Shemot 21

21:1

וְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים אֲשֶׁר תָּשִׂים לִפְנֵיהֶֽם׃

And these are the laws that you shall set before them.

And these are the laws that you shall set before them.

Rashi

ואלה המשפטים. כל מקום שנאמר אלה, פסל את הראשונים, ואלה, מוסיף על הראשונים (שמו"ר ל, ב), מה הראשונים מסיני אף אלו מסיני. ולמה נסמכה פרשת דינין לפרשת מזבח, לומר לך שתשים סנהדרין אצל המקדש (ס"א המזבח):

These are the laws. Wherever the word אֵלֶּה (without a vov) is used it disqualifies that which preceded it [But the word] וְאֵלֶּה (with a vov) is a continuation of that which preceded it. [Here too וְאֵלֶּה conveys that] just as the preceding words (the Ten Commandments) were [received] from Sinai these [following laws] also were [received] from Sinai. Then why was the section of judgments placed near the section dealing with the altar? This is to teach you that the chamber of the Sanhedrin should be placed near the Beis Hamikdosh (some mss: the altar).

אשר תשים לפניהם. אמר לו הקב"ה למשה, לא תעלה על דעתך לומר, אשנה להם הפרק וההלכה ב' או ג' פעמים, עד שתהא סדורה בפיהם כמשנתה, ואיני מטריח עצמי להבינם טעמי הדבר ופירושו, לכך נאמר אשר תשים לפניהם, כשלחן הערוך ומוכן לאכול לפני האדם:

That you shall set before them. God said to Moshe: “Do not allow it to enter your mind to say, ‘I will teach them the section or the law two or three times until it will become fluent in their mouths exactly as it is taught, but I will not bother myself to make them understand the reasons for each thing and its explanation.’” It therefore states: “that you shall set before them” — like a set table with everything ready to be eaten, for the person.

לפניהם. ולא לפני עובדי אלילים (גיטין פח:), ואפילו ידעת בדין אחד שהם דנין אותו כדיני ישראל, אל תביאהו בערכאות שלהם, שהמביא דיני ישראל לפני ארמים, מחלל את השם ומיקר שם האלילים להשביחם (ס"א להחשיבם), שנאמר כי לא כצורנו צורם ואויבינו פלילים (דברים לב, לא), כשאויבינו פלילים זהו עדות לעלוי יראתם:

Before them — and not before the gentiles. And even if you know of a particular law that they render the same as Jewish law, [nevertheless] do not bring the matter to their courts for one who brings law cases of Bnei Yisrael before [the courts of] gentiles profanes the Name of God and esteems the name of the idols bringing [undue] praise to them (other mss: to bring [undue] importance to them) as it is said: “For their rock is not as our Rock that our enemies should be our judges,” [thereby indicating] that when our enemies are our judges, it is testimony to the superiority of their idols.

21:2

כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד וּבַשְּׁבִעִת יֵצֵא לַֽחׇפְשִׁי חִנָּֽם׃

If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].

If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].

Rashi

כי תקנה עבד עברי. עבד שהוא עברי, או אינו אלא עבדו של עברי, עבד כנעני שלקחתו מישראל, ועליו הוא אומר שש שנים יעבוד, ומה אני מקיים וְהִתְנַחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם (ויקרא כה, מו), בלקוח מן הכנענים, אבל בלקוח מישראל יצא בשש, תלמוד לומר כי ימכר לך אחיך העברי (דברים טו, יב), לא אמרתי אלא באחיך:

If you buy a Hebrew slave. [עֶבֶד עִבְרִי here means:] a slave who is a Hebrew. Or perhaps it means the slave of a Hebrew, [i.e.,] a gentile slave bought from a Jew and it is regarding him that it is said: “He shall serve for six years?” [Should you then ask:] how can I explain: “And you shall leave them (the gentile slaves) as an inheritance...?” [I would answer that it refers to a gentile slave] who was bought from the gentiles, but if bought from a Jew he shall go free after six years. Therefore, it states: “If your brother, the Hebrew, is sold to you [he shall serve you six years]” I tell you this (that he serves six years) only in regard to your brother [a Hebrew slave].

כי תקנה. מיד בית דין שמכרוהו בגנבתו, כמו שנאמר אִם אֵין לֹו וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתֹו (שמות כב, א), או אינו אלא במוכר עצמו מפני דחקו, אבל מכרוהו בית דין לא יצא בשש, כשהוא אומר וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ עִמָךְ וְנִמְכּר לָךְ (ויקרא כה, לט), הרי מוכר עצמו מפני דוחקו אמור, ומה אני מקיים כי תקנה, בנמכר בבית דין:

If you buy — from the hand of the court that sold him for a theft he committed as it is said: “If he (the thief) has nothing [with which to reimburse his victim], he must be sold for his theft.” Or perhaps it refers to [a slave] who sold himself because of his dire need, but if the court sells him [for theft] he would not go free after six years! [This is wrong] for when the Torah says: “When your brother becomes destitute with you and is then sold to you” — then the selling of oneself out of dire need has already been discussed! Then how do I explain [the verse] כִּי תִקְנֶה [here]? When he is sold through the court!

לחפשי. לחירות:

Free. [לַחָפְשִׁי means:] into freedom.

21:3

אִם־בְּגַפּוֹ יָבֹא בְּגַפּוֹ יֵצֵא אִם־בַּעַל אִשָּׁה הוּא וְיָצְאָה אִשְׁתּוֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃

If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.

If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.

Rashi

אם בגפו יבא. שלא היה נשוי אשה, כתרגומו אם בלחודוהי. ולשון בגפו, בכנפו, שלא בא אלא כמות שהוא, יחידי בתוך לבושו, בכנף בגדו:

If he came by himself. [Meaning:] that he was unmarried, as it is translated by Onkelos: אִם בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי —“if by himself.” The term בְּגַפּוֹ is the same as בִּכְנָפוֹ — “with his skirt,” i.e., he came in as is, alone, wrapped in his garment, in the skirt of his garment.

בגפו יצא. מגיד, שאם לא היה נשוי מתחלה, אין רבו מוסר לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים (קידושין כ.):

He shall go out by himself. This teaches that if he was unmarried at first (when he came into servitude), his master may not give him a gentile handmaid [against his will] so as to have slave-children from her.

אם בעל אשה הוא. ישראלית (מכילתא פ"ב):

If he [was] married — to a Jewish woman —

ויצאה אשתו עמו. וכי מי הכניסה שתצא, אלא מגיד הכתוב, שהקונה עבד עברי חייב במזונות אשתו ובניו (קידושין כב.):

his wife shall go out with him. But who was it that brought her in that [it has to be said that] she goes out? But the Torah teaches that he who acquires a Hebrew slave becomes obligated to support his (the slave’s) wife and children.

21:4

אִם־אֲדֹנָיו יִתֶּן־לוֹ אִשָּׁה וְיָלְדָה־לוֹ בָנִים אוֹ בָנוֹת הָאִשָּׁה וִילָדֶיהָ תִּהְיֶה לַֽאדֹנֶיהָ וְהוּא יֵצֵא בְגַפּֽוֹ׃

If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.

If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.

Rashi

אם אדניו יתן לו אשה. מכאן, שהרשות ביד רבו למסור לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים. או אינו אלא בישראלית, תלמוד לומר האשה וילדיה תהיה לאדוניה, הא אינו מדבר אלא בכנענית, שהרי העבריה אף היא יוצאה בשש, ואפילו לפני שש אם הביאה סימנין יוצאה, שנאמר אָחִיךָ הָעִבְרִי אֹו הָעִבְרִיָה (דברים טו, יב) מלמד שאף העבריה יוצאה בשש:

If his master should give him a wife. From here [we derive] that his master has the right to give him a gentile handmaid to beget slaves from her. Or perhaps it is only a Jewish wife [that he may give him]. Therefore the Torah says: “The woman and her children belong to her master,” indicating that it refers only to a gentile woman, for a Hebrew handmaid too goes free after six years and even earlier than six years, if she shows signs of puberty, she goes free, as it is said: “[If] your Hebrew brother or sister [be sold to you they shall serve you for six years]” which teaches that also a Hebrew handmaid goes free after six [years].

21:5

וְאִם־אָמֹר יֹאמַר הָעֶבֶד אָהַבְתִּי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי אֶת־אִשְׁתִּי וְאֶת־בָּנָי לֹא אֵצֵא חׇפְשִֽׁי׃

If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”

If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”

Rashi

את אשתי. השפחה:

My wife. The handmaid.

21:6

וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֲדֹנָיו אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֶל־הַדֶּלֶת אוֹ אֶל־הַמְּזוּזָה וְרָצַע אֲדֹנָיו אֶת־אׇזְנוֹ בַּמַּרְצֵעַ וַעֲבָדוֹ לְעֹלָֽם׃ {ס}        

His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.

His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.

Rashi

אל האלהים. לבית דין, צריך שימלך במוכריו שמכרוהו לו (מכילתא פ"ב):

To the judges. אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים means — “to court.” He (the slave) should consult with those who sold him, for it was they who sold him to him (the master).

אל הדלת או אל המזוזה. יכול שתהא המזוזה כשרה לרצוע עליה, תלמוד לומר וְנָתַתָּה בְאָזְנֹו וּבַדֶּלֶת (דברים טו, יז), בדלת ולא במזוזה, הא מה תלמוד לומר או אל המזוזה, הקיש דלת למזוזה, מה מזוזה מעומד אף דלת מעומד (קידושין כב:):

To the door or to the doorpost. This might lead you to think that the doorpost is a proper place upon which to pierce. The Torah therefore says: “You shall put the awl in his ear and in the door” — in the door but not in the doorpost. Then why does the Torah say: “or to the doorpost?” This is to compare the door with the doorpost: just as the doorpost is upright, so too must the door be upright.

