Tanach
Melachim II 17 מלכים ב י״ז
Part of: Petuchah, II Kings 17:1Petuchah, II Kings 17:7Petuchah, II Kings 17:24
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בִּשְׁנַת שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה לְאָחָז מֶלֶךְ יְהוּדָה מָלַךְ הוֹשֵׁעַ בֶּן־אֵלָה בְשֹׁמְרוֹן עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל תֵּשַׁע שָׁנִֽים׃
In the twelfth year of Aĥaz king of Yehuda Hoshea the son of Ela began to reign in Shomeron over Yisra᾽el, reigning for nine years.
In the twelfth year of Aĥaz king of Yehuda Hoshea the son of Ela began to reign in Shomeron over Yisra᾽el, reigning for nine years.
Rashi
וַיַּעַשׂ הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהֹוָה רַק לֹא כְּמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ לְפָנָֽיו׃
And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, but not as the kings of Yisra᾽el that were before him.
And he did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord, but not as the kings of Yisra᾽el that were before him.
Rashi
רק לא כמלכי ישראל. שביטל פרדיסאות שישבו מימי ירבעם על הדרכים, לשמור שלא יעלו ישראל לרגל, וזה בטלן לפי שגלו עגלי הזהב כבר בשתי גליות, בגלות ראשונה, ויקח את עיון ואת דן, הגלה עגל שבדן, ובשניה כשגלו ראובן וגד, נטל עגל שבבית אל, לקיים מה שנאמר (הושע י ו): גם אותו לאשור יובל. ולפי שבטלו פרדיסאות והם נמנעו מלעלות לרגל, לפיכך נחתם גזר דינם לגלות בימיו, שעד עכשיו תלו הקלקלה במלכיהם, ועתה לא היה במי לתלות, וזהו שאמר הושע בן בארי (שם ה ג): כי עתה הזנית אפרים נטמא ישראל, עתה נגלית רעתכם:
But not like the kings of Yisroel. For he abolished the sentries who were stationed on the roads from the days of Yorovom, to guard against the [Bnei] Yisroel from going up and performing the pilgrimage for the festivals, and this one abolished them,8He abolished the sentries on the fifteenth day of Menachem Av, and therefore that day was proclaimed a minor holiday. See Maseches Taanis 30b.—Radak Hoshei'a 10:6. because the golden calves had already been exiled in the two [previous] exiles. In the first exile, [it states,] “he took Iyon and Dan,”9See above 15:29. [i.e.,] he exiled the calf that was in Dan. And in the second [exile], when Reuvein and Gad were exiled, he took the calf that was in Beis Eil, to fulfill what was stated, ”That too, will be transported to Ashur.”10Hoshei'a 10:6. And because the sentries were abolished, and they [nonetheless] refrained from going up and performing the pilgrimage for the festivals, therefore, their verdict to be exiled in his days was sealed, for until now, they had blamed the corruption on their kings, but now they had no one to blame. This is what Hoshei'a the son of Be'eiri said, ”For now you have gone astray, Ephrayim, Yisroel has become defiled.”11Ibid 5:3. See Rashi in Maseches Gittin 88a. [i.e.,] now your evil has been revealed.
עָלָיו עָלָה שַׁלְמַנְאֶסֶר מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר וַֽיְהִי־לוֹ הוֹשֵׁעַ עֶבֶד וַיָּשֶׁב לוֹ מִנְחָֽה׃
Against him came up Shalman᾽eser king of Ashshur; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.
Against him came up Shalman᾽eser king of Ashshur; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.
וַיִּמְצָא מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר בְּהוֹשֵׁעַ קֶשֶׁר אֲשֶׁר שָׁלַח מַלְאָכִים אֶל־סוֹא מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם וְלֹא־הֶעֱלָה מִנְחָה לְמֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר כְּשָׁנָה בְשָׁנָה וַֽיַּעְצְרֵהוּ מֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר וַיַּאַסְרֵהוּ בֵּית כֶּֽלֶא׃
And the king of Ashshur found treachery in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Miżrayim, and brought no present to the king of Ashshur, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Ashshur shut him up, and bound him in prison.
And the king of Ashshur found treachery in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Miżrayim, and brought no present to the king of Ashshur, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Ashshur shut him up, and bound him in prison.
וַיַּעַל מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר בְּכׇל־הָאָרֶץ וַיַּעַל שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיָּצַר עָלֶיהָ שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִֽים׃
Then the king of Ashshur came up throughout all the land, and went up to Shomeron, and besieged it for three years.
Then the king of Ashshur came up throughout all the land, and went up to Shomeron, and besieged it for three years.
בִּשְׁנַת הַתְּשִׁעִית לְהוֹשֵׁעַ לָכַד מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר אֶת־שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיֶּגֶל אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל אַשּׁוּרָה וַיֹּשֶׁב אוֹתָם בַּחְלַח וּבְחָבוֹר נְהַר גּוֹזָן וְעָרֵי מָדָֽי׃ {פ}
In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Ashshur took Shomeron, and carried Yisra᾽el away into Ashshur, and placed them in Ḥalaĥ and in Ḥavor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Maday.
