Midrash
Shir HaShirim Rabbah 1:7 שיר השירים רבה א׳:ז׳
Part of: Chapter 1
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הַגִּידָה לִי שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בַּר רַבִּי סִימוֹן פָּתַר קְרָיָה בְּמשֶׁה, בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא (שמות ג, י): וְעַתָּה לְכָה וְאֶשְׁלָחֲךָ אֶל פַּרְעֹה, אָמַר לוֹ, רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם (שמות ד, יג): בִּי אֲדֹנָי, כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ יְכוֹלִין לְהֵעָשׂוֹת, מָה אֲנִי יָכוֹל לַעֲמוֹד בְּכָל הָאֻכְלוּסִין הַלָּלוּ, כַּמָּה חָיוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מְעֻבָּרוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה תִּינוֹקוֹת יֵשׁ בָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מִינֵי אֲנוּנַס הִתְקַנְתָּ לָהֶם לַחָיוֹת שֶׁבָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מִינֵי רִכּוּכִין הִתְקַנְתָּ לַמְעֻבָּרוֹת שֶׁבָּהֶן, כַּמָּה מִינֵי קְלָיוֹת וֶאֱגוֹזִים הִתְקַנְתָּ לַתִּינוֹקוֹת שֶׁבָּהֶן. אֵיכָן פֵּרוּשׁוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר כָּאן, הַגִּידָה לִי שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי, אֻמָּה שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי, אֻמָּה שֶׁנָּתַתִּי נַפְשִׁי עָלֶיהָ, אֵיכָה תִרְעֶה בִּימוֹת הַחַמָּה, אֵיכָה תַּרְבִּיץ בַּצָּהֳרָיִם בִּימוֹת הַגְּשָׁמִים. שַׁלָּמָה אֶהְיֶה כְּעֹטְיָה, רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוּנָא אָמַר שֶׁלֹא אֶהְיֶה כָּאָבֵל הַזֶּה שֶׁהוּא עוֹטֶה עַל שְׂפָמוֹ וּבוֹכֶה, הֵיאַךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ויקרא יג, מה): וְעַל שָׂפָם יַעְטֶה. דָּבָר אַחֵר, שַׁלָּמָה אֶהְיֶה כְּעֹטְיָה, שֶׁא אֶהְיֶה כְּרוֹעֶה זֶה שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ זְאֵבִים בְּתוֹךְ עֶדְרוֹ וּבִקְּעוּהוּ, וְעָטָה אֶת בִּגְדוֹ וְיָצָא, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (ירמיה מג, יב): וְעָטָה אֶת אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם. עַל עֶדְרֵי חֲבֵרֶיךָ, כְּשֶׁאֲנִי הוֹלֵךְ אֵצֶל חֲבֵרֶיךָ, וְיִשְׁאָלוּנִי עַל עֶדְרֵיהֶן, מָה אֲנִי מְשִׁיבָן.
“Tell me, he whom my soul loves, where do you herd, where do you rest your flock at noon? Why should I be as one bound to the flocks of your companions” (Song of Songs 1:7).
“Tell me, he whom my soul loves,” Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Simon interpreted the verse regarding Moses. When the Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Now go and I will send you to Pharaoh” (Exodus 3:10), he said to Him: ‘Master of the universe, through me, my Lord, can all these things be accomplished?221“Through me [bi], Lord,” is a play on the phrase “Please [bi] my Lord” (Exodus 4:13). How can I stand before all these multitudes? How many new mothers are there among them? How many pregnant women are there among them? How many small children are there among them? How many kinds of hearty food have You prepared for the new mothers among them? How many kinds of soft foods have You prepared for the pregnant women among them? How much roasted grain and how many nuts have You prepared for the small children among them?’ Where is this matter articulated?222Where is it articulated that Moses’ claim to God was that he would not be able to properly care for the children of Israel? Here: “Tell me, he whom my soul loves”—the nation that my soul loves, the nation for whom I put my soul on the line; “where do you herd”—during the summer; “where do you rest your flock at noon”—during the rainy season. “Why should I be as one bound [keoteya],” Rabbi Ḥelbo said in the name of Rabbi Huna: Let me not be like this mourner who covers [oteh] until his upper lip and weeps, just as you say: “And he shall cover until his upper lip” (Leviticus 13:45).