ורצע אדוניו את אזנו במרצע. הימנית, או אינו אלא של שמאל, תלמוד לומר אזן אזן לגזירה שוה, נאמר כאן ורצע אדוניו את אזנו, ונאמר במצורע תְּנוּך אֹזֶן הַמִּטַּהֵר הַיְמָנִית (ויקרא יד, יד), מה להלן הימנית אף כאן הימנית. ומה ראה אזן להרצע מכל שאר אברים שבגוף, אמר ר' יוחנן בן זכאי, אזן זאת ששמעה על הר סיני לא תגנוב, והלך וגנב, תרצע (מכילתא פ"ב), ואם מוכר עצמו, אזן ששמעה על הר סיני כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, והלך וקנה אדון לעצמו, תרצע. רבי שמעון היה דורש מקרא זה כמין חומר, (ר"ל קשר צרור מבושם שתולין בצואר לתכשיט) מה נשתנו דלת ומזוזה מכל כלים שבבית, אמר הקב"ה, דלת ומזוזה שהיו עדים במצרים כשפסחתי על המשקוף ועל שתי המזוזות, ואמרתי כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, עבדי הם, ולא עבדים לעבדים, והלך זה וקנה אדון לעצמו, ירצע בפניהם:

And his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. The right [ear]. Or perhaps it refers to the left one? Therefore the Torah says: “אֹזֶן” [here and] אֹזֶן [elsewhere] so as to make an analogy [called a גְּזֵירָה שָׁוָה]: here it states: “And his master shall pierce אָזְנוֹ (his ear),” and regarding a metsorah it states: “The right ear lobe of the one to be purified.” Just as in the latter verse it refers to the right one, here, too, it refers to the right one. Why was the ear chosen to be pierced rather than all the other limbs of the body? Said Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai: The ear, which heard upon Mount Sinai, “You shall not steal!” and, he nevertheless, went ahead and stole, should [have his ear] pierced! And in the case where he sold himself: The ear that heard on Mount Sinai: “For to Me are the B’nei Yisrael servants” and he, nevertheless, went ahead and acquired a master for himself, should [have his ear] pierced! Rabbi Shimon expounded this verse in a beautiful manner: Why are the door and the doorpost different from other objects of the house? God, in effect, said: “The door and doorpost were witnesses in Egypt when I passed over the lintel and the two doorposts, and I said: ‘For to me are the B’nei Yisrael servants’” — they are My servants, not servants of servants, and this person went ahead and acquired a master for himself, he shall [have his ear] pierced in their presence.

ועבדו לעולם. עד היובל, או אינו אלא לעולם כמשמעו, תלמוד לומר וְאִישׁ אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתֹּו תָּשֻׁבוּ (ויקרא כה, י), מגיד שחמשים שנה קרוים עולם, ולא שיהא עובדו כל חמשים שנה, אלא עובדו עד היובל, בין סמוך בין מופלג:

He then serves his master forever. [This means] until yovel (the Jubilee year). Or perhaps it means forever as is its literal meaning? The Torah therefore says: “And each man will return to his family.” This teaches that fifty years are referred to as forever. This does not mean that he serves him for the entire fifty years, but rather he serves him till the Jubilee, whether it is near at hand, whether it is far off.

21:7

וְכִֽי־יִמְכֹּר אִישׁ אֶת־בִּתּוֹ לְאָמָה לֹא תֵצֵא כְּצֵאת הָעֲבָדִֽים׃

If a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves.

If a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves.

Rashi

וכי ימכר איש את בתו לאמה. בקטנה הכתוב מדבר (מכילתא פ"ג), יכול אפילו הביאה סימנים, אמרת קל וחומר, ומה מכורה קודם לכן יוצאה בסימנין, כמו שכתוב ויצאה חנם אין כסף, שאנו דורשים אותו לסימני נערות, שאינה מכורה אינו דין שלא תמכר (ערכין כט:):

If a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant. This verse speaks of a minor [daughter]. One might think [that the verse applies] even if she shows signs [of puberty]. You must say [that this is not so] a fortiori: Just as one who is sold beforehand (as a minor) goes free upon showing signs [of puberty], as is written: “She goes out free, with no repayment of money,” which we expound as referring to one who shows signs of adolescence, then one who has not yet been been sold [at this age] does logic not dictate that she not be sold at all?

לא תצא כצאת העבדים. כיציאת עבדים כנענים שיוצאים בשן ועין, אבל זו לא תצא בשן ועין, אלא עובדת שש, או עד היובל, או עד שתביא סימנין, וכל הקודם קודם לחירותה, ונותן לה דמי עינה או דמי שינה, או אינו אלא לא תצא כצאת העבדים בשש וביובל, תלמוד לומר כי ימכר לך אחיך העברי או העבריה, מקיש עבריה לעברי לכל יציאותיו, מה עברי יוצא בשש וביובל, אף עבריה יוצאה בשש וביובל, ומהו לא תצא כצאת העבדים, לא תצא בראשי איברים כעבדים כנענים, יכול העברי יוצא בראשי איברים, תלמוד לומר העברי או העבריה, מקיש עברי לעבריה, מה העבריה אינה יוצאה בראשי איברים, אף הוא אינו יוצא בראשי איברים:

She shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves. [I.e.,] in the manner that gentile slaves go free, for they go free [for the loss] of a “tooth and an eye.” But this woman does not go free for the loss of “tooth and eye” but rather she serves for six years or until the Jubilee, or until she shows signs of puberty. Whichever [of these] comes first brings her freedom first. However, he (the master) must reimburse her for the value of her eye or the value of her tooth. Or perhaps this is not so, but rather “she shall not go free in the manner of the slaves” [means in the manner of Hebrew slaves who go free] after six years or the Jubilee year? The Torah therefore says: “If there should be sold to you your Hebrew brother or your Hebrew sister,” thereby comparing the Hebrew woman to the Hebrew man in regard to all manners of their attaining their freedom: Just as the Hebrew man goes free after six years and the Jubilee year so too the Hebrew woman goes free after six years and the Jubilee year. Then what is the meaning of לֹא תֵצֵא כְצֵאת הָעֲבָדִים? [It means:] she shall not go free [for the loss] of the ends of the limbs as do the gentile slaves. One might think that the Hebrew slave does go free for the loss of the ends of the limbs, Therefore the Torah says: “The Hebrew slave or the Hebrew maidservant,” thereby comparing the Hebrew man to the Hebrew woman: just as the Hebrew woman does not go out free for the loss of the ends of the limbs so too does he (the Hebrew man) not go free for the loss of the ends of the limbs.

21:8

אִם־רָעָה בְּעֵינֵי אֲדֹנֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר־[לוֹ] (לא) יְעָדָהּ וְהֶפְדָּהּ לְעַם נׇכְרִי לֹא־יִמְשֹׁל לְמׇכְרָהּ בְּבִגְדוֹ־בָֽהּ׃

If she is displeasing to her master, who had not designated her as his wife, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no power [right] to sell her to an alien people for he has dealt deceitfully with her.

If she is displeasing to her master, who had not designated her as his wife, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no power [right] to sell her to an alien people for he has dealt deceitfully with her.

Rashi

אם רעה בעיני אדניה. שלא נשאה חן בעיניו לכנסה (מכילתא פ"ג):

If she is displeasing to her master. [Meaning:] she has not found favor in his eyes so that he might marry her.

אשר לא יעדה. שהיה לו ליעדה ולהכניסה לו לאשה, וכסף קנייתה הוא כסף קדושיה. וכאן רמז לך הכתוב שמצוה ביעוד, ורמז לך שאינה צריכה קדושין אחרים:

Who had not designated her as his wife. [Meaning:] that he should have designated her and should have married her. The money used for her purchase serves as the “money” for executing the marriage. Here the Torah implies that it is a mitzvah for him to marry her. It [also] indicates to you that she requires no other marriage ritual.

והפדה. יתן לה מקום להפדות ולצאת, שאף הוא מסייע בפדיונה, ומה הוא מקום שנותן לה, שמגרע מפדיונה במספר השנים שעשתה אצלו כאילו היא שכורה אצלו, כיצד, הרי שקנאה במנה ועשתה אצלו ב' שנים, אומרים לו, יודע היית שעתידה לצאת לסוף שש שנה, נמצא שקנית עבודת כל שנה ושנה בששית המנה, ועשתה אצלך ב' שנים, הרי שלישית המנה, טול שני שלישיות המנה ותצא מאצלך:

He must allow her to be redeemed. [וְהֶפְדָּהּ means:] he must give her the opportunity to be redeemed and to go free, for he, too, must aid in her redemption. And what is this opportunity that he gives to her? He deducts from her redemption price according to the number of years that she has served him, as if she had been hired by him. How is this [calculated]? If [for example] he bought her for a maneh and she has worked for him for two years, they say to him: “You were aware that she was destined to go free at the end of six years. Consequently you have bought each year’s work for one-sixth of a maneh. Now she has served you for two years. Thereby [giving you] one-third of a maneh’s [worth of service]. Take therefore two-thirds of a maneh and let her go free from your possession.”

לעם נכרי לא ימשל למכרה. שאינו רשאי למכרה לאחר, לא האדון ולא האב (קידושין יח:):

He has no power to sell her to an alien people. [Meaning:] that he may not sell her to another man — neither the master nor the father [may do so].

בבגדו בה. אם בא לבגוד בה, שלא לקיים בה מצות יעוד, וכן אביה, מאחר שבגד בה ומכרה לזה:

For he has dealt deceitfully with her. [Meaning:] if he (the master) intends to deal deceitfully with her by not fulfilling with her the mitzvah of designating her as his wife. So too the father [may not sell her again], since he has dealt deceitfully with her by selling her to this one.

21:9

וְאִם־לִבְנוֹ יִֽיעָדֶנָּה כְּמִשְׁפַּט הַבָּנוֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽהּ׃

If he has designated her as a wife for his son, he must grant her exactly the same rights as daughters.

If he has designated her as a wife for his son, he must grant her exactly the same rights as daughters.

Rashi

ואם לבנו ייעדנה. האדון, מלמד שאף בנו קם תחתיו ליעדה אם ירצה אביו, ואינו צריך לקדושין אחרים, אלא אומר לה, הרי את מיועדת לי בכסף שקיבל אביך בדמיך:

If he has designated her as a wife for his son. [“He” refers to] the master. This teaches that the son, too, may stand in his (the master’s) place for the purpose of designating her as his wife, if his father consents, and he will not require another marriage ritual, but rather just says to her: “You are hereby designated to me as a wife for the money that your father accepted as your price.”

כמשפט הבנות. שאר כסות ועונה:

The same rights as daughters. [The rights to] food, clothing, and marital relations.

21:10

אִם־אַחֶרֶת יִֽקַּֽח־לוֹ שְׁאֵרָהּ כְּסוּתָהּ וְעֹנָתָהּ לֹא יִגְרָֽע׃

If he takes himself another [wife], her sustenance, her clothing and her conjugal rights he must not diminish.

If he takes himself another [wife], her sustenance, her clothing and her conjugal rights he must not diminish.

Rashi

אם אחרת יקח לו. עליה:

If he takes himself another [wife] — besides her.

שארה כסותה ועונתה לא יגרע. מן האמה שייעד לו כבר:

Her sustenance, her clothing, and her conjugal rights he must not diminish — from the maidservant whom he had already designated as his wife.

שארה. מזונות (כתובות מז:):

Her sustenance. [שְׁאֵרָהּ means:] food.

כסותה. כמשמעו:

Her clothing. [כְּסוּתָהּ is translated in] its literal sense.

ענתה. תשמיש:

Her conjugal rights. [עֹנָתָהּ refers to] marital relations.

21:11

וְאִם־שְׁלׇשׁ־אֵלֶּה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה לָהּ וְיָצְאָה חִנָּם אֵין כָּֽסֶף׃ {ס}        

If he does not do these three things to her, she goes out free with no repayment of money.