In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Ashshur took Shomeron, and carried Yisra᾽el away into Ashshur, and placed them in Ḥalaĥ and in Ḥavor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Maday.
Rashi
בשנת התשעית. למרדו של הושע:
In the ninth year. Of Hoshei'a's revolt.
ויגל את ישראל. ויגלה את ישראל, וזה שעור כל תיבה שפעל שלה בה"א, כגון ; 'פנה' 'בנה' 'גלה' 'זנה' 'רבה', כשבא לתת בראש התיבה וא"ו יו"ד, אם המלה מוסבת על הפועל, תהא היו"ד נקודה בחיר"ק, כגון (בראשית יב ז): ויבן שם מזבח ; (שמות לב טו) ויפן וירד משה ; (לקמן פסוק כג): ויגל יהודה מעל אדמתו ; (ירמיהו ג ח): ותלך ותזן גם היא ; (שמות א כ): וירב העם ויעצמו מאד. ואם הוא מדבר בלשון מפעיל, תהא היו"ד נקודה בסגו"ל, כגון (שופטים טו ד): ויפן זנב אל זנב ; (לקמן יח יא): ויגל את ישראל אשורה ; (דברי הימים ב כא יא): ויזן את יושבי ירושלים ; (איכה ב ה): וירב בבת יהודה תאניה ואניה:
And exiled Yisroel. [ויגל is the same as] ויגלה [=and he exiled] Yisroel. This is the rule for every word whose verb root [ends] with a `ה', e.g., פנה[=to face], בנה [=to build], גלה [=to go into exile], זנה [=to commit adultery], רבה [=to multiply]; when one comes to add a prefix to the word with `ו ' or a `י', if the word applies to the doer, the `י' will be voweled with a “chirik,” e.g., “And he built [=ויבן] an altar there;”12Bereishis 12:7. ”And Moshe turned [=ויפן] and descended;”13Shemos 32:15. ”And Yisroel was exiled [=ויגל] off its land;”14Below 25:21. ”And she too went and committed whoredom[=ותזן];”15Yirmiyahu 3:8. ”And the people increased [=וירב] and became very strong.”16Shemos 1:20. If however, one is talking in the causative conjugation, the `י' will be voweled with a “segol,” e.g., “And turned [=ויפן] tail to tail;”17Shoftim 15:4. ”And exiled [=ויגל] the Israelites to Ashur;”18Below, 18:11. ”And he caused the dwellers of Yerusholayim to go astray [=ויזן];”19II Divrei Hayomim 21:11. ”And He increased [=וירב] among the people of Yehudah grief and lamentation.”20Eichah 2:5.
וַיְהִי כִּֽי־חָטְאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם הַמַּעֲלֶה אֹתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִתַּחַת יַד פַּרְעֹה מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרָיִם וַיִּֽירְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִֽים׃
For so it was, when the children of Yisra᾽el had sinned against the Lord their God, who had brought them up out of the land of Miżrayim, from under the hand of Par῾o king of Miżrayim, and had feared other gods,
For so it was, when the children of Yisra᾽el had sinned against the Lord their God, who had brought them up out of the land of Miżrayim, from under the hand of Par῾o king of Miżrayim, and had feared other gods,
וַיֵּֽלְכוּ בְּחֻקּוֹת הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר הוֹרִישׁ יְהֹוָה מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר עָשֽׂוּ׃
and walked in the statutes of the nations, whom the Lord cast out from before the children of Yisra᾽el, and of the kings of Yisra᾽el, which they practised;
and walked in the statutes of the nations, whom the Lord cast out from before the children of Yisra᾽el, and of the kings of Yisra᾽el, which they practised;
וַיְחַפְּאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל דְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר לֹא־כֵן עַל־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם וַיִּבְנוּ לָהֶם בָּמוֹת בְּכׇל־עָרֵיהֶם מִמִּגְדַּל נוֹצְרִים עַד־עִיר מִבְצָֽר׃
and the children of Yisra᾽el fabricated matters that were not right against the Lord their God, and they built them high places in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city;
and the children of Yisra᾽el fabricated matters that were not right against the Lord their God, and they built them high places in all their cities, from the tower of the watchmen to the fortified city;
Rashi
ויחפאו. בדאו, פתרונו לפי ענינו:
[Bnei Yisroel] fabricated. They concealed;21Alternatively, “Bnei Yisroel said.”—Targum Yonoson Or, “Bnei Yisroel claimed that God did not see them.”—Radak this interpretation is according to its context.
ממגדל נוצרים. שאינו עשוי אלא להעמיד צופה לנצור, בכל בית גבוה העמידו עבודת גילולים:
From watchtower. Which is made only to station a lookout to watch; they now erected idols in every high house.22They denied God's Providence and adopted a new doctrine. They said that God did not see them because He delegated the heavenly bodies to supervise over the earth. Therefore they erected idols in high places honoring these heavenly bodies.—Ralbag
עד עיר מבצר. כמו מקטן ועד גדול:
To fortified city. Like “from small to big.”
