Midrash
Kohelet Rabbah 10:1 קהלת רבה י׳:א׳
Part of: Chapter 10
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by side
זְבוּבֵי מָוֶת יַבְאִישׁ יַבִּיעַ שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ, בֶּן עַזַּאי וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, בֶּן עַזַּאי אָמַר זְבוּב אֶחָד שֶׁמֵּת אֵינוֹ מַבְאִישׁ וּמַבִּיעַ שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ, אֶלָּא בְּחֵטְא יְחִידִי שֶׁחָטָא אִבֵּד מִמֶּנּוּ טוֹבָה הַרְבֵּה. דָּרַשׁ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא (ישעיה ה, יד): לָכֵן הִרְחִיבָה שְׁאוֹל נַפְשָׁהּ וּפָעֲרָה פִּיהָ לִבְלִי חֹק, חֻקִּים אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן, אֶלָּא לִבְלִי חֹק, מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ מִצְווֹת שֶׁתַּכְרִיעַ לוֹ עַל זְכֻיּוֹתָיו. דּוֹרְשֵׁי רְשׁוּמוֹת אוֹמְרִים, הָאָדָם נִדּוֹן אַחַר רֻבּוֹ, וּלְעוֹלָם יָמֹד אָדָם עַצְמוֹ חֶצְיוֹ זַכַּאי וְחֶצְיוֹ חַיָּב, עָשָׂה מִצְוָה אַחַת אַשְׁרָיו שֶׁהִכְרִיעַ אֶת עַצְמוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, עָבַר עֲבֵרָה אַחַת אוֹי לוֹ שֶׁהִכְרִיעַ אֶת עַצְמוֹ לְכַף חוֹבָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר, לְפִי שֶׁהַיָּחִיד נִדּוֹן אַחַר רֻבּוֹ, וְהָעוֹלָם נִדּוֹן אַחַר רֻבּוֹ, בְּחֵטְא יְחִידִי שֶׁחָטָא זֶה אִבֵּד מִמֶּנּוּ וּמִן הָעוֹלָם טוֹבָה הַרְבֵּה.
“Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil; a little folly is weightier than wisdom, than honor” (Ecclesiastes 10:1).
“Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil” – ben Azai and Rabbi Akiva: ben Azai said: Does one fly that dies not spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil? So too does a single sin that one performs will cause a person to lose much good.
Rabbi Akiva expounded: “Therefore, the netherworld has expanded itself, and opened its mouth without limit [ḥok]” (Isaiah 5:14). It is not written ḥukim, but rather “without ḥok,” one who does not have mitzvot to tip the scales in favor of his virtues.1The word ḥok (plural, ḥukim) can mean limit or statute. Rabbi Akiva interprets the verse according to the second meaning, such that the verse means that the netherworld takes a person who is missing just one mitzva that would have tipped the scales in his favor.
Those who engage in allegorical interpretations of the Torah say: A person is judged on the basis of the majority of his [deeds]. A person should always assess himself as though he is half virtuous and half guilty; if he performs one mitzva, happy is he, as he tipped his scales in favor of virtue, if he performs one transgression, woe is he, as he tipped his scales in favor of guilt. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: Because the individual is judged on the basis of the majority of his [deeds], and the world is judged on the basis of its majority, with the single transgression that this one [individual] performs, he causes himself and the world to lose much good.
“Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil; a little folly is weightier than wisdom, than honor” (Ecclesiastes 10:1).
“Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil” – ben Azai and Rabbi Akiva: ben Azai said: Does one fly that dies not spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil? So too does a single sin that one performs will cause a person to lose much good.
Rabbi Akiva expounded: “Therefore, the netherworld has expanded itself, and opened its mouth without limit [ḥok]” (Isaiah 5:14). It is not written ḥukim, but rather “without ḥok,” one who does not have mitzvot to tip the scales in favor of his virtues.1The word ḥok (plural, ḥukim) can mean limit or statute. Rabbi Akiva interprets the verse according to the second meaning, such that the verse means that the netherworld takes a person who is missing just one mitzva that would have tipped the scales in his favor.
Those who engage in allegorical interpretations of the Torah say: A person is judged on the basis of the majority of his [deeds]. A person should always assess himself as though he is half virtuous and half guilty; if he performs one mitzva, happy is he, as he tipped his scales in favor of virtue, if he performs one transgression, woe is he, as he tipped his scales in favor of guilt. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar said: Because the individual is judged on the basis of the majority of his [deeds], and the world is judged on the basis of its majority, with the single transgression that this one [individual] performs, he causes himself and the world to lose much good.