If he does not do these three things to her, she goes out free with no repayment of money.

Rashi

ואם שלש אלה לא יעשה לה. אם אחת משלש אלה לא יעשה לה, ומה הן השלש, ייעדנה לו, או לבנו, או יגרע מפדיונה ותצא, וזה לא יעדה לא לו, ולא לבנו, והיא לא היה בידה לפדות את עצמה:

If he does not do these three things to her If he does none of these three things to her — what are the three things [referred to here]? [they are:] 1. He should designate her as his wife, or, 2. [as the wife] of his son or, 3. he shall deduct from her redemption price and she would go out free. But this man has not designated her as a wife, neither for himself, nor for his son nor did she have the means to redeem herself, [then —]

ויצאה חנם. ריבה לה יציאה לזו יותר ממה שריבה לעבדים, ומה היא היציאה, ללמדך שתצא בסימנין, ותשהה עמו עוד עד שתביא סימנין, ואם הגיעו שש שנים קודם סימנין, כבר למדנו שתצא, שנאמר הָעִבְרִי אֹו הָעִבְרִיָּה וַעֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים (דברים טו, יב), ומהו האמור כאן ויצאה חנם, שאם קדמו סימנים לשש שנים תצא בהן (מכילתא פ"ג), או אינו אומר שתצא אלא בבגרות (קידושין ד.), תלמוד לומר אין כסף, לרבות יציאת בגרות, ואם לא נאמרו שניהם, הייתי אומר ויצאה חנם זו בגרות, לכך נאמרו שניהם שלא ליתן פתחון פה לבעל הדין לחלוק:

she goes out free. The Torah adds a way of going free for this woman in addition to the ways provided for male slaves. And what is this [additional] way of going free? [The verse intends] to teach you that she gains her freedom by showing signs [of puberty] but she must stay with him until she demonstrates signs [of puberty]. Should the six years [of her service] arrive before her signs [of puberty] then we have already learned the she goes free, as it is said: “[If a] Hebrew man or woman [be sold to you] they shall serve you for six years, [and in the seventh year you shall set him free].” Then what is meant by what is said here: “She goes out for nothing?” That if her signs [of puberty] appear before [she completes] the six years [of service], she goes free as a result of them. Or perhaps the Torah means to say [here] that she goes free only upon reaching adulthood? The Torah therefore states: “With no repayment of money” — to add her being freed as a result of reaching adulthood. But if they were not both said I would have assumed that וְיָצְאָה חִנָּם refers to the reaching of adulthood. Therefore they are both said so as not to give an opening to one who may want to oppose [the said conclusion] to dispute it.

21:12

מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies, he shall be put to death.

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies, he shall be put to death.

Rashi

מכה איש ומת. כמה כתובים נאמרו בפרשת רוצחין, ומה שבידי לפרש למה באו כולם, אפרש:

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies. Many verses were written in the sections concerning murderers and whatever is in my ability to explain as to why they were stated, I shall explain.

מכה איש ומת. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר וְאִישׁ כִּי יַכֶּה כָּל נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם מֹות יוּמָת (ויקרא כד, יז), שומע אני הכאה בלא מיתה, תלמוד לומר מכה איש ומת, אינו חייב אלא בהכאה של מיתה (סנהדרין פד:). ואם נאמר מכה איש ולא נאמר ואיש כי יכה, הייתי אומר אינו חייב עד שיכה איש, הכה את האשה ואת הקטן מנין, תלמוד לומר כי יכה כל נפש אדם, אפילו קטן ואפילו אשה. ועוד, אילו נאמר מכה איש, שומע אני אפילו קטן שהכה והרג יהא חייב, תלמוד לומר ואיש כי יכה (שם), ולא קטן שהכה. ועוד, כי יכה כל נפש אדם אפילו נפלים במשמע, תלמוד לומר מכה איש, שאינו חייב עד שיכה בן קיימא, הראוי להיות איש (מכילתא פ"ד):

If one strikes a man and he dies. Why was said? Since it is said: “If a man should strike any human being he shall be put to death,” I might conclude [from this:] [even if it is] a blow which does not cause death. Therefore the Torah says [here]: “If one strikes a man and he dies” [thereby clarifying that] he is not liable unless he struck a blow which caused death. If [only] מַכֵּה אִיש — “If one strikes a man” was said, and וְאִישׁ כִּי יַכֶּה — “If a man should strike” was not said, I would have concluded that he is not liable unless he strikes an adult man; but were he to strike a woman or a minor how would we know [that he is liable]? Therefore the Torah says: “If he should strike any human being” — even a minor, even a woman. Furthermore, had it said [only] מַכֵּה אִישׁ I would have concluded that even were a minor to strike a blow and kill he would be liable. Therefore the Torah says: “If a man should strike a blow,” but not a minor who struck a blow. Furthermore, [had it said only:] “If he should strike any human being” even a baby that cannot live would be included. The Torah therefore says: “If one strikes a man.” indicating that he is not liable unless he kills a viable person who is fit to be “a man.”

21:13

וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה וְהָאֱלֹהִים אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ וְשַׂמְתִּי לְךָ מָקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יָנוּס שָֽׁמָּה׃ {ס}        

But if he did not lie in wait [to ambush him] but God brought it to his hand, then I will designate for you a place, to which he can flee [and find refuge].

But if he did not lie in wait [to ambush him] but God brought it to his hand, then I will designate for you a place, to which he can flee [and find refuge].

Rashi

ואשר לא צדה. לא ארב לו ולא נתכוין. צדה לשון ארב, וכן הוא אומר וְאַתָּה צֹדֶה אֶת נַפְשִׁי לְקַחְתָּהּ (שמואל־א כד, יא). ולא יתכן לומר צדה לשון הצד ציד, שצידת חיות אין נופל ה"א בפועל שלה, ושם דבר בה ציד, וזה שם דבר בו צדייה ופועל שלו צודה, וזהו פועל שלו צד. ואומר אני פתרונו כתרגומו ודלא כמן ליה. ומנחם חברו בחלק צד ציד, ואין אני מודה לו, ואם יש לחברו באחת ממחלוקת של צד, נחברנו בחלק עַל צַד תִּנָשֵׂאוּ (ישעיה סו, יב), צִדָּה אֹורֶה (שמואל־א כ, כ), וּמִלִּין לְצַד עִלָּאָה יְמַלִּל (דניאל ז, כה), אף כאן אשר לא צדה, לא צדד למצוא לו שום צד מיתה, ואף זה יש להרהר עליו, מכל מקום לשון אורב הוא:

But if he did not lie in wait. [I.e.,] he did not wait for him in ambush and he had no intent [to kill him]. Lie in wait (צָדָה) “means to lie in ambush.” Similarly it states: “You (צֹדֶה) lie in ambush for my soul, to take it.” It is impossible to say that צָדָה is derived from הַצָּד צַיִד — [“the one that has hunted game”], for the [verb for] “hunting” of animals does not take the letter hey in its verb, and the noun [for hunting] is צַיִד whereas the other one’s noun is צְדִיָּה (lying in wait ) and its verb is צוֹדֶה (to lie in wait) whereas this one’s verb (to hunt) is צָד . [Therefore] I say that its meaning is as Onkelos translates it: “and if he did not lie in ambush for him.” However, Menachem [Ibn Saruk] lists it in his Machberes under the section of צָד צַיִד (hunting) but I do not agree with him. If it is to be listed in one of the צָד sections we should preferably list it in the section: “you will be carried on (צַד) her side” [or:] “I will shoot arrows (צִדָּה) on that side” [or:] “And he shall speak (לְצַד) towards the One Above.” Here, too, אֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה [would mean]: he has not taken any side (i.e., opportunity) to find any side (i.e., occasion) for killing. This explanation, too, is questionable yet [this latter explanation is preferable to Menachem’s for] it has the connotation of “ambush.”

והאלהים אנה לידו. זמן לידו, לשון לֹא תְאֻנֶה אֵלֶיךָ רָעָה (תהלים צא, י), לֹא יְאֻנֶּה לַצַּדִּיק כָּל אָוֶן (משלי יב, כא), מִתְאַנֵּה הוּא לִי (מלכים־ב ה, ז), מזדמן למצוא לי עלה:

But God brought it to his hand. [אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ means:] prepared it for his hand, from the same derivation as: “No evil shall (תְאֻנֶּה) befall you,” [or:] “No iniquity (יְאֻנֶּה) shall befall a tzaddik, ” [or:] “(מִתְאַנֶּה) He makes himself ready for me.” I.e., he prepares to find some opportunity against me.

והאלהים אנה לידו. ולמה תצא זאת מלפניו, הוא שאמר דוד, כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר מְשַׁל הַקַּדְמֹנִי מֵרְשָׁעִים יֵצֵא רָשַׁע (שמואל־א כד, יג), ומשל הקדמוני היא התורה, שהיא משל הקב"ה שהוא קדמונו של עולם, והיכן אמרה תורה מרשעים יצא רשע, והאלהים אנה לידו, במה הכתוב מדבר, בשני בני אדם, אחד הרג שוגג ואחד הרג מזיד, ולא היו עדים בדבר שיעידו, זה לא נהרג וזה לא גלה, והקב"ה מזמנן לפונדק אחד, זה שהרג במזיד יושב תחת הסולם, וזה שהרג שוגג עולה בסולם ונופל על זה שהרג במזיד והורגו, ועדים מעידים עליו ומחייבים אותו לגלות, נמצא זה שהרג בשוגג גולה, וזה שהרג במזיד נהרג:

But God brought it to his hand. Why would such a thing result from Him? This is what David meant when he said: “As the proverb of the Ancient One says: ‘Wickedness emanates from the wicked.’” The “proverb of the Ancient One” refers to the Torah, which is the “proverb” of God, Who is the “Ancient One” (i.e., precedes) of the universe. And where is it that the Torah said that wickedness emanates from the wicked? [Here where] “God brought it to his hand”; for what is the case that this verse discusses? [It concerns] two people — one killed accidentally and the other killed with premeditation but there were no witnesses who could testify [against them]. [Hence] the latter one was not executed and the former was not sent into exile. God then causes them to meet at the same inn. The one who killed with premeditation is sitting under a ladder and the one who killed accidentally goes up the ladder and falls upon the one who killed with premeditation, and kills him, and witnesses testify against him making him liable to be exiled. The result is that the one who killed accidentally is exiled and the one who killed with premeditation is killed.

ושמתי לך מקום. אף במדבר שינוס שמה. ואי זה מקום קולטו, זה מחנה לויה (מכות יב:):

Then I will designate for you a place. even [for now] in the desert so that [the murderer] can flee there. Which was the place that gave him refuge? It was the camp of the Levites.

21:14

וְכִֽי־יָזִד אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ לְהׇרְגוֹ בְעׇרְמָה מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לָמֽוּת׃ {ס}        

But if a man plots against his neighbor to kill him intentionally, you may [even] take him from My altar to put him to death.