וַיַּצִּבוּ לָהֶם מַצֵּבוֹת וַאֲשֵׁרִים עַל כׇּל־גִּבְעָה גְבֹהָה וְתַחַת כׇּל־עֵץ רַעֲנָֽן׃
and they set them up pillars and asherim on every high hill, and under every green tree;
and they set them up pillars and asherim on every high hill, and under every green tree;
וַיְקַטְּרוּ־שָׁם בְּכׇל־בָּמוֹת כַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־הֶגְלָה יְהֹוָה מִפְּנֵיהֶם וַֽיַּעֲשׂוּ דְּבָרִים רָעִים לְהַכְעִיס אֶת־יְהֹוָֽה׃
and there they burnt incense in all the high places, as did the heathen whom the Lord carried away before them; and did wicked things to provoke the Lord to anger;
and there they burnt incense in all the high places, as did the heathen whom the Lord carried away before them; and did wicked things to provoke the Lord to anger;
וַיַּֽעַבְדוּ הַגִּלֻּלִים אֲשֶׁר אָמַר יְהֹוָה לָהֶם לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּֽה׃
for they served idols, concerning which the Lord had said to them, You shall not do this thing;
for they served idols, concerning which the Lord had said to them, You shall not do this thing;
וַיָּעַד יְהֹוָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וּבִיהוּדָה בְּיַד כׇּל־[נְבִיאֵי] (נביאו) כׇל־חֹזֶה לֵאמֹר שֻׁבוּ מִדַּרְכֵיכֶם הָֽרָעִים וְשִׁמְרוּ מִצְוֺתַי חֻקּוֹתַי כְּכׇל־הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִי אֶת־אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶם וַֽאֲשֶׁר שָׁלַחְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם בְּיַד עֲבָדַי הַנְּבִיאִֽים׃
then the Lord testified against Yisra᾽el, and against Yehuda, by all the prophets, and by all the seers, saying, Turn from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the Tora which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.
then the Lord testified against Yisra᾽el, and against Yehuda, by all the prophets, and by all the seers, saying, Turn from your evil ways, and keep my commandments and my statutes, according to all the Tora which I commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you by my servants the prophets.
Rashi
ויעד ה'. התרה בהם:
And Adonoy warned. He warned [=ויעד] them.23As in “I warn [=העדותי] you today,” in Devarim 8:19.
נביאי כל חוזה. נביאי כל חזון, יש חוזה שהוא שם דבר, כמו (ישעיהו כח טו): ועם שאול עשינו חוזה:
Prophets of all visions. Prophets of all visions.24Alternatively, נביא and חוזה are two different types of prophets. Adonoy נביא perceives prophecy through dreams; and a חוזה [=seer] is one who perceives prophecy in a vision, which is a higher form of prophecy.—Ralbag There is חוזה that is a noun, such as, ”And with the grave have we made a boundary [=חוזה].”25Yeshayohu 28:15.
וְלֹא שָׁמֵעוּ וַיַּקְשׁוּ אֶת־עׇרְפָּם כְּעֹרֶף אֲבוֹתָם אֲשֶׁר לֹא הֶאֱמִינוּ בַּֽיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽם׃
Yet they would not hear, but hardened their necks, like the neck of their fathers, that did not believe in the Lord their God.
Yet they would not hear, but hardened their necks, like the neck of their fathers, that did not believe in the Lord their God.
וַיִּמְאֲסוּ אֶת־חֻקָּיו וְאֶת־בְּרִיתוֹ אֲשֶׁר כָּרַת אֶת־אֲבוֹתָם וְאֵת עֵֽדְוֺתָיו אֲשֶׁר הֵעִיד בָּם וַיֵּלְכוּ אַחֲרֵי הַהֶבֶל וַיֶּהְבָּלוּ וְאַחֲרֵי הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר סְבִֽיבֹתָם אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה אֹתָם לְבִלְתִּי עֲשׂוֹת כָּהֶֽם׃
And they rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified against them; and they followed worthless paths, and became themselves worthless, and went after the nations that were round about them, concerning whom the Lord had charged them, that they should not do like them.
And they rejected his statutes, and his covenant that he made with their fathers, and his testimonies which he testified against them; and they followed worthless paths, and became themselves worthless, and went after the nations that were round about them, concerning whom the Lord had charged them, that they should not do like them.
וַיַּעַזְבוּ אֶת־כׇּל־מִצְוֺת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם מַסֵּכָה (שנים) [שְׁנֵי] עֲגָלִים וַיַּעֲשׂוּ אֲשֵׁירָה וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲווּ לְכׇל־צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם וַיַּעַבְדוּ אֶת־הַבָּֽעַל׃
And they left all the commandments of the Lord their God, and made them molten images, two calves, and made an ashera, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served the Ba῾al.
And they left all the commandments of the Lord their God, and made them molten images, two calves, and made an ashera, and worshipped all the host of heaven, and served the Ba῾al.
Rashi
שני עגלים. בבית אל ובדן:
Two molten calves. In Beis Eil and in Dan.
את הבעל. עבודה זרה ששמה בעל:
The Baal. A pagan deity named Baal.
