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3:1

אֲנִי הַגֶּבֶר רָאָה עֳנִי בְּשֵׁבֶט עֶבְרָתֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

I am the man who has seen torment, by the rod of His fury.

I am the man who has seen torment, by the rod of His fury.

Rashi

אני הגבר ראה עני. היה מתאונן ירמיה לומר אני הגבר ראה עני אשר ראה עוני מכל הנביאים שנתנבאו על חורבן הבית שבימיהם לא נחרב הבית כי אם בימי:

I am the man who has seen torment. Yirmiyahu lamented, saying, “I am the man who has seen torment,” [i.e.,] who has seen torment more than all the prophets who prophesied concerning the destruction of the Beis Hamikdosh, for the Beis Hamikdosh was not destroyed in their days, but it was [destroyed] in my days .

בשבט עברתו. של רודה ומכה הוא הקב"ה:

By the rod of His fury. Of the One who chastises and smites, i.e., the Holy One, Blessed is He.1Alternatively, the enemy’s rod, i.e., this phrase reverts to ‘my enemy has annihilated,’ and how, ‘by the rod of his fury.’ (Ibn Ezra)

3:2

אוֹתִי נָהַג וַיֹּלַךְ חֹשֶׁךְ וְלֹא־אֽוֹר׃ {ס}        

He drove me, led me on, into total darkness.

He drove me, led me on, into total darkness.

3:3

אַךְ בִּי יָשֻׁב יַהֲפֹךְ יָדוֹ כׇּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃ {ס}        

At me alone, He repeatedly swings His hand, throughout the day.

At me alone, He repeatedly swings His hand, throughout the day.

Rashi

אך בי ישוב. אני לבדי לוקה תמיד כי כל תשובות מכותיו עלי:

At me alone He repeatedly. I alone am constantly smitten, for the entire repetition of His blows is upon me.

3:4

בִּלָּה בְשָׂרִי וְעוֹרִי שִׁבַּר עַצְמוֹתָֽי׃ {ס}        

He rotted my flesh and skin, smashed my bones.

He rotted my flesh and skin, smashed my bones.

Rashi

בלה בשרי. כמו (ישעיה מ) לבול עץ, ד"א בלה בשרי ועורי כמו (ישעיה נא) והארץ כבגד תבלה כלומר שכבו לארץ חוצות נער וזקן לא היה להם כר וכסת ובלה בשרם כשהם גולים:

He rotted my flesh. As in, “to rotten לְבוּל wood.”2Yeshayahuu 44:19. Another explanation: ‘He has made my flesh and skin waste away,’ as in, “And the earth will wear away תִּבְלֶה like a garment,”3Ibid., 51:6. i.e., both young and old lay outdoors on the ground with neither pillow nor cushion, and their flesh wore out, when they were going into exile.

3:5

בָּנָה עָלַי וַיַּקַּף רֹאשׁ וּתְלָאָֽה׃ {ס}        

He constructed, against me, encircling me with gall and bitter plants.

He constructed, against me, encircling me with gall and bitter plants.

Rashi

ויקף. הקיפני:

Encircling. He encompassed me.

ראש ותלאה. כמו (דברים כט) ראש ולענה, ומדרש אגדה ראש זה נבוכדנצר לגלות יהויכין, ותלאה נבוזראדן שגמר המכה בימי צדקיהו והלאני:

Gall and bitter plants. As in, “gall and bitter fruit.”4Devarim 29:17. The Midrash Aggadah [states] that רֹאשׁ, refers to Nevuchadnetzar in the exile of Yehoyachin; and תְלָאָה [refers to] Nevuzaradan, who completed the blow in the days of Tzidkiyahu, and he wearied me.5According to this Midrash, תלאה is an expression similar to Shemos 18:8, where it means travail, hardship. (Sifsei Chachomim)

3:6

בְּמַחֲשַׁכִּים הוֹשִׁיבַנִי כְּמֵתֵי עוֹלָֽם׃ {ס}        

He seated me in gloom like the dead of the world.

He seated me in gloom like the dead of the world.

3:7

גָּדַר בַּעֲדִי וְלֹא אֵצֵא הִכְבִּיד נְחׇשְׁתִּֽי׃ {ס}        

He fenced me in and I cannot go out, He chained me heavily.

He fenced me in and I cannot go out, He chained me heavily.

Rashi

גדר בעדי. עשה חומה לנגדי להיות כלוא:

He fenced me in. He has made a wall opposite me [so that I] should be imprisoned.6Symbolic of Nevuchadnetzar’s siege around Yerusholayim. (Lechem Dimah)

ולא אצא. הושיב סביבותי מחנות וגייסות של אורבים:

And I cannot go out. He stationed around me camps and troops of soldiers lying in wait for me.

הכביד נחשתי. עשה לרגלי נחושתים כבדים שלא אוכל לילך פיר"ייש בלעז:

He chained me heavily. He made heavy fetters for my feet so that I would not be able to walk, ferjes in O.F.

3:8

גַּם כִּי אֶזְעַק וַאֲשַׁוֵּעַ שָׂתַם תְּפִלָּתִֽי׃ {ס}        

Even when I cry out and implore, He represses my prayer.

Even when I cry out and implore, He represses my prayer.

Rashi

שתם תפלתי. סתם חלונות הרקיע בפניה:

He represses my prayer. He shut the windows of the heavens before it.