But if a man plots against his neighbor to kill him intentionally, you may [even] take him from My altar to put him to death.

Rashi

וכי יזיד. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר מכה איש וגו', שומע אני אפילו רופא שהמית, ושליח בית דין שהמית במלקות ארבעים, והאב המכה את בנו, והרב הרודה את תלמידו, והשוגג, תלמוד לומר וכי יזיד ולא שוגג, להרגו בערמה ולא שליח בית דין והרופא והרודה בנו ותלמידו, שאף על פי שהם מזידין, אין מערימין:

If a man plots. Why is this [verse] said? Because [from that which] it states: “If one strikes a man, etc.” I might conclude [that all the following are liable to death:] a doctor who killed [in the course of treatment], and a court-officer who killed [inadvertently, while adminstering] forty lashes, and a father who strikes his son [inadvertently killing him.] and a teacher who disciplines his student [thereby killing him] and who [attempting to kill an animal] kills a man. The Torah therefore says: “If he plots,” but not inadvertently; “to kill him intentionally,” but not a court officer, or a doctor or one who disciplines his son or student, for, though they [struck their blows] intentionally, they did not plan [to kill].

מעם מזבחי. אם היה כהן ורוצה לעבוד עבודה, תקחנו למות (סנהדרין לה:, יומא פה.):

From My altar. Even if he is a kohein and wishes to perform the service you must take him to be executed.

21:15

וּמַכֵּה אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Rashi

ומכה אביו ואמו. לפי שלמדנו על החובל בחבירו שהוא בתשלומין ולא במיתה, הוצרך לומר על החובל באביו שהוא במיתה. ואינו חייב אלא בהכאה שיש בה חבורה (סנהדרין פד:):

Whoever strikes his father or his mother. Since we have learned that one who wounds his fellow man is liable to pay for damages but he is not to be put to death, it was necessary to state that one who wounds his father is to be put to death. But he is liable only with a blow which causes a wound.

אביו ואמו. או זה או זה:

His father or his mother. [Meaning:] either one or the other.

מות יומת. בחנק:

He shall be put to death — by strangulation.

21:16

וְגֹנֵב אִישׁ וּמְכָרוֹ וְנִמְצָא בְיָדוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever steals [kidnaps] a man and sells him, if he is found in his hand, he shall be put to death.

Whoever steals [kidnaps] a man and sells him, if he is found in his hand, he shall be put to death.

Rashi

וגנב איש ומכרו. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר כִּי יִמָּצֵא אִישׁ גֹּנֵב נֶפֶשׁ מֵאֶחָיו (דברים כד, ז), אין לי אלא איש שגנב נפש, אשה או טומטום או אנדרוגינוס שגנבו מנין, תלמוד לומר וגונב איש ומכרו. ולפי שנאמר כאן וגונב איש, אין לי אלא גונב איש, גונב אשה מנין, תלמוד לומר וגונב נפש (שם), לכך הוצרכו שניהם, מה שחסר זה גלה זה (מכילתא פ"ה):

Whoever steals a man and sells him. Why is this said? Since it is said: “If a man be found to have stolen a person from among his fellow — men [he shall die]” I would know only [that this applies to] a man who stole another person. But a woman, or one whose gender is indistinguishable, or a hermaphrodite [who stole], how would we know [that this law applies]? Therefore the Torah says: “Whoever steals a person and sells him.” And since it is stated here: “Whoever steals a man,” I might think that [this applies] only if he steals a man. How would I know if he steals a woman? Therefore the Torah says: “If he steals a person.” It is for this reason that both [verses] are necessary, what one omits the other reveals.

ונמצא בידו. שראוהו עדים שגנבו ומכרו, ונמצא בידו כבר קודם מכירה (סנהדרין פה:):

If he is found in his hand. [Meaning:] that witnesses saw him stealing him and selling him and he was already in his (the thief’s) possession before he sold him.

מות יומת. בחנק. כל מיתה האמורה בתורה סתם, חנק היא. והפסיק הענין וכתב וגונב איש בין מכה אביו ואמו למקלל אביו ואמו, ונראה לי היינו פלוגתא, דמר סבר מקשינן הכאה לקללה, ומר סבר לא מקשינן (שם):

He shall be put to death — by strangulation. Wherever the Torah mentions an unspecified death it refers to strangulation. (It [the Torah] interrupted the context and wrote: “Whoever steals a man” between “Whoever strikes his father or mother” and “Whoever curses his father or mother.” It seems to me that this is the basis for the dispute [between the Sages], where one maintains that we compare striking to cursing and the other holds that we do not compare them)

21:17

וּמְקַלֵּל אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever curses his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Whoever curses his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Rashi

ומקלל אביו ואמו. למה נאמר, לפי שהוא אומר אִישׁ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִקַלֵּל אֶת אָבִיו (ויקרא כ, ט), אין לי אלא איש שקלל את אביו, אשה שקללה את אביה מנין, תלמוד לומר ומקלל אביו ואמו, סתם, בין איש ובין אשה, אם כן למה נאמר איש אשר יקלל, להוציא את הקטן:

Whoever curses his father or his mother. Why is this said? Since it states: “If a man curses his father” I might think that only a man who cursed his father [is liable]. But if a woman cursed her father, how would we know [that she is liable]? The Torah therefore says: “Whoever curses his father or mother,” generalizing so as to include both man and woman. If so then why is it necessary to state: “If a man curses?” It is to exclude a minor [from liability].

מות יומת. בסקילה. וכל מקום שנאמר דמיו בו, בסקילה, ובנין אב לכולם, בָּאֶבֶן יִרְגְּמוּ אֹתָם דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם (שם כ, כז), ובמקלל אביו ואמו נאמר דָּמָיו בֹּו (ת"כ פ' קדושים — קידושין ל:):

He shall be put to death — by stoning. Wherever it is said: “His blood is upon him” [then the death penalty] is stoning. The original verse [from which we know this to be] in all cases [is:] “They shall be stoned with rocks, their blood is upon them,” and regarding one who curses his father or mother it states: “His blood is upon him”

21:18

וְכִֽי־יְרִיבֻן אֲנָשִׁים וְהִכָּה־אִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְאֶגְרֹף וְלֹא יָמוּת וְנָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּֽב׃

When men quarrel and one man hits his fellow with a stone or with [his] fist; and he [the victim] does not die but becomes bedridden,

When men quarrel and one man hits his fellow with a stone or with [his] fist; and he [the victim] does not die but becomes bedridden,

Rashi

וכי יריבון אנשים. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר עין תחת עין, לא למדנו אלא דמי איבריו, אבל שבת ורפוי לא למדנו, לכך נאמרה פרשה זו (מכילתא פ"ו):

When men quarrel. Why is this said? From that which is said: “An eye for an eye” we would learn only [the requirement to compensate] the value of his (the injured person’s) limbs but [the requirement to compensate for] the loss of work and medical costs we would not have learned. Therefore this section needed to be said.

ונפל למשכב. כתרגומו ויפל לבוטלן, לחולי שמבטלו ממלאכתו:

But becomes bed ridden. As Onkelos translates it: “And he will fall into idleness,” [i.e.,] to illness that will keep him from his work.

21:19

אִם־יָקוּם וְהִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּחוּץ עַל־מִשְׁעַנְתּוֹ וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּֽא׃ {ס}        

If he gets up and is able to walk on the outside on his own power, the one who struck him shall be acquitted. Still he must pay for his loss of work, and must pay for his complete cure.

If he gets up and is able to walk on the outside on his own power, the one who struck him shall be acquitted. Still he must pay for his loss of work, and must pay for his complete cure.

Rashi

על משענתו. על בוריו וכחו (מכילתא שם):

On his own power. [Meaning:] on his health and his strength.

ונקה המכה. וכי תעלה על דעתך שיהרג זה שלא הרג, אלא ללמדך כאן, שחובשים אותו עד שנראה אם יתרפא זה, וכן משמעו, כשקם זה והלך על משענתו, אז ונקה המכה, אבל עד שלא יקום זה, לא נקה המכה:

The one who struck him shall be acquitted. Would it enter your mind that this person, who has not killed would be killed?! But here you are taught [by וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה] that he is imprisoned until it becomes clear whether the other one (the victim) will recover. And this is the meaning [of this verse]: When the other (the victim) rises and walks “with his cane” (i.e., his health returns) then the one who struck the blow is acquitted but as long as the other has not risen, then the one who struck the blow is not acquitted.

רק שבתו. בטול מלאכתו מחמת החולי, אם קטע ידו או רגלו, רואין בטול מלאכתו מחמת החולי, כאילו הוא שומר קשואין, שהרי אף לאחר החולי אינו ראוי למלאכת יד ורגל, והוא כבר נתן לו מחמת נזקו דמי ידו ורגלו, שנאמר יד תחת יד רגל תחת רגל:

Still he must pay for his loss of work. His loss of work due to the illness. [E.g.,] if he cut off the other’s hand or foot, we calculate his loss of work due to the illness [caused by his injury] as if he wore a watchman over gourds for even after his illness is over he will not be fit for work that requires hands or feet and he has already compensated him, as a result of [his paying him] his damages, the value of his hand or foot, as it is said: “A hand for a hand, a foot for a foot.”

ורפא ירפא. כתרגומו, ישלם שכר הרופא (בבא קמא פה:):

And must pay for his complete cure. As Onkelos translates it: [וַאֲגַר אָסְיָא יְשַׁלֵּם] — he must pay the doctor’s fee.

21:20

וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עַבְדּוֹ אוֹ אֶת־אֲמָתוֹ בַּשֵּׁבֶט וּמֵת תַּחַת יָדוֹ נָקֹם יִנָּקֵֽם׃

If a man strikes his male or female slave with a rod, and [the slave] dies under his hand, [the death] must be avenged.

If a man strikes his male or female slave with a rod, and [the slave] dies under his hand, [the death] must be avenged.

Rashi

וכי יכה איש את עבדו או את אמתו. בעבד כנעני הכתוב מדבר, או אינו אלא בעברי, תלמוד לומר כי כספו הוא, מה כספו קנוי לו עולמית, אף עבד הקנוי לו עולמית, והרי היה בכלל מכה איש ומת, אלא בא הכתוב והוציאו מן הכלל, להיות נדון בדין יום או יומים, שאם לא מת תחת ידו ושהה מעת לעת פטור:

If a man strikes his male or female slave. This verse speaks of a gentile slave. Or perhaps it speaks of a Hebrew [slave]? Therefore the Torah states: “For he is his master’s property.” Just as his property is his forever so too the slave [discussed here] is the one that is his forever. But he was included in [the general rules]: “Whoever strikes a man who dies [shall be put to death]!” But [the answer is:] that this verse comes and singles him out of the general rule, to indicate that he (the struck slave) is to be judged by the rule of “a day or two,” that if he did not die beneath his hand but lingered for a period of twenty-four hours, [then the master is] free [from the death penalty].