וַֽיַּעֲבִירוּ אֶת־בְּנֵיהֶם וְאֶת־בְּנֽוֹתֵיהֶם בָּאֵשׁ וַיִּקְסְמוּ קְסָמִים וַיְנַחֵשׁוּ וַיִּֽתְמַכְּרוּ לַעֲשׂוֹת הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהֹוָה לְהַכְעִיסֽוֹ׃
And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and gave themselves up to do evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him to anger.
And they caused their sons and their daughters to pass through the fire, and used divination and enchantments, and gave themselves up to do evil in the sight of the Lord, to provoke him to anger.
Rashi
ויתמכרו. מכרו עצמן לכך:
And they devoted themselves. They sold themselves for that [purpose].
וַיִּתְאַנַּף יְהֹוָה מְאֹד בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְסִרֵם מֵעַל פָּנָיו לֹא נִשְׁאַר רַק שֵׁבֶט יְהוּדָה לְבַדּֽוֹ׃
Therefore the Lord was very angry with Yisra᾽el, and removed them out of his sight: there was none left but the tribe of Yehuda alone.
Therefore the Lord was very angry with Yisra᾽el, and removed them out of his sight: there was none left but the tribe of Yehuda alone.
Rashi
ויסרם מעל פניו. שגלו עם הושע בן אלה:
And He banished them from His Presence. For they were exiled with Hoshei'a son of Eiloh.26I.e., He exiled them from His land.”—Metzudas Dovid
גַּם־יְהוּדָה לֹא שָׁמַר אֶת־מִצְוֺת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיהֶם וַיֵּלְכוּ בְּחֻקּוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר עָשֽׂוּ׃
Also Yehuda did not keep the commandments of the Lord their God, but walked in the statutes of Yisra᾽el which they practised.
Also Yehuda did not keep the commandments of the Lord their God, but walked in the statutes of Yisra᾽el which they practised.
וַיִּמְאַס יְהֹוָה בְּכׇל־זֶרַע יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְעַנֵּם וַֽיִּתְּנֵם בְּיַד־שֹׁסִים עַד אֲשֶׁר הִשְׁלִיכָם מִפָּנָֽיו׃
And the Lord rejected all the seed of Yisra᾽el, and afflicted them, and delivered them into the hand of spoilers, until he had cast them out from his face.
And the Lord rejected all the seed of Yisra᾽el, and afflicted them, and delivered them into the hand of spoilers, until he had cast them out from his face.
כִּֽי־קָרַע יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעַל בֵּית דָּוִד וַיַּמְלִיכוּ אֶת־יָרׇבְעָם בֶּן־נְבָט (וידא) [וַיַּדַּח] יָרׇבְעָם אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַחֲרֵי יְהֹוָה וְהֶחֱטִיאָם חֲטָאָה גְדוֹלָֽה׃
For he rent Yisra᾽el from the house of David; and they made Yorov῾am the son of Nevat king: and Yorov῾am drove Yisra᾽el from following the Lord, and made them sin a great sin.
For he rent Yisra᾽el from the house of David; and they made Yorov῾am the son of Nevat king: and Yorov῾am drove Yisra᾽el from following the Lord, and made them sin a great sin.
וַיֵּֽלְכוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכׇל־חַטֹּאות יָרׇבְעָם אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לֹא־סָרוּ מִמֶּֽנָּה׃
For the children of Yisra᾽el walked in all the sins of Yorov῾am which he did; they departed not from them;
For the children of Yisra᾽el walked in all the sins of Yorov῾am which he did; they departed not from them;
עַד אֲשֶׁר־הֵסִיר יְהֹוָה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעַל פָּנָיו כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר בְּיַד כׇּל־עֲבָדָיו הַנְּבִיאִים וַיִּגֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעַל אַדְמָתוֹ אַשּׁוּרָה עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ {פ}
until the Lord removed Yisra᾽el out of his sight, as he had said by all his servants the prophets. So was Yisra᾽el carried away out of their own land to Ashshur to this day.
until the Lord removed Yisra᾽el out of his sight, as he had said by all his servants the prophets. So was Yisra᾽el carried away out of their own land to Ashshur to this day.
Rashi
ויגל ישראל. זה נקוד בחיר"ק, שהוא לשון גלה, ואינו לשון הגלה:
And Yisroel went into exile. This is voweled with a “chirik,” which is an expression of “went in exile.” It is not an expression of “was exiled.”27See Rashi above, v. 6.
וַיָּבֵא מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר מִבָּבֶל וּמִכּוּתָה וּמֵעַוָּא וּמֵֽחֲמָת וּסְפַרְוַיִם וַיֹּשֶׁב בְּעָרֵי שֹֽׁמְרוֹן תַּחַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּֽרְשׁוּ אֶת־שֹׁמְרוֹן וַיֵּֽשְׁבוּ בְּעָרֶֽיהָ׃
And the king of Ashshur brought men from Bavel, and from Kuta, and from ῾Avva, and from Ḥamat, and from Sefarvayim, and settled them in the cities of Shomeron, in place of the children of Yisra᾽el: and they took possession of Shomeron and dwelt in its cities.
And the king of Ashshur brought men from Bavel, and from Kuta, and from ῾Avva, and from Ḥamat, and from Sefarvayim, and settled them in the cities of Shomeron, in place of the children of Yisra᾽el: and they took possession of Shomeron and dwelt in its cities.
