע אתכם, וּמִי הָאִישׁ וְשֵׁנִי וּשְׁלִישִׁי כֹּהֵן מְדַבֵּר וְשׁוֹטֵר מַשְׁמִיעַ, וְזֶה שׁוֹטֵר מְדַבֵּר וְשׁוֹטֵר מַשְׁמִיעַ (סוטה מ"ג):

The officers will further. Why is “further” mentioned here? Because this is to be added to the words of the kohein. The kohein delivers the address and announces from “Hear Yisroel” until “to save you.” “Is there a man,” then the second, and then the third, the kohein addresses and an officer announces. With our passage, an officer addresses and another officer announces.

הירא ורך הלבב. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַעֲמֹד בְּקִשְׁרֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה וְלִרְאוֹת חֶרֶב שְׁלוּפָה; רַבִּי יוֹסֵי הַגְּלִילִי אוֹמֵר הַיָּרֵא מֵעֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ, וּלְכָךְ תָּלְתָה לוֹ תוֹרָה לַחֲזֹר עַל בַּיִת וְכֶרֶם וְאִשָּׁה, לְכַסּוֹת עַל הַחוֹזְרִים בִּשְׁבִיל עֲבֵרוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדָם שֶׁלֹּא יָבִינוּ שֶׁהֵם בַּעֲלֵי עֲבֵרָה, וְהָרוֹאֵהוּ חוֹזֵר אוֹמֵר שֶׁמָּא בָּנָה בַיִת אוֹ נָטַע כֶּרֶם אוֹ אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה (סוטה מ"ד):

Who is afraid, or faint hearted. R’ Akiva said, as the plain meaning indicates — he cannot maintain himself in the battle mode, where he must face the menacing sword. R’ Yosi Hagalili said, one who is afraid because of his transgressions. The reason the Torah provides the pretext of returning because of one’s house or vineyard or wife is to protect those who return because of their transgressions — so that no one realizes that they are transgressors. Those who notice their return will say, ‘Perhaps he built a house, or planted a vineyard, or took a wife.’

20:9

וְהָיָה כְּכַלֹּת הַשֹּׁטְרִים לְדַבֵּר אֶל־הָעָם וּפָקְדוּ שָׂרֵי צְבָאוֹת בְּרֹאשׁ הָעָֽם׃ {ס}        

When the officers finish addressing the people; they will appoint army commanders at the head of the people.

When the officers finish addressing the people; they will appoint army commanders at the head of the people.

Rashi

שרי צבאות. שֶׁמַּעֲמִידִין זַקָּפִין מִלִּפְנֵיהֶם וּמִלְּאַחֲרֵיהֶם וְכַשִּׁילִין שֶׁל בַּרְזֶל בִּידֵיהֶם וְכָל מִי שֶׁרוֹצֶה לַחֲזֹר הָרְשׁוּת בְּיָדוֹ לְקַפֵּחַ אֶת שׁוֹקָיו; זַקָּפִין – בְּנֵי אָדָם עוֹמְדִין בִּקְצֵה הַמַּעֲרָכָה לִזְקֹף אֶת הַנּוֹפְלִים וּלְחַזְּקָם בִּדְבָרִים, שׁוּבוּ אֶל הַמִּלְחָמָה וְלֹא תָנוּסוּ, שֶׁתְּחִלַּת נְפִילָה נִיסָה (ספרי; סוטה מ"ד):

Army commanders. To station disciplinary officers at the front and to the rear, carrying iron spears. If anyone attempts to retreat, they are empowered to cut off their legs. “Disciplinary officers,” lit. “those who lift up” — men who are stationed at the edge of the battlefield to “lift up” those who falter, and encourage them by saying, ‘Get back to the battle, do not run away! Running away is the beginning of downfall’!

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A.M. Silbermann, 1929-1934 · License: PD
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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