בשבט. כשיש בו כדי להמית הכתוב מדבר, או אינו אפילו אין בו כדי להמית, תלמוד לומר בישראל, וְאִם בְּאֶבֶן יָד אֲשֶׁר יָמוּת בָּה (במדבר לה, יז) (או בכלי עץ יד אשר ימות בו. גירסת רא"ם) הכהו, והלא דברים קל וחומר, מה ישראל חמור אין חייב עליו אלא אם כן הכהו בדבר שיש בו כדי להמית, ועל אבר שהוא כדי למות בהכאה זו, עבד הקל לא כל שכן:

With a rod. When it (the rod) is capable of causing death — the Torah is speaking. Or perhaps it refers even to [a rod] which is incapable of causing death? Therefore the Torah says concerning a Yisraelite [victim]: “And if with a stone in his hand, whereby he would die, did he strike him.” Now in this matter does it not follow a fortiori. Just as [when the victim is] a Yisraelite [whose murder is] more stringent, and he (the murderer) is not liable [to be put to death] unless he struck him with something that is capable of causing death, and upon a limb which is capable of causing death with this sort of a blow, then regarding [a victim who is] a slave, whose killing is more lenient, it follows even more so.

נקם ינקם. מיתת סייף (סנהדרין נב: — מכילתא פ"ז), וכן הוא אומר חֶרֶב נֹקֶמֶת נְקַם בְּרִית (ויקרא כו, כה):

[The death] must be avenged. Through death by the sword, for the Torah similarly states: “a sword that avenges the vengeance of the covenant.”

21:21

אַךְ אִם־יוֹם אוֹ יוֹמַיִם יַעֲמֹד לֹא יֻקַּם כִּי כַסְפּוֹ הֽוּא׃ {ס}        

However if he [the slave] survives for a day or two, [his death] is not avenged, for he [the slave] is his [master’s] property.

However if he [the slave] survives for a day or two, [his death] is not avenged, for he [the slave] is his [master’s] property.

Rashi

אך אם יום או יומים יעמוד לא יוקם. אם על יום אחד הוא פטור על יומים לא כל שכן, אלא יום שהוא כיומים, ואיזה, זה מעת לעת (מכילתא פ"ז):

However, if he survives for a day or two his death is not avenged. If one day[’s survival] frees [the master from the death penalty,] then is not two days’ survival even more self-evident? But [the answer is that יוֹמַיִם is said to teach that] “one day” should be as two days. And how is this? A full day of twenty-four hours.

לא יוקם כי כספו הוא. הא אחר שהכהו, אף על פי ששהה מעת לעת קודם שמת, חייב:

[The death] is not avenged for he is his property. But if another person would strike him, then even were he to linger for 24 hours before dying, he (the one who struck the slave) would be liable.

21:22

וְכִֽי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה הָרָה וְיָצְאוּ יְלָדֶיהָ וְלֹא יִהְיֶה אָסוֹן עָנוֹשׁ יֵעָנֵשׁ כַּֽאֲשֶׁר יָשִׁית עָלָיו בַּעַל הָֽאִשָּׁה וְנָתַן בִּפְלִלִֽים׃

If men will fight and they strike a pregnant woman, causing her to miscarry, but there is no fatal injury [to the woman], he [the guilty one] is to be punished with a [monetary] penalty when the husband demands compensation. He shall pay as determined by the judges.

If men will fight and they strike a pregnant woman, causing her to miscarry, but there is no fatal injury [to the woman], he [the guilty one] is to be punished with a [monetary] penalty when the husband demands compensation. He shall pay as determined by the judges.

Rashi

וכי ינצו אנשים. זה עם זה, ונתכוון להכות את חבירו, והכה את האשה (מכילתא פ"ח):

If men will fight — with one another, and one intended to strike the other and [inadvertently] struck the woman.

ונגפו. אין נגיפה אלא לשון דחיפה והכאה, כמו פֶּן תִּגֹּף בָּאֶבֶן רַגְלֶךָ (תהלים צא, יב), וּבְטֶרֶם יִתְנַגְּפוּ רַגְלֵיכֶם (ירמיה יג, טז), וּלְאֶבֶן נֶגֶף (ישעיה ח, יד):

And they strike. נְגִיפָה always has the meaning of “shoving” and “striking,” as in: “Lest you strike your foot against a rock,” [or:] “before your feet are struck,” [or:] “For a stone for striking.”

ולא יהיה אסון באשה:

but there is no fatal injury — to the woman.

ענוש יענש. לשלם דמי ולדות לבעל, שמין אותה כמה היתה ראויה להמכר בשוק, להעלות בדמיה בשביל הריונה:

He is to be punished — by paying for the value of the offspring to the husband. [How is their value determined?] we evaluate what her price would be if she were sold in the market place [as a slave], increasing her value due to her pregnancy.

ענש יענש. יגבו ממון ממנו, כמו וְעָנְשׁוּ אֹתֹו מֵאָה כֶּסֶף (דברים כב, יט):

He is to be punished. They shall impose monetary compensation on him as in: “(וְעָנְשׁוּ) they shall impose upon him a payment of one hundred silver [shekels].”

כאשר ישית עליו וגו'. כשיתבענו הבעל בבית דין להשית עליו עונש על כך:

When the husband demands etc. [I.e.,] when the husband summons him to the court [asking the court] to place a penalty on him for this.

ונתן. המכה דמי ולדות:

He shall pay. I.e., the one who struck [the one woman] [shall pay] the value of the offspring.

בפללים. על פי הדיינים:

As determined by the judges. [בִפְּלִלִים means:] as determined by the judges.

21:23

וְאִם־אָסוֹן יִהְיֶה וְנָתַתָּה נֶפֶשׁ תַּחַת נָֽפֶשׁ׃

However if there is a fatal injury, you shall give [up] a life for a life.

However if there is a fatal injury, you shall give [up] a life for a life.

Rashi

ואם אסון יהיה. באשה:

However if there is a fatal injury — to the woman.

ונתת נפש תחת נפש. רבותינו חולקין בדבר (סנהדרין עט.), יש אומרים נפש ממש, ויש אומרים ממון אבל לא נפש ממש, שהמתכוין להרוג את זה והרג את זה פטור ממיתה, ומשלם ליורשיו דמיו כמו שהיה נמכר בשוק:

You shall give [up] a life for a life. Our Sages have differing opinions regarding this matter. Some say [that it means] literally, a life. Others, however, say [that it means] monetary compensation but not, literally, a life, for one who intends to kill one person and killed another, is exempt from the death penalty. He must compensate the heirs with his (the victim’s) worth as if he were someone sold in the marketplace.

21:24

עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן שֵׁן תַּחַת שֵׁן יָד תַּחַת יָד רֶגֶל תַּחַת רָֽגֶל׃

[Compensation of] an eye for an eye, [of] a tooth for a tooth, [of] a hand for a hand, [of] a foot for a foot.

[Compensation of] an eye for an eye, [of] a tooth for a tooth, [of] a hand for a hand, [of] a foot for a foot.

Rashi

עין תחת עין. סימא עין חבירו, נותן לו דמי עינו כמה שפחתו דמיו למכור בשוק, וכן כולם, ולא נטילת אבר ממש, כמו שדרשו רבותינו בפרק החובל (בבא קמא פד.):

An eye for an eye. If he blinded the eye of another person he must compensate him for the worth of his eye, [i.e.,] the amount his worth decreased were he to be sold [as a slave] in the marketplace. all the other cases are similar to this and they do not refer to the actual removal of a limb, as our Sages expounded in Chapter Hachovel.

21:25

כְּוִיָּה תַּחַת כְּוִיָּה פֶּצַע תַּחַת פָּצַע חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָֽה׃ {ס}        

[Compensation of] a burn for a burn, [of] a wound for a wound, [of] a bruise for a bruise.

[Compensation of] a burn for a burn, [of] a wound for a wound, [of] a bruise for a bruise.

Rashi

כויה תחת כויה. מכות אש. ועד עכשיו דבר בחבלה שיש בה פחת דמים, ועכשיו בשאין בה פחת דמים אלא צער, כגון כוואו בשפוד על צפרניו, אומדים כמה אדם כיוצא בזה רוצה ליטול להיות מצטער כך:

A burn for a burn. [כְּוִיָּה means:] burn caused by fire. Up to this point (i.e., the previous verse) the Torah has spoken of a wound whereby [the victim suffers] a lessening of worth But now [it speaks of one] whereby [the victim does not suffer] a lessening of worth, but only pain, for example, where one burnt another on his nails with a hot spit, we would estimate how much [money] such a person would be willing to accept to undergo such pain.

פצע. היא מכה המוציאה דם, שפצע את בשרו, נפר"דור בלע"ז (אפענע וואונדע) הכל לפי מה שהוא, אם יש בו פחת דמים נותן נזק, ואם נפל למשכב נותן שבת ורפוי ובשת וצער. ומקרא זה יתר הוא, ובהחובל דרשוהו רבותינו לחייב על הצער אפילו במקום נזק, שאף על פי שנותן לו דמי ידו, אין פוטרין אותו מן הצער, לומר, הואיל וקנה ידו, יש עליו לחתכה בכל מה שירצה, אלא אומרים יש לו לחתכה בסם שאינו מצטער כל כך, וזה חתכה בברזל וצערו:

A wound. [פֶּצַע] is a wound that draws blood whereby his (the victim’s) flesh was lacerated, navrdure in Old French — “a wound.” [The liability of the one inflicting the wound] all depends on what occurred: If [the blow] causes a diminishing of [the victim’s] worth he must pay damages. If [the victim] is confined to bed, he must pay for loss of work, and medical costs, and the shame the victim suffers and the pain the victim suffers. Actually this verse is superfluous. In the Chapter Hachovel our Sages expound it to make him liable for inflicting pain even where damages [have been paid], i.e., although he has compensated him for the value of his hand, we do not absolve him from [paying for] the pain, by suggesting that since he (the damager) has, in effect, bought his (the victim’s) hand he therefore should have the right to sever it in whatever manner he wishes, But rather we say: he should have severed it with an anesthetic, whereby the victim would not endure so much pain. But he, however, severed it with metal and inflicted pain [and he must therefore pay for that pain].