וַיְהִי בִּתְחִלַּת שִׁבְתָּם שָׁם לֹא יָרְאוּ אֶת־יְהֹוָה וַיְשַׁלַּח יְהֹוָה בָּהֶם אֶת־הָאֲרָיוֹת וַיִּֽהְיוּ הֹרְגִים בָּהֶֽם׃
And at the beginning of their dwelling there, they did not fear the Lord: therefore the Lord sent lions among them, which slew some of them.
And at the beginning of their dwelling there, they did not fear the Lord: therefore the Lord sent lions among them, which slew some of them.
Rashi
לא יראו את ה'. אף על פי שהעמים עובדי גלולים הם יראים מפניו, וקרו ליה אלהא דאלהיא, כענין שנאמר (מלאכי א יד): ושמי נורא בגוים, ואלו לא יראוני, כי אמרו אלו היתה בו יראה, לא נתן עמו לגלות:
They did not fear Adonoy. Even though the pagan nations fear Him and call him the God of the gods, in the manner as it is stated, ”And My Name is feared among the nations,”28Malachi 1:14. but these did not fear Me, for they said, “If He were worthy of fear, He would not have allowed for His people to be exiled.”
וַיֹּאמְרוּ לְמֶלֶךְ אַשּׁוּר לֵאמֹר הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר הִגְלִיתָ וַתּוֹשֶׁב בְּעָרֵי שֹׁמְרוֹן לֹא יָֽדְעוּ אֶת־מִשְׁפַּט אֱלֹהֵי הָאָרֶץ וַיְשַׁלַּח־בָּם אֶת־הָאֲרָיוֹת וְהִנָּם מְמִיתִים אוֹתָם כַּאֲשֶׁר אֵינָם יֹדְעִים אֶת־מִשְׁפַּט אֱלֹהֵי הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Then they spoke to the king of Ashshur, saying, The nations which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Shomeron, know not the law of the God of the land: therefore he has sent lions among them, and, behold, they slay them, because they know not the law of the God of the land.
Then they spoke to the king of Ashshur, saying, The nations which thou hast removed, and placed in the cities of Shomeron, know not the law of the God of the land: therefore he has sent lions among them, and, behold, they slay them, because they know not the law of the God of the land.
וַיְצַו מֶֽלֶךְ־אַשּׁוּר לֵאמֹר הֹלִיכוּ שָׁמָּה אֶחָד מֵהַכֹּֽהֲנִים אֲשֶׁר הִגְלִיתֶם מִשָּׁם וְיֵלְכוּ וְיֵשְׁבוּ שָׁם וְיֹרֵם אֶת־מִשְׁפַּט אֱלֹהֵי הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Then the king of Ashshur commanded, saying, Carry there one of the priests whom you brought from there; and let them go and dwell there, and let him teach them the law of the God of the land.
Then the king of Ashshur commanded, saying, Carry there one of the priests whom you brought from there; and let them go and dwell there, and let him teach them the law of the God of the land.
וַיָּבֹא אֶחָד מֵהַכֹּהֲנִים אֲשֶׁר הִגְלוּ מִשֹּׁמְרוֹן וַיֵּשֶׁב בְּבֵֽית־אֵל וַֽיְהִי מוֹרֶה אֹתָם אֵיךְ יִֽירְאוּ אֶת־יְהֹוָֽה׃
Then one of the priests whom they had carried away from Shomeron came and dwelt in Bet-el, and taught them how they should fear the Lord.
Then one of the priests whom they had carried away from Shomeron came and dwelt in Bet-el, and taught them how they should fear the Lord.
וַיִּהְיוּ עֹשִׂים גּוֹי גּוֹי אֱלֹהָיו וַיַּנִּיחוּ ׀ בְּבֵית הַבָּמוֹת אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ הַשֹּׁמְרֹנִים גּוֹי גּוֹי בְּעָרֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר הֵם יֹשְׁבִים שָֽׁם׃
Yet every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the houses of the high places which the Shomeronim had made, every nation in their cities in which they dwelt.
Yet every nation made gods of their own, and put them in the houses of the high places which the Shomeronim had made, every nation in their cities in which they dwelt.
Rashi
אשר עשו השומרונים. ישראל בעודם שם:
That the citizens of Shomron had made. [I.e.,] the [Bnei] Yisroel while they were still there.
גוי גוי אלהיו. לאומה ואומה עבודת גלולים שהיו עובדים בארצם, אף כאן עשו כן כל גויי העיר אשר הורישם סנחריב שם בערי ישראל:
Each nation … its own god. [I.e.,] each nation, [placed] the deity they had worshiped in their land, here, too, each nation did so in the city which Sancheiriv had given them as a possession there in the cities of Yisroel.