3:9

גָּדַר דְּרָכַי בְּגָזִית נְתִיבֹתַי עִוָּֽה׃ {ס}        

He blockaded my roads with stone, He made my paths crooked.

He blockaded my roads with stone, He made my paths crooked.

Rashi

נתיבותי עוה. אם באתי לצאת איני יוצאה בדרכים הסלולים בדרך ישרה מפני האויבים ואצא דרך עקלתון:

He has made my paths crooked. If I wish to go out, I do not go out in the roads paved in a straight way, because of the enemies, but I go out on the crooked road.

3:10

דֹּב אֹרֵב הוּא לִי (אריה) [אֲרִי] בְּמִסְתָּרִֽים׃ {ס}        

He is a bear lying in wait for me, a stealthy lion.

He is a bear lying in wait for me, a stealthy lion.

Rashi

דוב אורב הוא לי. הקב"ה נהפך לי לדוב אורב:

He is a bear lying in wait for me. The Holy One, Blessed Is He, turned into a bear in wait for me.7Alternatively, bear refers to Nevuchadnetzar who lay in wait to attack the Bnei Yisroel who are symbolized by a lion. (Eichah Rabbah 3:4)

3:11

דְּרָכַי סוֹרֵר וַֽיְפַשְּׁחֵנִי שָׂמַנִי שֹׁמֵֽם׃ {ס}        

He spread thorns across my roads, He made me hurdle them. He devastated me.

He spread thorns across my roads, He made me hurdle them. He devastated me.

Rashi

דרכי סורר. לשון סירים קוצים סורר קווץ אותם מפזר קוצים בדרכי:

He spread thorns across my roads. An expression of thorns, [meaning that] He “has strewn” them with thorns, [i.e.,] He scattered thorns on my ways.8Alternatively, ‘he forced me off my path.’ (Ibn Ezra)

ויפשחני לשון פיסוק הרגלים שהעובר על הדרכים שאין מופנים צריך להרחיב צעדיו ויש דוגמא בלשון גמרא האי מאן דפשח דיקלא:

He made me hurdle them. An expression of spreading the legs.9Alternatively, ‘he wounded me.’ (Yalkut Me’am Lo’ez) One who passes on roads that are not cleared must widen his stride, and there is an example of this in the language of the Gemara:10Maseches Mo’ed Katan 10b. “The one who pruned דְּפָשַׁח11I.e., he separated the branches from the tree trunk. Here too, he had to separate his legs, i.e., take large strides, in order to avoid the thorns. a date palm.”

3:12

דָּרַךְ קַשְׁתּוֹ וַיַּצִּיבֵנִי כַּמַּטָּרָא לַחֵֽץ׃ {ס}        

He arched His bow, and positioned me as a target for the arrow.

He arched His bow, and positioned me as a target for the arrow.

Rashi

ויציבני כמטרא. העמידני לנגד חציו לירות בי כמטרא אשניי"לא בלעז:

[He] positioned me as a target. He set me up opposite His arrows to shoot at me like a target,12By having to hurdle over the thorns I was forced to slow down, thereby becoming an easy target for my enemy. (Lechem Dimah) aseneil in O.F.

3:13

הֵבִיא בְּכִלְיֹתָי בְּנֵי אַשְׁפָּתֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

He aimed the arrows of His quiver into my kidneys.

He aimed the arrows of His quiver into my kidneys.

Rashi

בני אשפתו. חצים שנותנין בתוך אשפה שקורין קויכ"רא:

The arrows of His quiver. Arrows that are put into the quiver, called cuivre [in O.F.].

3:14

הָיִיתִי שְּׂחֹק לְכׇל־עַמִּי נְגִינָתָם כׇּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃ {ס}        

I was ridiculed by all my people, the subject of their satirical songs throughout the day.

I was ridiculed by all my people, the subject of their satirical songs throughout the day.

3:15

הִשְׂבִּיעַנִי בַמְּרוֹרִים הִרְוַנִי לַעֲנָֽה׃ {ס}        

He satiated me with bitterness, glutted me with bitter plants.

He satiated me with bitterness, glutted me with bitter plants.

3:16

וַיַּגְרֵס בֶּֽחָצָץ שִׁנָּי הִכְפִּישַׁנִי בָּאֵֽפֶר׃ {ס}        

He ground my teeth on pebblestones, He made me grovel in the dust.

He ground my teeth on pebblestones, He made me grovel in the dust.

Rashi

ויגרס. וישבר ודוגמתו (תהלים קיט) גרסה נפשי וכן (ויקרא ב) גרש כרמל:

He ground. [Meaning] and He broke; and an example is, “My soul is crushed גָּרְסָה,”13Tehilim 119:20. and similarly, “ground גֶּרֶשׂ when still fresh.”14Vayikra 2:14.