חבורה. היא מכה שהדם נצרר בה ואינו יוצא, אלא שמאדים הבשר כנגדו, ולשון חבורה טק"א בלע"ז (פפלעקקן) כמו וְנָמֵר חֲבְַרבֻּרֹתָיו (ירמיה יג, כג), ותרגומו משקופי, לשון חבטה, בטדור"א בלע"ז (שלאג) וכן שְׁדֻפֹות קָדִים, שקיפן קידום, חבוטות ברוח. וכן וְעַל הַמַשׁקֹוף (שמות יב, ז), על שם שהדלת נוקש עליו:

A bruise. חַבּוּרָה is a wound where the blood collects but does not break through [the skin] only that the flesh of that area becomes red. The term חַבּוּרָה is taje in Old French as in: “or the leopard (חֲבַרְבְּרֹתָיו) his spots. ” Onkelos, however, translates it (חַבּוּרָה) “מַשְׁקוֹפֵי,” meaning “a blow.” Batdure in Old French — “a blow, a beating.” Similarly “שְׁדוּפוֹת קָדִים” — “beaten by the east-wind” is translated by Onkelos: “שְׁקִיפָן קִּדּוּם” [which means:] “beaten by the wind.” Similarly עַל הַמַּשְׁקוֹף — “on the lintel,” so-called because the door beats against it.

21:26

וְכִֽי־יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת־עֵין עַבְדּוֹ אֽוֹ־אֶת־עֵין אֲמָתוֹ וְשִֽׁחֲתָהּ לַֽחׇפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת עֵינֽוֹ׃

If a man strikes the eye of his slave, or the eye of his female slave, and destroys [blinds] it, he shall set him [the slave] free as compensation for the eye.

If a man strikes the eye of his slave, or the eye of his female slave, and destroys [blinds] it, he shall set him [the slave] free as compensation for the eye.

Rashi

את עין עבדו. כנעני, אבל עברי אינו יוצא בשן ועין, כמו שאמרנו אצל לא תצא כצאת העבדים:

The eye of his slave — who is gentile. But a Hebrew [slave] does not go out free due to the loss of a tooth or an eye as we have already said regarding [the verse] “She shall not go free as do the [gentile] male-slaves.”

תחת עינו. וכן בכ"ד ראשי אברים, אצבעות הידים והרגלים, ושתי אזנים, והחוטם, וראש הגויה שהוא גיד האמה. ולמה נאמר שן ועין, שאם נאמר עין ולא נאמר שן, הייתי אומר, מה עין שנברא עמו אף כל שנברא עמו, והרי שן לא נברא עמו. ואם נאמר שן ולא נאמר עין, הייתי אומר, אפילו שן תינוק שיש לה חליפין, לכך נאמר עין (מכילתא פ"ט):

As compensation for the eye. The same [applies to the loss of] 24 tips of limbs: the fingers of the hands and feet, the two ears, the nose and the רֹאֹש הַגְּוִיָּה which is the membrum. Then why are the tooth and eye both mentioned? Because if “the eye” was mentioned and “the tooth” would not be mentioned I would have said [that “the tooth” is excluded]: Just as the eye was created together with him so, too, any [limb] that was created together with him, whereas “the tooth” was not created together with him. Had “the tooth” been mentioned and “the eye” not been mentioned, I would have said [that this law also includes] even a “baby-tooth,” though it replaces itself. Therefore “the eye” is mentioned.

21:27

וְאִם־שֵׁן עַבְדּוֹ אֽוֹ־שֵׁן אֲמָתוֹ יַפִּיל לַֽחׇפְשִׁי יְשַׁלְּחֶנּוּ תַּחַת שִׁנּֽוֹ׃ {פ}

If [he knocks out] the tooth of his slave, or knocks out the tooth of his female slave, he shall set him [the slave] free as compensation for the tooth.

If [he knocks out] the tooth of his slave, or knocks out the tooth of his female slave, he shall set him [the slave] free as compensation for the tooth.

21:28

וְכִֽי־יִגַּח שׁוֹר אֶת־אִישׁ אוֹ אֶת־אִשָּׁה וָמֵת סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל הַשּׁוֹר וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת־בְּשָׂרוֹ וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִֽי׃

If an ox gores a man or woman and the victim dies, the ox shall be stoned [to death], and its flesh may not be eaten. The owner of the ox shall go unpunished.

If an ox gores a man or woman and the victim dies, the ox shall be stoned [to death], and its flesh may not be eaten. The owner of the ox shall go unpunished.

Rashi

וכי יגח שור. אחד שור ואחד כל בהמה וחיה ועוף, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה (בבא קמא נד:):

If an ox gores. Whether it be an ox or any animal, beast or bird. But the Torah speaks of what is common.

ולא יאכל את בשרו. ממשמע שנאמר סקול יסקל השור, איני יודע שהוא נבלה, ונבלה אסורה באכילה, אלא מה תלמוד לומר ולא יאכל את בשרו, שאפילו שחטו לאחר שנגמר דינו אסור באכילה, בהנאה מנין, תלמוד לומר ובעל השור נקי, כאדם האומר לחברו יצא פלוני נקי מנכסיו ואין לו בהם הנאה של כלום, זהו מדרשו (פסחים כב:, בבא קמא מא). ופשוטו כמשמעו, לפי שנאמר במועד, וגם בעליו יומת, הוצרך לומר בתם ובעל השור נקי:

And its flesh may not be eaten. From that which is implied by what is said: “The ox shall be stoned” would I not myself know that it is neveilah and the eating of neveilah is prohibited? But then why does the Torah state [here] “and its flesh may not be eaten?” [To teach] that even were he to ritually slaughter it after the sentence has been set by the court, nevertheless, its eating is prohibited. From where do we derive that all benefit [is prohibited as well]? The Torah states: “The owner of the ox shall be נָקִי (lit. clean),” which is to be understood as when a man says to another: “So and so has (יָצָא נָקִי) been cleaned out of his properties and has no benefit from them whatever.” That is its midrashic explanation (i.e., of וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי). But its plain meaning is as it implies: Since regarding a מוּעָד it is stated: “and the owner shall also die,” it was necessary to state, regarding a תַּם, “And the owner of the ox shall go unpunished.”

21:29

וְאִם שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְהוּעַד בִּבְעָלָיו וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ וְהֵמִית אִישׁ אוֹ אִשָּׁה הַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵל וְגַם־בְּעָלָיו יוּמָֽת׃

But if the ox had gored yesterday and the day before, and a warning was given to its owner, but he had not taken proper precautions to guard it, and kills a man or a woman, the ox must be stoned, and the owner also shall die [by Divine decree].

But if the ox had gored yesterday and the day before, and a warning was given to its owner, but he had not taken proper precautions to guard it, and kills a man or a woman, the ox must be stoned, and the owner also shall die [by Divine decree].

Rashi

מתמל שלשום. הרי שלש נגיחות (מכילתא פ"י):

Yesterday and the day before — making it a total of three gorings.

והועד בבעליו. לשון התראה בעדים, כמו הָעֵד הֵעִד בָּנוּ הָאִישׁ (בראשית מג, ג):

And a warning was given to its owner. [וְהוּעַד is] a term denoting a warning given before witnesses as in: “The man has (הָעֵד הֵעִד) warned us.”

והמית איש וגו'. לפי שנאמר כי יגח, אין לי אלא שהמיתו בנגיחה, המיתו בנשיכה, דחיפה, ובעיטה, מניין, תלמוד לומר והמית:

And it kills a man, etc. Since it has been stated [in the previous verse]: “If [an ox] will gore” I could only know [that this law applies] when it killed him through goring. Were it to kill him with biting, shoving, and kicking, how would I then know it? Therefore the Torah states: [the extra] וְהֵמִית .

וגם בעליו יומת. בידי שמים, יכול בידי אדם, תלמוד לומר מֹות יוּמַת הַמַּכֶּה רֹצֵחַ הוּא (במדבר לה, טז), על רציחתו אתה הורגו, ואי אתה הורגו על רציחת שורו (סנהדרין טו:):

And the owner also shall die — by Divine decree. One might think that [he dies] at the hand of man. The Torah therefore states: “The one who struck the blow shall be put to death, he is a murderer.” For a murder committed by himself you must put him to death, but you do not put him to death for the killing committed by his ox.

21:30

אִם־כֹּפֶר יוּשַׁת עָלָיו וְנָתַן פִּדְיֹן נַפְשׁוֹ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יוּשַׁת עָלָֽיו׃

When an atonement fine shall be imposed on him, he must give for the redemption of his soul whatever sum is imposed on him.

When an atonement fine shall be imposed on him, he must give for the redemption of his soul whatever sum is imposed on him.

Rashi

אם כופר יושת עליו. אם זה אינו תלוי, והרי הוא כמו אם כסף תלוה, לשון אשר, זה משפטו, שישיתו עליו בית דין כופר:

When an atonement — fine shall be imposed on him. The word אִם here is not conditional but, rather, is the same as in “(אִם) when you shall lend money,” [where the word אִם] has the meaning “when.” Thus this is the law [regarding the owner who is liable to death by Divine decree]: that the court impose indemmity on him.

ונתן פדיון נפשו. דמי ניזק, דברי רבי ישמעאל. רבי עקיבא אומר, דמי מזיק (בבא קמא כז.):

And he must give for the redemption of his soul. [This refers to] the worth of the injured party. This is Rabbi Yishmael’s opinion. But Rabbi Akiva says: the worth of the one whose ox did the damage.

21:31

אוֹ־בֵן יִגָּח אוֹ־בַת יִגָּח כַּמִּשְׁפָּט הַזֶּה יֵעָשֶׂה לּֽוֹ׃

Whether it is a son [a minor lad] that is gored or a daughter [a minor girl] that it gored, this law shall apply to it.

Whether it is a son [a minor lad] that is gored or a daughter [a minor girl] that it gored, this law shall apply to it.

Rashi

או בן יגח. בן שהוא קטן:

Whether it is a son that is gored. [This refers to] a son who is a minor

או בת. שהיא קטנה, לפי שנאמר והמית איש או אשה, יכול אינו חייב אלא על הגדולים, תלמוד לומר או בן יגח וגו', לחייב על הקטנים כגדולים (מכילתא נזיקין פי"א):

Or a daughter — who is a minor. Since it states: “If it kills a man or a woman,” I might have thought that he is liable only for [the deaths of] adults. Therefore the Torah states: “Whether it is a son that is gored, etc. to indicate that he is liable for [the deaths of] minor just as [he is liable for the deaths of] adults.

21:32

אִם־עֶבֶד יִגַּח הַשּׁוֹר אוֹ אָמָה כֶּסֶף ׀ שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים יִתֵּן לַֽאדֹנָיו וְהַשּׁוֹר יִסָּקֵֽל׃ {ס}        

If the ox gored a male or female slave, he must give thirty silver shekalim to their master, and the ox must be stoned.

If the ox gored a male or female slave, he must give thirty silver shekalim to their master, and the ox must be stoned.

Rashi

אם עבד או אמה. כנעניים (מכילתא שם):

If a male or female slave — gentile [slaves].

שלשים שקלים יתן. גזירת הכתוב הוא, בין שהוא שוה אלף זוז, בין שאינו שוה אלא דינר. והשקל משקלו ד' זהובים, שהם חצי אונקיא למשקל הישר של קלוני"א:

[Its owner] must give thirty silver shekalim. This is a decree of the Torah, whether he is worth one thousand zuz or if he is worth but a dinar. A shekel has the weight of four gold coins which total half an ounce according to the correct weight of [the province of] Cologne.