וְאַנְשֵׁי בָבֶל עָשׂוּ אֶת־סֻכּוֹת בְּנוֹת וְאַנְשֵׁי־כוּת עָשׂוּ אֶת־נֵֽרְגַל וְאַנְשֵׁי חֲמָת עָשׂוּ אֶת־אֲשִׁימָֽא׃
And the men of Bavel made Sukkot-benot, and the men of Kut made Nergal, and the men of Ḥamat made Ashima,
And the men of Bavel made Sukkot-benot, and the men of Kut made Nergal, and the men of Ḥamat made Ashima,
Rashi
סכות בנות. דמות תרנגולת עם אפרוחיה:
Succos Benos. [This idol was in] the form of a hen and her chicks.29סכות stems from שכוי, being that a ‘ש’ and a ‘ס’ are interchangeable. The Gemara in Maseches Rosh Hashanah 26a cites a region where ‘שכוי’ is ‘a rooster.’ It follows then that ‘שכות’ or ‘סכות’ is a hen. Thus, סכות בנות is “a hen and her chicks.”—See Radak
נרגל. דמות תרנגול:
Neirgal. [This idol was in] the form of a rooster.30See Maseches Sanhedrin 63b.
אשימא. דמות תיש וכן קרוין בלשון כל אומה ואומה, וכן פירשו רבותינו בסנהדרין (סג ב):
Ashimo. [This idol was in] the form of a goat.31אשימא stems from שמם [=desolation], and a goat has no wool is considered “desolate.” Or, אשימא stems from אשם [=guilt offering], for which a sheep is used.—Radak They are called [these names] in the language of each nation, and so did our Rabbis explain in [Maseches] Sanhedrin.3263b.
וְהָעַוִּים עָשׂוּ נִבְחַז וְאֶת־תַּרְתָּק וְהַסְפַרְוִים שֹׂרְפִים אֶת־בְּנֵיהֶם בָּאֵשׁ לְאַדְרַמֶּלֶךְ וַֽעֲנַמֶּלֶךְ (אלה) [אֱלֹהֵי] (ספרים) [סְפַרְוָֽיִם]׃
and the ῾Avvim made Nivĥaz and Tartaq, and the Sefarvim burnt their sons in fire to Adrammelekh, and ῾Anammelekh, god of Sefarvayim.
and the ῾Avvim made Nivĥaz and Tartaq, and the Sefarvim burnt their sons in fire to Adrammelekh, and ῾Anammelekh, god of Sefarvayim.
Rashi
נבחז. דמות כלב:
Nivchaz. [This idol was in] the form of a dog.33נבחז stems from נבח [=bark], as in “they cannot bark [=לנבח],” in Yeshayohu 56:10; נבחז is a contraction of נבח and חז, i.e. when a dog barks [=נבח] it shows [=חז] its teeth.—Radak
תרתק. דמות חמור:
Tartok. [This idol was in] the form of a donkey.
לאדרמלך. דמות פרד:
To Adramelech. [This idol was in] the form of a mule.34אדרמלת is a contraction of דאדר ליה למריה [= it honors its master] by carrying his burdens.—Radak
וענמלך. דמות סוס (שם):
Anamelech. [This idol was in] the form of a horse.35ענמלת is a contraction of דעני ליה למריה בקרבא [= it responds to its master in battle].—Radak
וַיִּהְיוּ יְרֵאִים אֶת־יְהֹוָה וַיַּעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם מִקְצוֹתָם כֹּהֲנֵי בָמוֹת וַיִּהְיוּ עֹשִׂים לָהֶם בְּבֵית הַבָּמֽוֹת׃
So they feared the Lord, and made to themselves from all ranks of them priests of the high places, who sacrificed for them in the houses of the high places.
So they feared the Lord, and made to themselves from all ranks of them priests of the high places, who sacrificed for them in the houses of the high places.
אֶת־יְהֹוָה הָיוּ יְרֵאִים וְאֶת־אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶם הָיוּ עֹֽבְדִים כְּמִשְׁפַּט הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־הִגְלוּ אֹתָם מִשָּֽׁם׃
They feared the Lord, and served their own gods, after the manner of the nations of the countries from which they were carried away.
They feared the Lord, and served their own gods, after the manner of the nations of the countries from which they were carried away.