בחצץ. אבנים דקים שבתוך העפר שהיו לשין עיסתן הגולי' בתוך הגומות שחופרים בקרקע והחצץ נכנס לתוכה כשאמר הקב"ה ליחזקאל (יחזקאל יב) עשה לך כלי גולה לשתות בו ללוש בתוכו חרדה קטנה כדי שילמדו הם ויעשו כן כענין שנאמר (שם כ"ד) והיה יחזקאל לכם למופת והם היו משחקים עליו ולא עשו כן לסוף נשתברו שיניהם:

Pebblestones. Fine pebbles that are in the dust, for the exiles would knead their dough in the pits that they would dig in the ground, and the gravel would enter it, as the Holy One, Blessed Is He, said to Yechezkeil, “Make yourself implements for exile,”15Yechezkeil 12:3. in which to drink and in which to knead a small cake, so that they should learn and do likewise, as it is stated, “And Yechezkeil will be to you for a sign.”16Ibid., 24:24. But they ridiculed him and did not do so; at the end their teeth were broken.

הכפישני. כפה אותי באפר ככלי הכפוי על פיו ארנ"טיר בלעז ויש דומה במשנה (יבמות ק"ו) פישון הגמל במדה הכפושה מדד:

He made me grovel. He turned me over in ashes like a vessel inverted on its mouth, adenter in O.F. [to throw flat on one’s face]. There is a similar [word] in the Mishnah, “Pishon the camel driver measured with a reversible measure.”17Maseches Yevamos 107b; he would invert the measure to his advantage, thereby shortchanging his customers.

3:17

וַתִּזְנַח מִשָּׁלוֹם נַפְשִׁי נָשִׁיתִי טוֹבָֽה׃ {ס}        

My soul despaired of peace, I have forgotten goodness.

My soul despaired of peace, I have forgotten goodness.

3:18

וָאֹמַר אָבַד נִצְחִי וְתוֹחַלְתִּי מֵיְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

I thought that my world was ruined, my hope from Adonoy.

I thought that my world was ruined, my hope from Adonoy.

Rashi

ואמר אבד נצחי. אמרתי בלבי ברוב צרותי אבד עולמי וסברי:

I thought that my world was ruined. I said to myself because of my many troubles, “My world and my hope are gone.”

3:19

זְכׇר־עׇנְיִי וּמְרוּדִי לַעֲנָה וָרֹֽאשׁ׃ {ס}        

Remember my torment and my lament, the bitter plants and the gall.

Remember my torment and my lament, the bitter plants and the gall.

Rashi

ומרודי. קומפלויי"נט בלעז:

And my lament. Conpleint in O.F., [wailing].

3:20

זָכוֹר תִּזְכּוֹר (ותשיח) [וְתָשׁוֹחַ] עָלַי נַפְשִֽׁי׃ {ס}        

When remembering, my soul is utterly dejected.

When remembering, my soul is utterly dejected.

Rashi

זכור תזכור. נפשי את עניי ומרודי ותשוח עלי כך הוא פשוטו לפי ענין שיטת המקרא, ומ"א זכור תזכור ידעתי שסופך לזכור את העשוי לי אבל תשוח עלי נפשי להמתין עד זמן הזכירה ומכאן ייסד הפייט בזאת ידעתי כי יש לך לזכור אבל תשוח עלי נפשי עד שתזכור:

When remembering. My soul [remembers] my affliction and my misery and is bowed down within me. This is the simple meaning according to the context of the verse.18I.e., תזכור is in the ‘third person feminine,’ and refers to his soul. But, the Midrash Aggadah explains זָכוֹר תִּזְכּוֹר, as, “I know that in the end You will remember what was done to me,19I.e., תזכור is in the ‘second person masculine,’ and refers to God. In the Hebrew language, the ‘second person masculine’ and the ‘third person feminine’ are identical. (Sifsei Chachomim) but my soul is bowed down within me waiting for the time of remembrance.” On this [explanation] the liturgical author based, “With this I know that You have to remember, but my soul is bowed down within me until You remember.”

3:21

זֹאת אָשִׁיב אֶל־לִבִּי עַל־כֵּן אוֹחִֽיל׃ {ס}        

Still, I take this to heart, and, therefore, continue to hope:

Still, I take this to heart, and, therefore, continue to hope:

Rashi

זאת אשיב אל לבי. אחר שאמר לי לבי אבדה תוחלתי מה' אשיב זאת לבי ואוחיל עוד ומה היא זאת שאשיב אל לבי:

Still I take this to heart. After my heart told me that my hope from God was gone, I will reply this to my heart, and I will continue to hope. What is it that I will reply to my heart?

3:22

חַֽסְדֵי יְהֹוָה כִּי לֹא־תָמְנוּ כִּי לֹא־כָלוּ רַחֲמָֽיו׃ {ס}        

By the grace of Adonoy we have not perished, for His compassion is not ended.

By the grace of Adonoy we have not perished, for His compassion is not ended.

Rashi

חסדי ה' כי לא תמנו. וכל הענין עד מה יתאונן וגו':

By the grace Adonoy we have not perished. And the entire section until, “Why should [a living man] bemoan, etc.”20Below, verse 39.

כי לא תמנו. כמו כי לא תמו, ויש מפרשים כי לא תמנו כמו (במדבר טז) האם תמנו לגוע חסדי ה' הם אשר לא תמנו ולא כלינו בעונינו:

We have not perished. תָמְנוּ is] the same as תַמּוּ [ended].21I.e., in ‘the third person’ meaning ‘they have not perished.’ But according to Rashi’s second explanation, תמנו is in the ‘second person’ meaning ‘we have not perished.’ (Sifsei Chachomim) And some explain כִּי לֹא תָמְנוּ as in, “Will we ever stop תַּמְנוּ dying?”22Bamidbar 17:28. It is the kindnesses of God that we were not annihilated, that we have not perished because of our sins.