21:33

וְכִֽי־יִפְתַּח אִישׁ בּוֹר אוֹ כִּֽי־יִכְרֶה אִישׁ בֹּר וְלֹא יְכַסֶּנּוּ וְנָֽפַל־שָׁמָּה שּׁוֹר אוֹ חֲמֽוֹר׃

If a man uncovers a pit, or if a man digs a pit, and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it;

If a man uncovers a pit, or if a man digs a pit, and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey falls into it;

Rashi

וכי יפתח איש בור. שהיה מכוסה וגלהו:

If a man uncovers a pit — which was covered and he uncovered it.

או כי יכרה. למה נאמר, אם על הפתיחה חייב על הכרייה לא כל שכן, אלא להביא כורה אחר כורה שהוא חייב (בבא קמא נא.):

Or if [a man] digs. Why need this be said? If he is liable for uncovering it, then he certainly [is liable] for digging it. But the answer is: [the intent here is] to include one who digs a pit [to completion] after another has dug: he (the one who completed the pit) is liable.

ולא יכסנו. הא אם כסהו פטור, ובחופר ברשות הרבים דבר הכתוב (שם נ.):

And does not cover it. But if he covers it, he is not liable. The Torah speaks of digging in the public domain.

שור או חמור. הוא הדין לכל בהמה וחיה, שבכל מקום שנאמר שור וחמור, אנו למדין אותו שור שור משבת, שנאמר למען ינוח שורך וחמורך, מה להלן כל בהמה וחיה כשור, שהרי נאמר במקום אחר וכל בהמתך, אף כאן כל בהמה וחיה כשור, ולא נאמר שור וחמור אלא שור ולא אדם חמור ולא כלים (שם נג:):

An ox or a donkey. The same law applies to any animal or beast, because wherever it says שׁוֹר וַחֲמוֹר we derive it [from a גְּזֵירָה שָׁוָה] that “שׁוֹר” [is the same as] “שׁוֹר” regarding Shabbos, where it is said: “So that your ox and donkey may rest.” And just as in the latter case all animals and beasts are [to be treated the same] as the ox, for it says elsewhere: “And all your animals;” here, too, all animals and beasts [have the same rules] as the ox. The only reason it does state שׁוֹר וַחֲמוֹר is [so that you may infer]: “an ox,” but not a man a “donkey,” but not vessels.

21:34

בַּעַל הַבּוֹר יְשַׁלֵּם כֶּסֶף יָשִׁיב לִבְעָלָיו וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

The owner of the pit must pay. He must compensate its owner with money, and the dead [animal] remains his [its original owner’s] possesion.

The owner of the pit must pay. He must compensate its owner with money, and the dead [animal] remains his [its original owner’s] possesion.

Rashi

בעל הבור. בעל התקלה, אף על פי שאין הבור שלו, שעשאו ברשות הרבים, עשאו הכתוב בעליו להתחייב עליו בנזקיו:

The owner of the pit. [This means:] the one who instigated the damage. Even though the pit does not belong to him, i.e., where he made it in the public domain, [nevertheless] the Torah considers him the owner for the purpose of making him liable for damages.

כסף ישיב לבעליו. ישיב, לרבות שוה כסף ואפילו סובין (שם ז.), (והא דכתיב מיטב שדהו וכתב רש"י שהניזקין מן העידית, תירץ בגמ' בפרק קמא דבבא קמא רב הונא בריה דרב יהושע, דזהו אם בא לגבות קרקע, אבל מטלטלי כל מילי מיטב הוא, דאי לא מזדבן הכא מזדבן הכא):

He must compensate its owner with money. The word יָשִׁיב comes to include [that he may pay with] anything that is worth money even “bran” (i.e., a low-quality commodity).

והמת יהיה לו. לניזק, שמין את הנבלה ונוטלה בדמים, ומשלם לו המזיק עליה תשלומי נזקו (מכילתא פי"א — בבא קמא י:):

And the dead [animal] remains his. I.e., the injured party’s. We evaluate the carcass and he (the injured party) takes it as [partial] payment. Then the one who caused the damage pays him the remainder, so as to make up for his loss.

21:35

וְכִֽי־יִגֹּף שֽׁוֹר־אִישׁ אֶת־שׁוֹר רֵעֵהוּ וָמֵת וּמָכְרוּ אֶת־הַשּׁוֹר הַחַי וְחָצוּ אֶת־כַּסְפּוֹ וְגַם אֶת־הַמֵּת יֶֽחֱצֽוּן׃

If a man’s ox injures his neighbor’s ox and it dies, they shall sell the live ox and divide the money received for it. They shall also divide [the value of] the dead animal.

If a man’s ox injures his neighbor’s ox and it dies, they shall sell the live ox and divide the money received for it. They shall also divide [the value of] the dead animal.

Rashi

וכי יגוף. ידחוף, בין בקרניו, בין בגופו, בין ברגליו, בין שנשכו בשיניו, כולן בכלל נגיפה הם, שאין נגיפה אלא לשון מכה:

If it injures. [יִגּוֹף means:] it will shove, whether with its horns, or with its body, or its legs, or whether it bit [the other ox]. These are all included in the term: נְגִיפָה, for נְגִיפָה means nothing but “striking a blow.”

שור איש. שור של איש:

A man’s ox. [שוֹר אִישׁ here means:] the ox of a man.

ומכרו את השור וגו'. בשוים הכתוב מדבר, שור שוה מאתים שהמית שור שוה מאתים, בין שהנבלה שוה הרבה בין שהיא שוה מעט, כשנוטל זה חצי החי וחצי המת וזה חצי החי וחצי המת, נמצא כל אחד מפסיד חצי נזק שהזיקה המיתה, למדנו, שהתם משלם חצי נזק, שמן השוין אתה למד לשאינן שוין, כי דין התם לשלם חצי נזק לא פחות ולא יותר. או יכול אף בשאינן שוין בדמיהן כשהן חיים אמר הכתוב וחצו את שניהם, אם אמרת כן, פעמים שהמזיק משתכר הרבה, כשהנבלה שוה לימכר לעובד כוכבים הרבה יותר מדמי שור המזיק, ואי אפשר שיאמר הכתוב שיהא המזיק נשכר, או פעמים שהניזק נוטל הרבה יותר מדמי נזק שלם, שחצי דמי שור המזיק שוה יותר מכל דמי שור הניזק, ואם אמרת כן הרי תם חמור ממועד. על כרחך לא דבר הכתוב אלא בשוין, ולמדך שהתם משלם חצי נזק, ומן השוין תלמוד לשאינן שוין, שהמשתלם חצי נזקו, שמין לו את הנבלה, ומה שפחתו דמיו בשביל המיתה נוטל חצי הפחת והולך. ולמה אמר הכתוב בלשון הזה ולא אמר ישלם חציו, ללמד שאין התם משלם אלא מגופו, ואם נגח ומת אח"כ, אין הניזק נוטל אלא הנבלה, ואם אינה מגעת לחצי נזקו יפסיד. או שור שוה מנה שנגח שור שוה חמש מאות זוז, אינו נוטל אלא את השור, שלא נתחייב התם לחייב את בעליו לשלם מן העליה (בבא קמא טז:):

They shall sell the ox, etc. (Where both oxen are) of equal value is (the case of which) the Torah is speaking. For example: An ox worth 200 zuz killed an ox also worth 200 zuz, regardless whether the carcass is worth a lot or it is worth a little: when this one (the מַזִּיק) takes half the live animal and half the dead one and the other (the נִיזָּק) [takes] half the live one and half the dead one, it follows that each one of them suffers half the loss that was caused by the killing [of the animal]. [Consequently] we learn from this that a תַּם (the damaging animal in this case) [always] pays [only] half the damages. For from [the case where both animals] are equal in value you may infer [a case] where they are of unequal value that the law of the תַּם is to pay half the damages, not more and not less. Or perhaps I might think otherwise: that even if they (the oxen) were not of equal value when they were both alive the Torah states: they divide them both. [This cannot be so for] if you would say this then there would be times when the one causing the damage may profit a great deal — in a case where the carcass is worth much more, when sold to gentiles, than the worth of the damaging ox. And it is inconceivable that the Torah should state that the one causing the damage should profit. Or sometimes [it will result] in the damaged party getting much more than the worth of full damages — where the half the value of the goring ox is worth more than the full value of the damaged ox. If you would accept this, then a תַּם would be more stringent than a מוּעָד (an ox who had already gored three times). Hence you are forced to admit that the Torah here speaks only in a case where [both animals] are of equal value, and it teaches you that a תַּם pays half the damages. And from [the case] where they are of equal value you derive [the law] to where they are of unequal value, that the one who collects for half damages we evaluate the carcass for him and whatever loss he incurred due to the death [of the animal] he takes half the value of his loss and goes on his way. Why is it that the Torah puts it in these terms and does not simply say: “He shall pay half?” To teach that a תַּם pays only to the extent of its own worth. And if it (the תַּם) gored and died afterwards, the damaged party gets only the carcass and if [the carcass] does not amount to half his damages, he suffers the loss. Or, if an ox worth 100 gored an ox worth 500 zuz, he (the injured party) gets no more than the ox, for the owner of a תַּם is not responsible to pay from his other properties.

21:36

אוֹ נוֹדַע כִּי שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא מִתְּמוֹל שִׁלְשֹׁם וְלֹא יִשְׁמְרֶנּוּ בְּעָלָיו שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם שׁוֹר תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר וְהַמֵּת יִֽהְיֶה־לּֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

If it was known that it was a goring ox from yesterday and the day before, but he had not taken proper precaution to guard it, then he must pay full compensation, an ox for an ox. The dead [animal] remains in the possession [of its owner].

If it was known that it was a goring ox from yesterday and the day before, but he had not taken proper precaution to guard it, then he must pay full compensation, an ox for an ox. The dead [animal] remains in the possession [of its owner].

Rashi

או נודע. או לא היה תם, אלא נודע כי שור נגח הוא, היום ומתמול שלשום, הרי שלש נגיחות:

If it was known. [Meaning:] or it was not a תַּם but rather it was known that it is a goring ox, [having gored] today, yesterday, and the day before, thereby establishing three gorings.

שלם ישלם שור. נזק שלם:

Then he must pay an ox. [Meaning:] full compensation.

והמת יהיה לו. לניזק, ועליו ישלים המזיק עד שישתלם ניזק כל נזקו:

The dead animal shall be his. [I.e., shall belong] to the damaged party, and the one causing the damage shall add to it until the damaged party will have been compensated for his full damages.

21:37

כִּי יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ שׁוֹר אוֹ־שֶׂה וּטְבָחוֹ אוֹ מְכָרוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה בָקָר יְשַׁלֵּם תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר וְאַרְבַּע־צֹאן תַּחַת הַשֶּֽׂה׃

If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and then slaughters or sells it, he must pay five oxen for each ox, and four sheep for each sheep.