Rashi
כמשפט הגוים אשר הגלו אותם משם. אותם עבודת כוכבים ומזלות שעובדים הגוים אשר הגלן סנחריב ואוכלוסיו משם, היו אלו עובדין כאן:
As was the custom of the nations from which they had been exiled. Those deities that are worshiped by the nations whom Sancheiriv and his armies had exiled (these) from there, they would worship here.36Alternatively, כמשפט הגוים refers to some of the Bnei Yisroel who also worshiped idols while worshiping God.—Radak
עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה הֵם עֹשִׂים כַּמִּשְׁפָּטִים הָרִֽאשֹׁנִים אֵינָם יְרֵאִים אֶת־יְהֹוָה וְאֵינָם עֹשִׂים כְּחֻקֹּתָם וּכְמִשְׁפָּטָם וְכַתּוֹרָה וְכַמִּצְוָה אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה אֶת־בְּנֵי יַעֲקֹב אֲשֶׁר־שָׂם שְׁמוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Unto this day they do after the former manners: they fear not the Lord, neither do they follow the statutes or the ordinances, or the Tora and the commandment which the Lord commanded the children of Ya῾aqov, whom he named Yisra᾽el;
Unto this day they do after the former manners: they fear not the Lord, neither do they follow the statutes or the ordinances, or the Tora and the commandment which the Lord commanded the children of Ya῾aqov, whom he named Yisra᾽el;
Rashi
אינם יראים את ה'. יראה שלימה כמשפט ישראל, ואף על פי שנתגיירו מיראת האריות, אין יראתם את ה' יראה שלימה, כמו שמפרש והולך, שאינם עוסקים בתורה ובמצות אשר צוה ה' את בני יעקב, ואינם עושים כחקותם וכמשפטם שהיה עליהם לעשות משנתגיירו, אלא כמו שהורם הכהן שהיה מן השמרונים שהיו עובדים עבודה זרה:
They do not fear Adonoy. A complete fear as is the custom of the [Bnei] Yisroel. And although they converted out of fear of the lions, [nonetheless,] their fear of Adonoy was not a complete fear, (like [Bnei] Yisroel's custom) as it goes on to elaborate, that they were not engaged in Torah [study] and [in performing] the commandments which God commanded the Bnei Yaakov, and they do not practice according to their statutes and according to their law, which they are obligated to practice once they converted, but as the priest who was of the people of Shomron, instructed them.37Alternatively, the verse refers to the exiled Bnei Yisroel who “until this day” have not repented from the idolatrous practices, but continue to combine the worship of God with the worship of idols as they had practiced in Shomron.—Radak—who were idolatrous,
וַיִּכְרֹת יְהֹוָה אִתָּם בְּרִית וַיְצַוֵּם לֵאמֹר לֹא תִֽירְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים וְלֹא־תִשְׁתַּחֲווּ לָהֶם וְלֹא תַעַבְדוּם וְלֹא תִזְבְּחוּ לָהֶֽם׃
with whom the Lord had made a covenant, and charged them, saying, you shall not fear other gods, nor bow yourselves down to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to them:
with whom the Lord had made a covenant, and charged them, saying, you shall not fear other gods, nor bow yourselves down to them, nor serve them, nor sacrifice to them:
Rashi
ויכרת ה' אתם ברית. כשנתן להם תורה בהר סיני:
And Adonoy enacted a covenant with them. When He gave them the Torah at Mount Sinai.
כִּי אִֽם־אֶת־יְהֹוָה אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלָה אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בְּכֹחַ גָּדוֹל וּבִזְרוֹעַ נְטוּיָה אֹתוֹ תִירָאוּ וְלוֹ תִֽשְׁתַּחֲווּ וְלוֹ תִזְבָּֽחוּ׃
but the Lord, who brought you up out of the land of Miżrayim with great power and a stretched out arm, him shall you fear, and him shall you worship, and to him shall you do sacrifice.
but the Lord, who brought you up out of the land of Miżrayim with great power and a stretched out arm, him shall you fear, and him shall you worship, and to him shall you do sacrifice.
וְאֶת־הַחֻקִּים וְאֶת־הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וְהַתּוֹרָה וְהַמִּצְוָה אֲשֶׁר כָּתַב לָכֶם תִּשְׁמְרוּן לַעֲשׂוֹת כׇּל־הַיָּמִים וְלֹא תִֽירְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִֽים׃
And the statutes, and the ordinances, and the Tora, and the commandment, which he wrote for you, you shall be careful to do for all time; and you shall not fear other gods.
And the statutes, and the ordinances, and the Tora, and the commandment, which he wrote for you, you shall be careful to do for all time; and you shall not fear other gods.
וְהַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר־כָּרַתִּי אִתְּכֶם לֹא תִשְׁכָּחוּ וְלֹא תִֽירְאוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִֽים׃
And the covenant that I have made with you shall you not forget; neither shall you fear other gods.
And the covenant that I have made with you shall you not forget; neither shall you fear other gods.
כִּי אִֽם־אֶת־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם תִּירָאוּ וְהוּא יַצִּיל אֶתְכֶם מִיַּד כׇּל־אֹיְבֵיכֶֽם׃
But the Lord your God shall you fear; and he shall deliver you out of the hand of all your enemies.
But the Lord your God shall you fear; and he shall deliver you out of the hand of all your enemies.
וְלֹא שָׁמֵעוּ כִּי אִֽם־כְּמִשְׁפָּטָם הָֽרִאשׁוֹן הֵם עֹשִֽׂים׃
Yet they did not hearken, but they did after their former manner.
Yet they did not hearken, but they did after their former manner.
וַיִּהְיוּ ׀ הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה יְרֵאִים אֶת־יְהֹוָה וְאֶת־פְּסִֽילֵיהֶם הָיוּ עֹֽבְדִים גַּם־בְּנֵיהֶם ׀ וּבְנֵי בְנֵיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ אֲבֹתָם הֵם עֹשִׂים עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּֽה׃ {פ}
So these nations feared the Lord, and served their carved idols, both their children, and their children’s children: as their fathers did, so they do to this day.
So these nations feared the Lord, and served their carved idols, both their children, and their children’s children: as their fathers did, so they do to this day.