3:23

חֲדָשִׁים לַבְּקָרִים רַבָּה אֱמוּנָתֶֽךָ׃ {ס}        

Each morning refreshed, Your faithfulness is immense.

Each morning refreshed, Your faithfulness is immense.

Rashi

חדשים לבקרים. מתחדשים הם חסדיך מיום אל יום:

Each morning refreshed. Your kindnesses are renewed from day to day.

רבה אמונתך. גדולה היא הבטחתך ודבר גדול הוא להאמין בך שתקיים ותשמור מה שהבטחת לנו:

Your faithfulness is immense. Your promise is great, and it is a great thing to believe in You that You will fulfill and keep what You promised us.

3:24

חֶלְקִי יְהֹוָה אָמְרָה נַפְשִׁי עַל־כֵּן אוֹחִיל לֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

‘Adonoy is my portion,’ my soul declares, I therefore hope to Him.

‘Adonoy is my portion,’ my soul declares, I therefore hope to Him.

Rashi

חלקי ה' אמרה נפשי. ה' מנת חלקי ודין הוא שאוחיל לו:

‘Adonoy is my portion,’ my soul declares. God is my portion; therefore it is proper that I should hope in Him.

3:25

טוֹב יְהֹוָה לְקֹוָו לְנֶפֶשׁ תִּדְרְשֶֽׁנּוּ׃ {ס}        

Adonoy is good to those who hope to Him, to the soul which searches for Him.

Adonoy is good to those who hope to Him, to the soul which searches for Him.

3:26

טוֹב וְיָחִיל וְדוּמָם לִתְשׁוּעַת יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

It is good to hope, in stillness, for Adonoy’s deliverance.

It is good to hope, in stillness, for Adonoy’s deliverance.

Rashi

טוב ויחיל ודומם. וי"ו של ויחיל יתירה כמו וי"ו של (בראשית ל"ו) ואיה וענה טוב שיחול אדם וידום ויצפה לתשועות ה':

It is good to hope in stillness. The vav of וְיָחִיל is superfluous just like the vav of “וְאַיָּה וַעֲנָה”23Bereishis 36:24. [is superfluous in וְאַיָּה. It is good for man to hope, and remain silent and wait for God’s salvation.

3:27

טוֹב לַגֶּבֶר כִּֽי־יִשָּׂא עֹל בִּנְעוּרָֽיו׃ {ס}        

It is good for man to bear a yoke during his youth.

It is good for man to bear a yoke during his youth.

3:28

יֵשֵׁב בָּדָד וְיִדֹּם כִּי נָטַל עָלָֽיו׃ {ס}        

Let him stay alone and wait, for He [God] has cast it upon him.

Let him stay alone and wait, for He [God] has cast it upon him.

Rashi

ישב בדד. מי שאירע לו אבל וצרה ישב גלמוד ויצפה לטובה:

Let him stay alone. Whoever was befallen by mourning and trouble should sit alone and wait for good [to come].

וידום. לשון המתנה כמו (שמואל א יד) אם כה יאמרו אלינו דומו דיהונתן:

And wait. An expression of waiting, as in, “If they say thus to us, ‘Wait דֹּמוּ!’”24I Shmuel 14:9. [in the incident dealing] with Yehonoson.

כי נטל עליו. כי בעל הגזרות נשא עליו הגזירה זו:

For He [God] has cast it upon him. For the Master of Decrees has put this decree upon him.25Alternatively, ‘until He removes it,’ i.e., until He removes the suffering from him. (Targum)

3:29

יִתֵּן בֶּֽעָפָר פִּיהוּ אוּלַי יֵשׁ תִּקְוָֽה׃ {ס}        

Let him place his mouth in the dust, perhaps there is yet hope.

Let him place his mouth in the dust, perhaps there is yet hope.

3:30

יִתֵּן לְמַכֵּהוּ לֶחִי יִשְׂבַּע בְּחֶרְפָּֽה׃ {ס}        

Let him proffer his cheek to his assailant, let him be satiated with humiliation.

Let him proffer his cheek to his assailant, let him be satiated with humiliation.

3:31

כִּי לֹא יִזְנַח לְעוֹלָם אֲדֹנָֽי׃ {ס}        

For God does not forsake forever.

For God does not forsake forever.

Rashi

כי לא יזנח לעולם אד'. לכן טוב לידום:

For God does not forsake forever. It is therefore good to wait.

3:32

כִּי אִם־הוֹגָה וְרִחַם כְּרֹב חֲסָדָֽיו׃ {ס}        

Rather, should he [man] cause grief, then He [God] is compassionate, in accordance with His immense grace.

Rather, should he [man] cause grief, then He [God] is compassionate, in accordance with His immense grace.

Rashi

כי אם הוגה. אם האדם מביא עליו יגון בשביל עונו ואחר כך וריחם כרוב חסדיו:

Rather should he [man] cause grief. If man brings grief upon himself because of his sin[s], afterwards, He will yet have compassion in accordance with His immense grace.26Alternatively, ‘He first afflicts, then pities according to His abundant kindness.’ (Targum)

הוגה ויגה. לשון תוגה הם:

Cause grief ... Cause grief. [Both words] are expressions of grief.