Another matter, “Why should I be as one bound,” let me not be like this shepherd that wolves infiltrated his flock and mauled it, and he wrapped his garment and departed, just as it says: “He will wrap the land of Egypt” (Jeremiah 43:12). “To the flocks of your companions,” when I [Moses] go to Your companions223This is a reference to the patriarchs. and they ask me about their flocks, what will I respond to them?
“Tell me, he whom my soul loves, where do you herd, where do you rest your flock at noon? Why should I be as one bound to the flocks of your companions” (Song of Songs 1:7).
“Tell me, he whom my soul loves,” Rabbi Yehuda bar Rabbi Simon interpreted the verse regarding Moses. When the Holy One blessed be He said to him: “Now go and I will send you to Pharaoh” (Exodus 3:10), he said to Him: ‘Master of the universe, through me, my Lord, can all these things be accomplished?221“Through me [bi], Lord,” is a play on the phrase “Please [bi] my Lord” (Exodus 4:13). How can I stand before all these multitudes? How many new mothers are there among them? How many pregnant women are there among them? How many small children are there among them? How many kinds of hearty food have You prepared for the new mothers among them? How many kinds of soft foods have You prepared for the pregnant women among them? How much roasted grain and how many nuts have You prepared for the small children among them?’ Where is this matter articulated?222Where is it articulated that Moses’ claim to God was that he would not be able to properly care for the children of Israel? Here: “Tell me, he whom my soul loves”—the nation that my soul loves, the nation for whom I put my soul on the line; “where do you herd”—during the summer; “where do you rest your flock at noon”—during the rainy season. “Why should I be as one bound [keoteya],” Rabbi Ḥelbo said in the name of Rabbi Huna: Let me not be like this mourner who covers [oteh] until his upper lip and weeps, just as you say: “And he shall cover until his upper lip” (Leviticus 13:45).
Another matter, “Why should I be as one bound,” let me not be like this shepherd that wolves infiltrated his flock and mauled it, and he wrapped his garment and departed, just as it says: “He will wrap the land of Egypt” (Jeremiah 43:12). “To the flocks of your companions,” when I [Moses] go to Your companions223This is a reference to the patriarchs. and they ask me about their flocks, what will I respond to them?
רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה פָּתַר לָהּ בִּקְרָיָה הָדֵּין (במדבר כז, טז): יִפְקֹד ה' אֱלֹהֵי הָרוּחוֹת, יִפְקֹד ה', אָמַר לְפָנָיו רִבּוֹנוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם, הוֹאִיל וְאַתָּה מְסַלְקֵנִי מִן הָעוֹלָם הוֹדִיעֵנִי מִי וָמִי הָרוֹעִים שֶׁאַתָּה מַעֲמִיד עַל בָּנֶיךָ, הֵיכָן פֵּרוּשׁוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר כָּן, הַגִּידָה לִי שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי, אֻמָּה שֶׁאָהֲבָה נַפְשִׁי, אֻמָּה שֶׁנָּתַתִּי נַפְשִׁי עָלֶיהָ, אֵיכָה תִרְעֶה, בִּימֵי מַלְכֻיּוֹת. אֵיכָה תַּרְבִּיץ בַּצָּהֳרָיִם, בְּשִׁעְבּוּד מַלְכֻיּוֹת. שַׁלָּמָה אֶהְיֶה כְּעֹטְיָה, רַבִּי עֲזַרְיָה אָמַר שַׁלָּמָה, שֶׁא אֵעָשֶׂה לְמָה בְּעֵינֵי חֲבֵרֶיךָ עַל עֶדְרֵיהֶן, חִלּוּל שָׁמַיִם בַּדָּבָר, בָּנֶיךָ בְּצָרָה וְעֶדְרֵי חֲבֵרֶיךָ בִּרְוָחָה. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן בַּר סִימוֹן שֶׁלֹא יְהוּ אֻמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אוֹמְרִים טָעַת מִדַּת הַדִּין, הָיָה יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁמְּבַקֵּשׁ לְשָׁחֲטָן בַּמִּדְבָּר, וּשְׁחָטָן בַּמִּדְבָּר, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (במדבר יד, יז): וַיִּשְׁחָטֵם בַּמִּדְבָּר. וְרַבָּנָן אָמְרִין שֶׁלֹא יִרְאוּ בָנֶיךָ שֶׁצָּרָתָן צָרָה וְיִטּוּ מֵאַחֲרֶיךָ וְיִדְבְּקוּ בְּעֶדְרֵי חֲבֵרֶיךָ, הָאֵיךְ מָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר (תהלים צד, כ): הַיְחָבְרְךָ כִּסֵּא הַוּוֹת. בְּאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְמשֶׁה, משֶׁה אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי אֵיכָה תִרְעֶה אֵיכָה תַּרְבִּיץ, חַיֶּיךָ אִם לֹא יָדַעְתָּ סוֹפְךָ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לְךָ לֵידַע, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שיר השירים א, ח): אִם לֹא תֵדְעִי לָךְ הַיָּפָה בַּנָּשִׁים. דָּבָר אַחֵר, אִם לֹא תֵדְעִי לָךְ הַיָּפָה בַּנָּשִׁים, הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבַּנְּבִיאִים, הַמְעֻלֶּה שֶׁבַּנְּבִיאִים. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹסֵי בַּר יִרְמְיָה, לָמָּה נִמְשְׁלוּ הַנְּבִיאִים בְּנָשִׁים, לוֹמַר לָךְ, מַה אִשָּׁה זוֹ אֵינָהּ מִתְבַּיֶּשֶׁת לִתְבּוֹעַ צָרְכֵי בֵּיתָהּ מִבַּעְלָהּ, כָּךְ הַנְּבִיאִים אֵין מִתְבַּיְּשִׁים לִתְבּוֹעַ צָרְכֵיהֶן שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל מִן אֲבִיהֶם שֶׁבַּשָּׁמַיִם.
Rabbi Berekhya interpreted it regarding this verse: “May the Lord, God of the spirits of all flesh, appoint [a man over the congregation]” (Numbers 27:16). “May the Lord…appoint”—[Moses] said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, since you are ousting me from the world, inform me who are the shepherds whom You are installing over Your children.’ Where is the matter articulated? “Tell me, he whom my soul loves,” the nation that my soul loves, the nation to whom I dedicated my life; “where do you herd,” during the period of the monarchy; “where do you rest your flock at noon,” when [Israel is] subjudgated to [foreign] kingdoms. “Why [shalama] should I be as one bound [keoteya]?” Rabbi Azarya said: Shalama, that I will not [shelo] become as nothing [lema] in the eyes of Your companions224This is a reference to the patriarchs. regarding their flocks. There will be a desecration of Heaven in the matter if your children are in distress and the flocks of Your companions225This is a reference to the nations of the world. Their kings are referred to here as God’s companions (Etz Yosef). Alternatively, the reference is to the nations that descend from Ishmael and Esau, sons of the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac (Midrash HaMevoar). are comfortable. Rabbi Yudan bar Simon said: So the nations of the world will not say that the attribute of justice has erred [ta’at].226This is alluded to in the word keoteya. [God] knew that He sought to slaughter them in the wilderness and He slaughtered them in the wilderness, just as it says: “He slaughtered them in the wilderness” (Numbers 14:16).227This phrase appears in the passage in which Moses implores God not to destroy Israel in the aftermath of the sin of the scouts, arguing that the nations of the world would say God knew He could not defeat the Canaanite nations and therefore slaughtered Israel in the wilderness (see Numbers 14:13–19). Similarly, Moses requested that God appoint good leaders over the nation after him so as to avoid a desecration of Gdod’s name. The Rabbis say: So that your children will not see that their trouble is trouble and deviate [yatu] from following You and cleave to the flocks of Your companions,228This is a reference to the nations of the world. just as you say: “Can the seat of wickedness be Your companion?” (Psalms 94:20).229This verse demonstrates that the nations of the world can be referred to as companions of God.