בשנת שתים עשרה לאחז וגו'. אי אפשר לומר שמלך הושע בשנת שתים עשרה לאחז, שהרי בשנת ארבע לאחז הרג את פקח ומלך תחתיו, וכשתבדק בשנות פקח תמצא כן, וגם אי אפשר לומר שלא מלך אלא תשע שנים, שהרי מלך משנת ארבע לאחז עד שנת שש לחזקיהו שנלכדה שומרון, הרי יותר משש עשרה שנה, ומה תלמוד לומר תשע שנים, משמרד במלך אשור, כך שנויה בסדר עולם ואי אפשר לומר שבשנת שתים עשרה לאחז התחיל למרוד, שאם כן תמצא את שני מרדו חמש שנים בימי אחז, ושש שנים בימי חזקיהו הרי אחת עשרה, וכאן הוא אומר תשע, לא הוזכר שנת שתים עשרה לאחז אלא לענין מקרא של אחריו: עליו עלה שלמנאסר וגו', שבשנת שתים עשרה לאחז עלה סנחריב על הושע, והגלה לאותן שבעבר הירדן, וכך שנינו בסדר עולם, ומקרא כתוב בדברי הימים (א ה כו): ויער אלהי ישראל את רוח פול מלך אשור ויגלם לראובני ולגדי, ולא פירש באיזה זמן, וכאן פירש שבשנת שתים עשרה לאחז היה, שלש גליות גלו עשרת השבטים, בשנת עשרים לפקח, כמו שכתוב למעלה (טו כט): בא תגלת פלאסר מלך אשור ויקח את עיון ואת דן וגו' כל ארץ נפתלי ויגלם אשורה, וזה היה שנת הארבע לאחז, שהה שמנה שנים ובא עליהם, שנת שתים עשרה לאחז, והגלם לראובני ולגדי, וכשראה הושע בן אלה מרד בו ושלח מלאכים אל סוא מלך מצרים (לקמן יז ד), שהה שמונה שנים, ובא וצר על שומרון, ונלכדה לקץ שלש שנים, וגלו כולן, וזהו שנאמר (בישעיהו ח כג): כעת הראשון הקל ארצה זבולון וארצה נפתלי, הקל אף בשניה, שלא הגלה אלא שני השבטים, אבל האחרון הכביד, טיאט את הכל, כזה שמכבד את הבית ומכל מקום לפי החשבון שכתב כאן את מנין שני מרדו תשע שנים, לא מרד בו עד שנת ארבע עשרה לאחז, שהרי אחז מלך שש עשרה, שלש שנים של אחז היה המרד, ושש שנים בימי חזקיהו:
In the twelfth year of Achaz, etc. It is impossible to say that Hoshei'a became king in the twelfth year of Achaz, because in the fourth year of Achaz, he assassinated Pekach and reigned in his place,1See above, 15:30. and when you examine Pekach's years you will find it so. Likewise, it is impossible to say that he reigned for only nine years, for he reigned from the fourth year of Achaz until the sixth year of Chizkiyohu, when Shomron was conquered, and this amounts to more than sixteen years. What then is the meaning of “nine years”? [It was nine years] since he rebelled against the king of Ashur. This is what is learned in Seder Olam. And it is impossible to say that in the twelfth year of Achaz he started to rebel, for if so, you will find the years of his revolt five years during the days of Achaz and six years during the days of Chizkiyohu, making [a total of] eleven years, yet here he states [that he reigned] nine [years]. ”The twelfth year of Achaz” was mentioned only in connection with the verse following, ”Shalmaneser [king Ashur] went up against him, etc.”2Below, v. 3.3According to Rashi, the nine years mentioned in this verse refer to the total length of Hoshei'a's revolt, which began in the fourteenth year of Achaz. [i.e.,] that in the twelfth year of Achaz, Sancheiriv went up against Hoshei'a and exiled those who were on the eastern bank of the Yardein. Thus we learned in Seder Olam. And a verse is written in Divrei Hayomim, ”Adonoy of Yisroel aroused Pul king of Ashur … and he exiled the people of Reuvein and the people of Gad,”4I Divrei Hayomim 5:26. and it did not explain during which time frame. But here it explains that it occurred in the twelfth year of Achaz['s reign]. The ten tribes were exiled at three different times: [The first exile was] in the twentieth year of Pekach, as it is written above, ”Tiglas Pileser the king of Ashur came and took Iyon and Dan, etc., and the entire land of Naphtoli and exiled them to Ashur.”5See above, 15:29. In our editions, however, Dan is not mentioned in the verse. Now this was the fourth year of Achaz. [The second exile,] he waited eight years and came upon them in the twelfth year of Achaz, and exiled the members of Reuvein and the Gad. But, when Hoshei'a son of Eilah saw this, he revolted against him and sent messengers to So the king of Egypt. [And the third exile] he waited eight years and came and laid siege on Shomron. After three years it was conquered, and everyone was exiled. This is [the meaning of] what is written, ”Like the first time, he dealt mildly, the land of Zevulun and the land of Naphtoli,”6Yeshayohu 8:23. so did he deal mildly7By exiling only two tribes. also in the second [exile], for he exiled but two tribes. But, “in the last one, he swept,” [i.e.,] he swept everything out like one who sweeps a house. In any case, according to the amount he wrote here as the number of years of his revolt, [i.e.,] nine years, he did not revolt against him until the fourteenth year of Achaz, for Achaz reigned sixteen years; the revolt was during three years of Achaz['s reign] and six years during the days of Chizkiyohu['s reign].