3:33

כִּי לֹא עִנָּה מִלִּבּוֹ וַיַּגֶּה בְּנֵי־אִֽישׁ׃ {ס}        

For He does not torment willfully, nor cause men grief.

For He does not torment willfully, nor cause men grief.

Rashi

כי לא ענה. ויגה בני איש מלבו ומרצונו כי העון גורם:

For He does not torment willfully nor cause men grief. From His heart and from His will;27Alternatively, if man does not humble himself from haughtiness, God will cause him grief. (Targum) rather the sin causes [the grief].

3:34

לְדַכֵּא תַּחַת רַגְלָיו כֹּל אֲסִירֵי אָֽרֶץ׃ {ס}        

By crushing underfoot all the captives on earth.

By crushing underfoot all the captives on earth.

Rashi

לדכא תחת רגליו. מוסב על כי לא ענה מלבו להיות מדכה תחת רגליו וגו', ולא להטות משפט גבר וגו', ולא לעות אדם בריבו כל אלה ה' לא ראה לא נראה לו ולא עלתה לפניו במחשבתו לעשות כן:

By crushing underfoot. This refers back to, “For He does not torment willfully by crushing underfoot, etc. nor through the miscarriage of one’s justice, etc. nor by aggrieving a man in his dispute.” All these, God did not condone. He did not approve of them, and it did not enter His thought to do so.28Alternatively, ‘by crushing underfoot’ refers to Nevuchadnetzar. (Midrash Eichah 3:30)

3:35

לְהַטּוֹת מִשְׁפַּט־גָּבֶר נֶגֶד פְּנֵי עֶלְיֽוֹן׃ {ס}        

Or through the miscarriage of a man’s justice before the Supreme Being.

Or through the miscarriage of a man’s justice before the Supreme Being.

3:36

לְעַוֵּת אָדָם בְּרִיבוֹ אֲדֹנָי לֹא רָאָֽה׃ {ס}        

Or by aggrieving a man in his dispute—God does not condone this.

Or by aggrieving a man in his dispute—God does not condone this.

Rashi

לא ראה. לא הוכשר בעיניו שיעוותו בית דין של מעלה אדם בריבו כמו מה ראית כי עשית וגו':

Does not condone. He does not approve that the heavenly tribunal should distort a person’s dispute, as in, “What did you see רָאִיתָ that you did, etc.”29Bereishis 20:10.

3:37

מִי זֶה אָמַר וַתֶּהִי אֲדֹנָי לֹא צִוָּֽה׃ {ס}        

Whosoever issued a declaration that took effect when God did not command?

Whosoever issued a declaration that took effect when God did not command?

Rashi

מי זה אמר ותהי. וגו':

Whosoever issued a declaration that took effect, etc.

3:38

מִפִּי עֶלְיוֹן לֹא תֵצֵא הָרָעוֹת וְהַטּֽוֹב׃ {ס}        

That did not emanate from the Almighty—whether harmful or beneficial?

That did not emanate from the Almighty—whether harmful or beneficial?

Rashi

מפי עליון וגו'. ואם באתי לומר לא מידו באה אלי הרעה הזאת מקרה היא שהיה לי, אין זאת, כי אם בין רעות בין טובות מי זה אמר ותהי אם ה' לא צוה ומפיו לא תצא הן רעה הן טובה אבל מה יש להתאונן אדם חי גבר על חטאיו כל איש ואיש יתאונן על חטאיו כי הם המביאים עליו הרעה, מפי עליון לא תצא אמר רבי יוחנן מיום שאמר הקב"ה (דברים ל') ראה נתתי לפניך את החיים ואת הטוב וגו' לא יצא רעה וטובה מפיו אלא הרעה באה מאליה לעושה רע והטוב לעושה טוב לפיכך מה יתאונן למה יתרעם האדם אם לא על חטאיו:

From the Almighty, etc. And if you attempt to say that this evil did not come to me from His hand, that it is coincidence that has befallen me; this is not so. For both bad occurrences and good occurrences, who has commanded and they came to pass, unless God ordained? And He commands neither bad nor good [to come]. But what should a living man bemoan? “A man for his sins.” Every man should bemoan his sins, because they are what bring the evil upon him. (“They did not emanate from the Almighty,” Rabbi Yochonon said, “From the day that the Holy One, Blessed Is He, said, ‘See, I have placed before you today the life and the good, etc.,’30Devarim 30:15. neither evil nor good has come from His command.” Rather the evil comes by itself to the one who commits evil, and the good to the one who does good.) Therefore, what should one bemoan? Why should a man be angry, if not about his sins?

3:39

מַה־יִּתְאוֹנֵן אָדָם חָי גֶּבֶר עַל־חֲטָאָֽו׃ {ס}        

What should a living man bemoan? A man over his sins.

What should a living man bemoan? A man over his sins.

3:40

נַחְפְּשָׂה דְרָכֵינוּ וְֽנַחְקֹרָה וְנָשׁוּבָה עַד־יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

Let us examine our ways, scrutinize them, and return to God.

Let us examine our ways, scrutinize them, and return to God.

3:41

נִשָּׂא לְבָבֵנוּ אֶל־כַּפָּיִם אֶל־אֵל בַּשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ {ס}        

Let us uplift our hearts together with our hands, to the Almighty in heaven.