At that moment the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Moses, you say to Me: “Where do you herd, where do you rest your flock,” by your life, if you do not know, ultimately, you will know,’ as it is stated: “If you do not know, fairest among women” (Song of Songs 1:8).230The Hebrew phrase generally translated “if you do not know” can also be translated “shall you not know,” and that is how the midrash is interpreting it here.
Another matter, “if you do not know, fairest among women,” fairest among prophets, the most outstanding among the prophets. Rabbi Yosei bar Yirmeya said: Why were the prophets likened to women? To say to you: Just as a woman is not shy about demanding her household needs from her husband, so the prophets are not shy about demanding the needs of Israel from their Father in Heaven.
Rabbi Berekhya interpreted it regarding this verse: “May the Lord, God of the spirits of all flesh, appoint [a man over the congregation]” (Numbers 27:16). “May the Lord…appoint”—[Moses] said before Him: ‘Master of the universe, since you are ousting me from the world, inform me who are the shepherds whom You are installing over Your children.’ Where is the matter articulated? “Tell me, he whom my soul loves,” the nation that my soul loves, the nation to whom I dedicated my life; “where do you herd,” during the period of the monarchy; “where do you rest your flock at noon,” when [Israel is] subjudgated to [foreign] kingdoms. “Why [shalama] should I be as one bound [keoteya]?” Rabbi Azarya said: Shalama, that I will not [shelo] become as nothing [lema] in the eyes of Your companions224This is a reference to the patriarchs. regarding their flocks. There will be a desecration of Heaven in the matter if your children are in distress and the flocks of Your companions225This is a reference to the nations of the world. Their kings are referred to here as God’s companions (Etz Yosef). Alternatively, the reference is to the nations that descend from Ishmael and Esau, sons of the patriarchs Abraham and Isaac (Midrash HaMevoar). are comfortable. Rabbi Yudan bar Simon said: So the nations of the world will not say that the attribute of justice has erred [ta’at].226This is alluded to in the word keoteya. [God] knew that He sought to slaughter them in the wilderness and He slaughtered them in the wilderness, just as it says: “He slaughtered them in the wilderness” (Numbers 14:16).227This phrase appears in the passage in which Moses implores God not to destroy Israel in the aftermath of the sin of the scouts, arguing that the nations of the world would say God knew He could not defeat the Canaanite nations and therefore slaughtered Israel in the wilderness (see Numbers 14:13–19). Similarly, Moses requested that God appoint good leaders over the nation after him so as to avoid a desecration of Gdod’s name. The Rabbis say: So that your children will not see that their trouble is trouble and deviate [yatu] from following You and cleave to the flocks of Your companions,228This is a reference to the nations of the world. just as you say: “Can the seat of wickedness be Your companion?” (Psalms 94:20).229This verse demonstrates that the nations of the world can be referred to as companions of God.
At that moment the Holy One blessed be He said to Moses: ‘Moses, you say to Me: “Where do you herd, where do you rest your flock,” by your life, if you do not know, ultimately, you will know,’ as it is stated: “If you do not know, fairest among women” (Song of Songs 1:8).230The Hebrew phrase generally translated “if you do not know” can also be translated “shall you not know,” and that is how the midrash is interpreting it here.
Another matter, “if you do not know, fairest among women,” fairest among prophets, the most outstanding among the prophets. Rabbi Yosei bar Yirmeya said: Why were the prophets likened to women? To say to you: Just as a woman is not shy about demanding her household needs from her husband, so the prophets are not shy about demanding the needs of Israel from their Father in Heaven.