דָּבָר אַחֵר, זְבוּבֵי מָוֶת יַבְאִישׁ יַבִּיעַ שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ, מְדַבֵּר בַּעֲדַת קֹרַח, אֶתְמוֹל מַבְאִישִׁין כְּנֶגֶד משֶׁה וְאוֹמְרִין לֹא משֶׁה נָבִיא אֱמֶת, וְלֹא אַהֲרֹן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְלֹא תוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם, וְהַיּוֹם מַבִּיעִים דְּבָרִים לִפְנֵי משֶׁה וְאוֹמְרִים: משֶׁה נָבִיא אֱמֶת, וְאַהֲרֹן כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל, וְתוֹרָה מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם. יָקָר מֵחָכְמָה מִכָּבוֹד, זוֹ הַנְּבוּאָה. סִכְלוּת מְעָט, זוֹ גְּזֵרָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה, שֶׁאָמַר (במדבר טז, ל): וְאִם בְּרִיאָה יִבְרָא ה'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, זְבוּבֵי מָוֶת יַבְאִישׁ יַבִּיעַ שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ וגו', מְדַבֵּר בְּדוֹאֵג וּבַאֲחִיתֹפֶל, אֶתְמוֹל מַבְאִישִׁין דְּבָרִים כְּנֶגֶד דָּוִד, וְאוֹמְרִים פְּסוּל מִשְׁפָּחָה הוּא, לֹא מֵרוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה הוּא. וְהַיּוֹם מַבִּיעִין דְּבָרִים וּמִתְבַּיְשִׁין. יָקָר מֵחָכְמָה מִכָּבוֹד, זוֹ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל דָּוִד. סִכְלוּת מְעָט (תהלים נה, כד): וְאַתָּה אֱלֹהִים תּוֹרִדֵם לִבְאֵר שַׁחַת וגו'. דָּבָר אַחֵר, זְבוּבֵי מָוֶת יַבְאִישׁ יַבִּיעַ שֶׁמֶן רוֹקֵחַ וגו', מְדַבֵּר בְּדוֹרוֹ שֶׁל אֵלִיָּהוּ, אֶתְמוֹל מַבְאִישִׁין דְּבָרִים כְּנֶגְדּוֹ, וְאוֹמְרִין (מלכים א יח, כו): הַבַּעַל עֲנֵנוּ, וְהַיּוֹם מַבִּיעִין דְּבָרִים, וְאוֹמְרִים: ה' הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים ה' הוּא הָאֱלֹהִים. יָקָר מֵחָכְמָה מִכָּבוֹד, מֵחָכְמָה זוֹ תּוֹרָה, מִכָּבוֹד זוֹ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל אֵלִיָּהוּ. סִכְלוּת מְעָט (מלכים א יח, מ): וַיּוֹרִדֵם אֵלִיָּהוּ אֶל נַחַל קִישׁוֹן וַיִּשְׁחָטֵם.
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil [yavish] and froth [yabia] a perfumer’s oil” refers to the congregation of Koraḥ. Yesterday they were vilifying [mavishin] Moses and saying: Moses is not a true prophet, Aaron is not the High Priest, and Torah is not from Heaven, and today2After they were swallowed by the ground, Koraḥ and his congregation declared, from the depths of the earth, that Moses had been correct (see Bemidbar Rabba 18:20; Bava Batra 74a). they are expressing [mabi’im] matters before Moses and saying: Moses is a true prophet, Aaron is the High Priest, and Torah is from Heaven. “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is prophecy; “a little folly”3This is expounded to refer to the punishment of Koraḥ and his congregation, which they received due to their folly. – this is the decree of Moses, who said: “But if the Lord will create a creation [and the ground will open its mouth and swallow them up…then you will know that these men have despised the Lord]” (Numbers 16:30).
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil…” refers to Do’eg and Aḥitofel. Yesterday, they were vilifying David with their words and saying: His lineage is flawed; does he not descend from Ruth the Moavite? Today they are expressing matters and are ashamed. “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is the prophecy of David.4David’s former antagonists eventually admitted that he was a worthy king and prophet. “A little folly” – “You, God, bring them down to the pit of destruction…” (Psalms 55:24).
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil…” is speaking of the generation of Elijah, who would vilify him with their words and say: “Baal, answer us” (I Kings 18:26). Today they are expressing matters and saying: “The Lord, He is God; the Lord, He is God” (I Kings 18:39). “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is prophecy, this is the prophecy of Elijah. “A little folly” – “Elijah took them down to the Kishon Stream and slaughtered them” (I Kings 18:40).
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil [yavish] and froth [yabia] a perfumer’s oil” refers to the congregation of Koraḥ. Yesterday they were vilifying [mavishin] Moses and saying: Moses is not a true prophet, Aaron is not the High Priest, and Torah is not from Heaven, and today2After they were swallowed by the ground, Koraḥ and his congregation declared, from the depths of the earth, that Moses had been correct (see Bemidbar Rabba 18:20; Bava Batra 74a). they are expressing [mabi’im] matters before Moses and saying: Moses is a true prophet, Aaron is the High Priest, and Torah is from Heaven. “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is prophecy; “a little folly”3This is expounded to refer to the punishment of Koraḥ and his congregation, which they received due to their folly. – this is the decree of Moses, who said: “But if the Lord will create a creation [and the ground will open its mouth and swallow them up…then you will know that these men have despised the Lord]” (Numbers 16:30).
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil…” refers to Do’eg and Aḥitofel. Yesterday, they were vilifying David with their words and saying: His lineage is flawed; does he not descend from Ruth the Moavite? Today they are expressing matters and are ashamed. “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is the prophecy of David.4David’s former antagonists eventually admitted that he was a worthy king and prophet. “A little folly” – “You, God, bring them down to the pit of destruction…” (Psalms 55:24).
Another matter: “Dead flies spoil and froth a perfumer’s oil…” is speaking of the generation of Elijah, who would vilify him with their words and say: “Baal, answer us” (I Kings 18:26). Today they are expressing matters and saying: “The Lord, He is God; the Lord, He is God” (I Kings 18:39). “Weightier than wisdom, than honor” – this is prophecy, this is the prophecy of Elijah. “A little folly” – “Elijah took them down to the Kishon Stream and slaughtered them” (I Kings 18:40).