Let us uplift our hearts together with our hands, to the Almighty in heaven.

Rashi

נשא לבבינו אל כפים. כשאנו נושאים את כפינו אל השמים נשא אף לבבינו עמהם לשוב להשיב לבבינו לפני המקום ב"ה ד"א אל כפים. אל העננים אל שמים כמה דאת אמר (מלכים א יט) והנה עב קטנה ככף איש עולה וכן (איוב לו) על כפים כסה אור, ומדרש רבותינו נשא לבבינו באמת להקב"ה כאדם הרוחץ בנקיון כפיו שמשליך מידיו כל טינוף כי מודה ועוזב ירוחם והמודה ואינו עוזב כטובל ושרץ בידו:

Let us uplift our hearts together with our hands. When we lift up our hands to heaven let us also lift up our hearts with them to return, to bring back our hearts before the Omnipresent, Blessed is He. Another explanation: “With our hands.” אֶל כַּפָּיִם means] to the clouds, to heaven, as [Scripture] states, “There is a cloud as small as a man’s palm, rising.”31I Melochim 18:44. And similarly, “Over the clouds He covers the rain.”32Iyov 36:32. But the Midrash of our Rabbis [states], “Let us uplift our hearts” sincerely to the Holy One, Blessed Is He, like a person who washes his hands to clean them, casts from his hands all contamination, for “he who confesses and abandons will obtain mercy,” but he who confesses but does not abandon [his sins] is like one who [is ritually impure who] immerses himself while holding a[n impure] creeping animal in his hand.33Until he casts it away he will not become ritually pure. See Rashi in Maseches Ta’anis 16a.

3:42

נַחְנוּ פָשַׁעְנוּ וּמָרִינוּ אַתָּה לֹא סָלָֽחְתָּ׃ {ס}        

We have transgressed and rebelled, and You have not forgiven.

We have transgressed and rebelled, and You have not forgiven.

Rashi

נחנו פשענו ומרינו. זה דרכינו על ידי יצר הרע [:

We have transgressed and rebelled. This is our way, because of the evil inclination.

אתה לא סלחת. ולך היתה נאה הסליחה כי כן דרכך:

And you have not forgiven. And for You, forgiveness is fitting, for so is Your way.

3:43

סַכּוֹתָה בָאַף וַֽתִּרְדְּפֵנוּ הָרַגְתָּ לֹא חָמָֽלְתָּ׃ {ס}        

You have covered Yourself in wrath, and pursued us. You slew pitilessly.

You have covered Yourself in wrath, and pursued us. You slew pitilessly.

Rashi

סכותה באף. חצצת את האף להיות מחיצה בינך ובינינו ותרדפנו בו:

You have covered Yourself in wrath. You set up anger to be a barrier between You and us, and You pursued us with it.

3:44

סַכּוֹתָה בֶֽעָנָן לָךְ מֵעֲבוֹר תְּפִלָּֽה׃ {ס}        

You have enveloped Yourself in the cloud, so that no prayer would penetrate.

You have enveloped Yourself in the cloud, so that no prayer would penetrate.

3:45

סְחִי וּמָאוֹס תְּשִׂימֵנוּ בְּקֶרֶב הָעַמִּֽים׃ {ס}        

You made us seem like spittle, abominable among the nations.

You made us seem like spittle, abominable among the nations.

Rashi

סחי ומאוס. הוא ניע בלשון משנה כיחו וניעו שניסח מתוך הריאה ויוצא דרך הגרון:

Spittle, abominable. This is mucus; in the language of the Mishnah, “his phlegm and his mucus,”34Maseches Bava Kama 3b. which is drawn out through the lungs and emitted through the throat.

תשימנו. לשון הווה הוא:

You made us. This is in the present tense.

3:46

פָּצוּ עָלֵינוּ פִּיהֶם כׇּל־אֹיְבֵֽינוּ׃ {ס}        

They opened their mouths wide concerning us—all our enemies.

They opened their mouths wide concerning us—all our enemies.

3:47

פַּחַד וָפַחַת הָיָה לָנוּ הַשֵּׁאת וְהַשָּֽׁבֶר׃ {ס}        

Terror, then the pit, were our lot, ruin and disintegration.

Terror, then the pit, were our lot, ruin and disintegration.

Rashi

פחד ופחת. כשנסנו מפני הפחד נפלנו אל הפחת שוחה:

Terror then the pit. When we fled because of the terror, we fell into the pit.35See Yeshayahuu 24:17-18.

השאת. לשון שאייה כמו השאת:

Ruin. An expression of desolation, as in, “ruin.”36The last three words “as in ‘ruin’” is omitted from Rashi’s text. (Sifsei Chachomim)

3:48

פַּלְגֵי־מַיִם תֵּרַד עֵינִי עַל־שֶׁבֶר בַּת־עַמִּֽי׃ {ס}        

Rivers of water stream from my eye, over the disintegration of my people.

Rivers of water stream from my eye, over the disintegration of my people.

3:49

עֵינִי נִגְּרָה וְלֹא תִדְמֶה מֵאֵין הֲפֻגֽוֹת׃ {ס}        

My eye flows copiously, and will not be stilled, [it will flow] without pause—

My eye flows copiously, and will not be stilled, [it will flow] without pause—

Rashi

מאין הפוגות. מאין חליפין והעברה:

[It will flow] without pause. Without change or cessation.

