Tanach
Shemot 21:22-25 שמות כ״א:כ״ב-כ״ה
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וְכִֽי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה הָרָה וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה אָסוֹן עָנוֹשׁ יֵעָנֵשׁ כַּֽאֲשֶׁר יָשִׁית עָלָיו בַּעַל הָֽאִשָּׁה וְנָתַן בִּפְלִלִֽים׃
If men will fight and they strike a pregnant woman, causing her to miscarry, but there is no fatal injury [to the woman], he [the guilty one] is to be punished with a [monetary] penalty when the husband demands compensation. He shall pay as determined by the judges.
If men will fight and they strike a pregnant woman, causing her to miscarry, but there is no fatal injury [to the woman], he [the guilty one] is to be punished with a [monetary] penalty when the husband demands compensation. He shall pay as determined by the judges.
Rashi
ונגפו. אין נגיפה אלא לשון דחיפה והכאה, כמו פֶּן תִּגֹּף בָּאֶבֶן רַגְלֶךָ (תהלים צא, יב), וּבְטֶרֶם יִתְנַגְּפוּ רַגְלֵיכֶם (ירמיה יג, טז), וּלְאֶבֶן נֶגֶף (ישעיה ח, יד):
And they strike. נְגִיפָה always has the meaning of “shoving” and “striking,” as in: “Lest you strike your foot against a rock,” [or:] “before your feet are struck,” [or:] “For a stone for striking.”
ולא יהיה אסון באשה:
but there is no fatal injury — to the woman.
ענוש יענש. לשלם דמי ולדות לבעל, שמין אותה כמה היתה ראויה להמכר בשוק, להעלות בדמיה בשביל הריונה:
He is to be punished — by paying for the value of the offspring to the husband. [How is their value determined?] we evaluate what her price would be if she were sold in the market place [as a slave], increasing her value due to her pregnancy.
ענש יענש. יגבו ממון ממנו, כמו וְעָנְשׁוּ אֹתֹו מֵאָה כֶּסֶף (דברים כב, יט):
He is to be punished. They shall impose monetary compensation on him as in: “(וְעָנְשׁוּ) they shall impose upon him a payment of one hundred silver [shekels].”
כאשר ישית עליו וגו'. כשיתבענו הבעל בבית דין להשית עליו עונש על כך:
When the husband demands etc. [I.e.,] when the husband summons him to the court [asking the court] to place a penalty on him for this.
ונתן. המכה דמי ולדות:
He shall pay. I.e., the one who struck [the one woman] [shall pay] the value of the offspring.
בפללים. על פי הדיינים:
As determined by the judges. [בִפְּלִלִים means:] as determined by the judges.
וְאִם־אָסוֹן יִהְיֶה וְנָתַתָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָֽפֶשׁ׃
However if there is a fatal injury, you shall give [up] a life for a life.
However if there is a fatal injury, you shall give [up] a life for a life.
Rashi
ואם אסון יהיה. באשה:
However if there is a fatal injury — to the woman.
ונתת נפש תחת נפש. רבותינו חולקין בדבר (סנהדרין עט.), יש אומרים נפש ממש, ויש אומרים ממון אבל לא נפש ממש, שהמתכוין להרוג את זה והרג את זה פטור ממיתה, ומשלם ליורשיו דמיו כמו שהיה נמכר בשוק:
You shall give [up] a life for a life. Our Sages have differing opinions regarding this matter. Some say [that it means] literally, a life. Others, however, say [that it means] monetary compensation but not, literally, a life, for one who intends to kill one person and killed another, is exempt from the death penalty. He must compensate the heirs with his (the victim’s) worth as if he were someone sold in the marketplace.
עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן שֵׁן תַּחַת שֵׁן יָד תַּחַת יָד רֶגֶל תַּחַת רָֽגֶל׃
[Compensation of] an eye for an eye, [of] a tooth for a tooth, [of] a hand for a hand, [of] a foot for a foot.
[Compensation of] an eye for an eye, [of] a tooth for a tooth, [of] a hand for a hand, [of] a foot for a foot.
Rashi
עין תחת עין. סימא עין חבירו, נותן לו דמי עינו כמה שפחתו דמיו למכור בשוק, וכן כולם, ולא נטילת אבר ממש, כמו שדרשו רבותינו בפרק החובל (בבא קמא פד.):
An eye for an eye. If he blinded the eye of another person he must compensate him for the worth of his eye, [i.e.,] the amount his worth decreased were he to be sold [as a slave] in the marketplace. all the other cases are similar to this and they do not refer to the actual removal of a limb, as our Sages expounded in Chapter Hachovel.
כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה פֶּצַע תַּחַת פָּצַע חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָֽה׃ {ס}
[Compensation of] a burn for a burn, [of] a wound for a wound, [of] a bruise for a bruise.
[Compensation of] a burn for a burn, [of] a wound for a wound, [of] a bruise for a bruise.
Rashi
כויה תחת כויה. מכות אש. ועד עכשיו דבר בחבלה שיש בה פחת דמים, ועכשיו בשאין בה פחת דמים אלא צער, כגון כוואו בשפוד על צפרניו, אומדים כמה אדם כיוצא בזה רוצה ליטול להיות מצטער כך:
A burn for a burn. [כְּוִיָּה means:] burn caused by fire. Up to this point (i.e., the previous verse) the Torah has spoken of a wound whereby [the victim suffers] a lessening of worth But now [it speaks of one] whereby [the victim does not suffer] a lessening of worth, but only pain, for example, where one burnt another on his nails with a hot spit, we would estimate how much [money] such a person would be willing to accept to undergo such pain.
פצע. היא מכה המוציאה דם, שפצע את בשרו, נפר"דור בלע"ז (אפענע וואונדע) הכל לפי מה שהוא, אם יש בו פחת דמים נותן נזק, ואם נפל למשכב נותן שבת ורפוי ובשת וצער. ומקרא זה יתר הוא, ובהחובל דרשוהו רבותינו לחייב על הצער אפילו במקום נזק, שאף על פי שנותן לו דמי ידו, אין פוטרין אותו מן הצער, לומר, הואיל וקנה ידו, יש עליו לחתכה בכל מה שירצה, אלא אומרים יש לו לחתכה בסם שאינו מצטער כל כך, וזה חתכה בברזל וצערו:
A wound. [פֶּצַע] is a wound that draws blood whereby his (the victim’s) flesh was lacerated, navrdure in Old French — “a wound.” [The liability of the one inflicting the wound] all depends on what occurred: If [the blow] causes a diminishing of [the victim’s] worth he must pay damages. If [the victim] is confined to bed, he must pay for loss of work, and medical costs, and the shame the victim suffers and the pain the victim suffers. Actually this verse is superfluous. In the Chapter Hachovel our Sages expound it to make him liable for inflicting pain even where damages [have been paid], i.e., although he has compensated him for the value of his hand, we do not absolve him from [paying for] the pain, by suggesting that since he (the damager) has, in effect, bought his (the victim’s) hand he therefore should have the right to sever it in whatever manner he wishes, But rather we say: he should have severed it with an anesthetic, whereby the victim would not endure so much pain. But he, however, severed it with metal and inflicted pain [and he must therefore pay for that pain].
חבורה. היא מכה שהדם נצרר בה ואינו יוצא, אלא שמאדים הבשר כנגדו, ולשון חבורה טק"א בלע"ז (פפלעקקן) כמו וְנָמֵר חֲבְַרבֻּרֹתָיו (ירמיה יג, כג), ותרגומו משקופי, לשון חבטה, בטדור"א בלע"ז (שלאג) וכן שְׁדֻפֹות קָדִים, שקיפן קידום, חבוטות ברוח. וכן וְעַל הַמַשׁקֹוף (שמות יב, ז), על שם שהדלת נוקש עליו:
A bruise. חַבּוּרָה is a wound where the blood collects but does not break through [the skin] only that the flesh of that area becomes red. The term חַבּוּרָה is taje in Old French as in: “or the leopard (חֲבַרְבְּרֹתָיו) his spots. ” Onkelos, however, translates it (חַבּוּרָה) “מַשְׁקוֹפֵי,” meaning “a blow.” Batdure in Old French — “a blow, a beating.” Similarly “שְׁדוּפוֹת קָדִים” — “beaten by the east-wind” is translated by Onkelos: “שְׁקִיפָן קִּדּוּם” [which means:] “beaten by the wind.” Similarly עַל הַמַּשְׁקוֹף — “on the lintel,” so-called because the door beats against it.
וכי ינצו אנשים. זה עם זה, ונתכוון להכות את חבירו, והכה את האשה (מכילתא פ"ח):
If men will fight — with one another, and one intended to strike the other and [inadvertently] struck the woman.