3:50

עַד־יַשְׁקִיף וְיֵרֶא יְהֹוָה מִשָּׁמָֽיִם׃ {ס}        

Till Adonoy gazes intently and takes notice from heaven.

Till Adonoy gazes intently and takes notice from heaven.

3:51

עֵינִי עֽוֹלְלָה לְנַפְשִׁי מִכֹּל בְּנוֹת עִירִֽי׃ {ס}        

My eye has made me ugly, sorrowing over my soul, more than all the inhabitants of my city.

My eye has made me ugly, sorrowing over my soul, more than all the inhabitants of my city.

Rashi

עיני עוללה לנפשי מכל בנות עירי. ירמיה ממשפחת כהנים היה ואמר עיני בדמעה עוללה וניוולה פני עלי נפשי מכל בנות עירי:

My eye has made me ugly, sorrowing over my soul, more than all the inhabitants of my city. Yirmiyahu was from a family of kohanim, and he said, “My eye, with its tears, sullied my face over my soul more than all the inhabitants of my city.”

עוללה. לשון נוול כמו (איוב טז) ועוללתי בעפר קרני:

Made me ugly. And expression of sullying, as in, “and sullied my radiance with dirt.”37Iyov 16:15.

מכל בנות עירי. משפחתי יש לה לבכות מכל משפחות העיר שהיתה נבחרת לקדושה ולעבודת הקב"ה מכל ישראל:

More than all the inhabitants of my city. My family has more reason to cry than all the families of the city, for it was chosen for sanctity and for the service of the Holy One, Blessed Is He, over all Yisroel.

3:52

צוֹד צָדוּנִי כַּצִּפּוֹר אֹיְבַי חִנָּֽם׃ {ס}        

I have been constantly trapped like a bird, by those who are my enemies without cause.

I have been constantly trapped like a bird, by those who are my enemies without cause.

3:53

צָֽמְתוּ בַבּוֹר חַיָּי וַיַּדּוּ־אֶבֶן בִּֽי׃ {ס}        

They bound my life to the dungeon, and cast stones upon me.

They bound my life to the dungeon, and cast stones upon me.

Rashi

צמתו בבור חיי. בבית הכלא:

They bound my life to the dungeon. In prison.

צמתו. אסרו כמו צומת הגידין (שיר ד) מבעד לצמתך אישריי"טור:

They bound. They bound, as in, “the converging צוֹמֶת of the sinews;”38Maseches Chulin 76a. “from within your kerchief לְצַמָּתֵךְ,”39Shir Hashirim 4:1. estreinirent in O.F.

וידו אבן בי. על פי הבאר כך עשו לדניאל וירמיה ראה ברוח הקדש:

And cast stones upon me. On the mouth of the well [=dungeon]. That is what they did to Doniyeil;40See Donieil 6:18. and Yirmiyahu foresaw it with the Holy Spirit.

צמתו בבור חיי. ואף על פי שצמתו בבור חיי שאיני יכול לעלות מתוכו לא שתו לבם גם לזאת עד שידו אבן בי:

They bound my life to the dungeon. And although they confined my life in the dungeon from which I cannot ascend, they did not take this to heart [i.e., they were not satisfied]

3:54

צָֽפוּ־מַיִם עַל־רֹאשִׁי אָמַרְתִּי נִגְזָֽרְתִּי׃ {ס}        

The waters rose over my head, I thought, ‘I am cut off!’.

The waters rose over my head, I thought, ‘I am cut off!’.

Rashi

צפו מים וגו' שבזמן שבא אדם במים עד מתניו עדיין יש תקוה אבל אם צפו מים על ראשו אז אמר אבדה תקותי אבל אני איני עושה כן אלא קראתי וגו':

The waters rose, etc. When a person is in water up to his waist, there still is hope, but if the water rises over his head, he then says, “My hope is gone,” but I do not do this, rather “I called out, etc.”

צפו מים. אומות העולם:

The waters rose. The nations of the world.41I.e., ‘Water’ is an allegory referring to the nations of the world.

3:55

קָרָאתִי שִׁמְךָ יְהֹוָה מִבּוֹר תַּחְתִּיּֽוֹת׃ {ס}        

Still, I cried out Your Name, Adonoy from the abysmal dungeon.

Still, I cried out Your Name, Adonoy from the abysmal dungeon.

3:56

קוֹלִי שָׁמָעְתָּ אַל־תַּעְלֵם אׇזְנְךָ לְרַוְחָתִי לְשַׁוְעָתִֽי׃ {ס}        

You have heard my voice. Do not shut Your ear to my [appeal for] relief, to my prayer.

You have heard my voice. Do not shut Your ear to my [appeal for] relief, to my prayer.

3:57

קָרַבְתָּ בְּיוֹם אֶקְרָאֶךָּ אָמַרְתָּ אַל־תִּירָֽא׃ {ס}        

You came near on the day I called to You, You said, ‘Have no fear.’

You came near on the day I called to You, You said, ‘Have no fear.’

Rashi

קרבת ביום אקראך. כך היית רגיל בימים הראשונים לקרב אלי ביום קוראי:

You came near on the day I called to You. So were You accustomed in the earlier days to draw near to me on the days I called.

3:58

רַבְתָּ אֲדֹנָי רִיבֵי נַפְשִׁי גָּאַלְתָּ חַיָּֽי׃ {ס}        

You fought, O God, the battles of my soul, You redeemed my life.

You fought, O God, the battles of my soul, You redeemed my life.

Rashi

רבת אד' ריבי. בימים שעברו:

You fought, O God, the battles of my soul. In the days past.

3:59

רָאִיתָה יְהֹוָה עַוָּתָתִי שׇׁפְטָה מִשְׁפָּטִֽי׃ {ס}        

You have seen, Adonoy, how aggrieved I am—administer justice for me.

You have seen, Adonoy, how aggrieved I am—administer justice for me.

Rashi

ראיתה ה' עותתי. בצרה הזאת שעוותו בי אויבי:

You have seen, Adonoy, how aggrieved I am. In this distress, that my enemies wronged me.

שפטה משפטי. כאשר עשית כבר:

Administer justice for me. As You have already done.

3:60

רָאִיתָה כׇּל־נִקְמָתָם כׇּל־מַחְשְׁבֹתָם לִֽי׃ {ס}        

You have seen all their vindictiveness, all their plots against me.

You have seen all their vindictiveness, all their plots against me.

3:61

שָׁמַעְתָּ חֶרְפָּתָם יְהֹוָה כׇּל־מַחְשְׁבֹתָם עָלָֽי׃ {ס}        

You have heard their affronts, Adonoy all their [insulting] thoughts concerning me.

You have heard their affronts, Adonoy all their [insulting] thoughts concerning me.

3:62

שִׂפְתֵי קָמַי וְהֶגְיוֹנָם עָלַי כׇּל־הַיּֽוֹם׃ {ס}        

My opponents’ conversation, their unspoken thoughts, are about me, throughout the day.

My opponents’ conversation, their unspoken thoughts, are about me, throughout the day.

3:63

שִׁבְתָּם וְקִֽימָתָם הַבִּיטָה אֲנִי מַנְגִּינָתָֽם׃ {ס}        

Observe them as they sit or rise—I am the subject of their satirical songs.

Observe them as they sit or rise—I am the subject of their satirical songs.

3:64

תָּשִׁיב לָהֶם גְּמוּל יְהֹוָה כְּמַעֲשֵׂה יְדֵיהֶֽם׃ {ס}        

Inflict punishment on them, Adonoy as befits their deeds.

Inflict punishment on them, Adonoy as befits their deeds.

3:65

תִּתֵּן לָהֶם מְגִנַּת־לֵב תַּאֲלָֽתְךָ לָהֶֽם׃ {ס}        

Break their hearts, turn them into fools.

Break their hearts, turn them into fools.

Rashi

מגנת לב. שבר לב כמה דאת אומר (הושע יא) אמגנך ישראל (בראשית יד) אשר מגן צריך בידך ד"א מגנת לב. אוטם הלב צרה ואנחה אשר היא כמגן כנגד לבם, והמפרשו בלשון תוגה ויגון טועה שאין נו"ן נופלת בו שהנו"ן ביגון אינה שורש אלא כגון נו"ן של המון מגזרת המו גוים וכגון נו"ן של קלון מגזרת נקלה וכנו"ן של ציון מגזרת ציה וכן נו"ן של שברון מגזרת שבר (וכגון נו"ן של שממון שגעון נ"ל שצ"ל וק"ל):

Break their hearts. A breaking of the heart, as [Scripture] says, “I will break you, O Yisroel,”42Hosheia 11:8. [and as in,] “who broke your adversaries in your hand.”43Bereishis 14:20. Another explanation of מְגִנַּת לֵב is ‘stopping up of the heart,’ trouble and sighing, which are like a shield against their heart. But he who explains it as an expression of grief is wrong, because there is no nun in this word, for the nun in יָגוֹן is not a radical, but it is like the nun of הָמוֹן from the [same] root as הָמוּ גוֹיִם, and like the nun of קָלוֹן from the root of נִקְלֶה, and like the nun of צִיּוֹן from the root of צִיָּה, and similarly the nun of שִׁבְרוֹן from the root of שֶׁבֶר. (and like the nun of שִׁמָּמוֹן and שִׁגָּעוֹן. It appears to me that this is the correct reading, and this is easy to understand.)

תאלתך. לשון (ישעיה יט) נואלו שרי צוען:

[Turn them] into fools. תַּאֲלָתְךָ is] an expression of [foolishness,44Alternatively, an expression of suffering, i.e., ‘turn Your suffering, as it were, to them [our enemies].’ Whenever the Bnei Yisroel suffer, God suffers, as it were, with them. Or תאלתך is an expression of a curse [אלה] i.e., ‘bring upon them the curses [written in the Torah].’ as in], “the princes of Tzo’an have become foolish נוֹאֲלוּ.”45Yeshayahuu 19:13.

3:66

תִּרְדֹּף בְּאַף וְתַשְׁמִידֵם מִתַּחַת שְׁמֵי יְהֹוָֽה׃ {פ}

Pursue wrathfully, annihilate them from under Adonoy’s heavens.

Pursue wrathfully, annihilate them from under Adonoy’s heavens.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: The Metsudah Five Megillot, Lakewood, N.J., 2001 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: On Your Way · License: PD

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