If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and then slaughters or sells it, he must pay five oxen for each ox, and four sheep for each sheep.

Rashi

חמשה בקר וגו'. אמר ר' יוחנן בן זכאי, חס המקום על כבודן של בריות, שור שהולך ברגליו, ולא נתבזה בו הגנב לנושאו על כתפו, משלם חמשה, שה שנושאו על כתפו, משלם ארבעה, הואיל ונתבזה בו. אמר רבי מאיר, בא וראה כמה גדולה כחה של מלאכה, שור שבטלו ממלאכתו, חמשה, שה שלא בטלו ממלאכתו, ארבעה:

Five oxen, etc. Said Rabbon Yochanan ben Zakkai: God respects the honor of his creatures: An ox, which walks on its own legs, [when it is stolen] and the thief was not demeaned by having to carry it on his shoulders, he must pay back fivefold. [Whereas, if he steals] a sheep, which he has to carry on his shoulders, he must pay [only] fourfold, since he was demeaned in the process. Said Rabbi Meir: Come and see how great is the power of work: [The thief, who by stealing] an ox, kept it from its work, must pay five fold. [whereas, if he steals] a sheep, whereby he did not keep it from its work, [he pays only] fourfold.

תחת השור תחת השה. שנאן הכתוב לומר, שאין מדת תשלומי ד' וה' נוהגת אלא בשור ושה בלבד (שם סז:):

For each ox ... for each sheep. The Torah repeats them, (i.e., שׁוֹר and שֶׂה) to indicate that the payments of four or five fold apply only to an ox or a sheep.

Shemot 22

22:1

אִם־בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְהֻכָּה וָמֵת אֵין לוֹ דָּמִֽים׃

If the thief is found [caught] while breaking in, and is struck and killed, there is no liability for his blood.

If the thief is found [caught] while breaking in, and is struck and killed, there is no liability for his blood.

Rashi

אם במחתרת. כשהיה חותר את הבית:

If while breaking in. If he was actually in the act of breaking in.

אין לו דמים. אין זו רציחה, הרי הוא כמת מעיקרו. כאן למדתך תורה, אם בא להרגך השכם להרגו, וזה להרגך בא, שהרי יודע הוא שאין אדם מעמיד עצמו ורואה שנוטלין ממונו בפניו ושותק, לפיכך, על מנת כן בא, שאם יעמוד בעל הממון כנגדו, יהרגנו (סנהדרין עב.):

There is no liability for his blood. This is not considered murder. It is as if he (the thief) had already been dead. Here the Torah teaches: if someone comes to kill you, kill him first. This [thief] came with the intention of killing you for he knows full well that man cannot control himself while seeing his property being taken from him, and remain silent. Therefore it is with this intention that he came — that if the owner of the property will resist him he will kill him.

22:2

אִם־זָרְחָה הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ עָלָיו דָּמִים לוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם אִם־אֵין לוֹ וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתֽוֹ׃

If the sun shone on him, there is liability for his blood. He must make full restitution. If he does not have [the means to do so], he shall be sold [as a slave to pay] for his theft.

If the sun shone on him, there is liability for his blood. He must make full restitution. If he does not have [the means to do so], he shall be sold [as a slave to pay] for his theft.

Rashi

אם זרחה השמש עליו. אין זה אלא כמין משל, אם ברור לך הדבר שיש לו שלום עמך, כשמש הזה שהוא שלום בעולם, כך פשוט לך שאינו בא להרוג אפילו יעמוד בעל הממון כנגדו, כגון אב החותר לגנוב ממון הבן, בידוע שרחמי האב על הבן ואינו בא על עסקי נפשות (מכילתא פי"ג, — סנהדרין עב.):

If the sun shone on him. This is nothing but an allegory: If the issue is clear to you that his intentions towards you are peaceful — just as this sun represents peace in the world so, too, if it is obvious to you that he has not come with the intention of killing, even should the owner of the property resist, for example: a father who breaks in to steal the property of the son, where it is known that a father has pity for his child and has not come with any intentions of taking a life —

דמים לו. כחי הוא חשוב, ורציחה היא אם יהרגנו בעל הבית:

[then] there is liability for his blood. [I.e.,] he is considered alive and it would be murder were the owner of the house to kill him.

שלם ישלם. הגנב ממון שגנב, ואינו חייב מיתה. ואונקלוס שתרגם אם עינא דסהדיא נפלת עלוהי, לקח לו שטה אחרת, לומר שאם מצאוהו עדים קודם שבא בעל הבית, וכשבא בעל הבית נגדו התרו בו שלא יהרגהו, דמים לו, חייב עליו אם הרגו, שמאחר שיש רואים לו, אין הגנב הזה בא על עסקי נפשות, ולא יהרוג את בעל הממון:

He must make full restitution. The thief [shall pay back] the money that he stole, but he is not liable to the death penalty. Onkelos, who translates (אִם זָרְחָה הַשֶׁמֶשׁ עָלָיו): “If witnesses saw him [break in],” chose for himself an alternate explanation: it tells us that if witnesses discovered him before the owner of the house arrived and when the owner of the house comes to attack him they warned him (the owner) not to kill him then he is responsible for his blood — [i.e.] he will be liable [to the death penalty] if he will kill him. For since there are people watching him, then this thief has not come with the intention of taking anyone’s life and will not kill the property owner.

22:3

אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא תִמָּצֵא בְיָדוֹ הַגְּנֵבָה מִשּׁוֹר עַד־חֲמוֹר עַד־שֶׂה חַיִּים שְׁנַיִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ {ס}        

If the stolen article is found in his hand [possession], whether it is an ox, donkey or sheep, he must pay two live animals.

If the stolen article is found in his hand [possession], whether it is an ox, donkey or sheep, he must pay two live animals.

Rashi

אם המצא תמצא בידו. ברשותו, שלא טבח ולא מכר:

If the stolen article was found in his hand. [Meaning:] in his possession, for he had not slaughtered it nor sold it.

משור עד חמור. כל דבר בכלל תשלומי כפל, בין שיש בו רוח חיים בין שאין בו רוח חיים, שהרי נאמר במקום אחר עַל שֶׂה עַל שַׁלְמָה עַל כָּל אֲבֵדָה וגו' יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם לְרֵעֵהוּ:

Whether it is an ox or donkey. Any item [that is stolen] is included in the liability to pay twofold restitution, whether it is an animate object or whether it is an inanimate object, for elsewhere it is stated: “for a sheep, a garment, or any lost object, etc. he must pay two-fold to his fellow man.”

חיים שנים ישלם. ולא ישלם לו מתים, אלא חיים או דמי חיים:

He must pay two live animals. He may not pay him with dead ones, but only with live ones or with money that is equivalent to live ones.

22:4

כִּי יַבְעֶר־אִישׁ שָׂדֶה אוֹ־כֶרֶם וְשִׁלַּח אֶת־בְּעִירֹה וּבִעֵר בִּשְׂדֵה אַחֵר מֵיטַב שָׂדֵהוּ וּמֵיטַב כַּרְמוֹ יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ {ס}        

If he damages a field or vineyard with his animal—he lets his livestock loose, and [or] it feeds in another’s field—from his [own] prime field and prime vineyard he must compensate [the owner].

If he damages a field or vineyard with his animal—he lets his livestock loose, and [or] it feeds in another’s field—from his [own] prime field and prime vineyard he must compensate [the owner].

Rashi

כי יבער. את בעירה. ובער. כולם לשון בהמה, כמו אֲנַחְנוּ וּבְעִירנוּ (במדבר כ, ד):

כִּי יַבְעֶר, אֶת־בְּעִירֹה, וּבִעֵר . These are terms relating to cattle as in: “We (וּבְעִירֵנוּ) and our cattle.”

כי יבער. יוליך בהמותיו בשדה וכרם של חבירו, ויזיק אותו באחת משתי אלו, או בשלוח בעירה, או בביעור, ופירשו רבותינו (בבא קמא ב:), ושלח הוא נזקי מדרך כף רגל, ובער הוא נזקי השן האוכלת ומבערת:

כִּי יַבְעֶר . [כִּי יַבְעֶר means:] he leads his cattle into the field or vineyard of his fellow man and causes him damage in one of the two following ways: either by sending in his cattle [to trample on things] or [by allowing them] to feed there. [Accordingly] our Sages explained that וְשִׁלַּח is damage caused by trampling with the foot, whereas וּבִעֵר is damage caused by the “tooth” which eats and consumes.

בשדה אחר. בשדה של איש אחר:

In another’s field. [בִּשְׁדֵה אַחֵר means:] in another man’s field.

מיטב שדהו ישלם. שמין את הנזק, ואם בא לשלם לו קרקע דמי נזקו, ישלם לו ממיטב שדותיו, אם היה נזקו סלע, יתן לו שוה סלע מעידית שיש לו. למדך הכתוב, שהנזקין שמין להם בעידית (שם ו:):

From his prime field he must compensate [the owner]. We evaluate the damage and, if he intends to pay with land as compensation for his damage, he must pay him from the best of his fields; [e.g.] if [the damages] was a sela, then he should give him a sela’s worth from the best of the land that he owns. This verse teaches you that [when land is used as compensation for] damages we evaluate them [to be collected from] the best lands [of the one who caused the damages].

22:5

כִּֽי־תֵצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָצְאָה קֹצִים וְנֶאֱכַל גָּדִישׁ אוֹ הַקָּמָה אוֹ הַשָּׂדֶה שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם הַמַּבְעִר אֶת־הַבְּעֵרָֽה׃ {ס}        

If a fire goes out of control and finds [catches on] thorns, and then consumes bound or standing grain or a field, full restitution must be made by the one who started the fire.

If a fire goes out of control and finds [catches on] thorns, and then consumes bound or standing grain or a field, full restitution must be made by the one who started the fire.

Rashi

כי תצא אש. אפילו מעצמה:

If a fire goes out of control — even by itself.

ומצאה קוצים. קרדו"נש בלע"ז:

And [catches on] thorns. קוֹצִים are chardons (thistles) in Old French.

ונאכל גדיש. שליחכה בקוצים, עד שהגיעה לגדיש או לקמה המחוברת בקרקע:

And consumes bound grain. It (the flames) licked the thorns until it reached the bound grain or the standing grain which is still attached to the ground.

או השדה. שליחכה את נירו, וצריך לניר אותה פעם שניה:

Or a field — whereby [the flame] licked up his plowing and he now needs to plow it a second time.

שלם ישלם המבעיר. אף על פי שהדליק בתוך שלו, והיא יצאה מעצמה על ידי קוצים שמצאה, חייב לשלם, לפי שלא שמר את גחלתו שלא תצא ותזיק:

Full restitution must be made by the one who started the fire. Though he lit the fire on his own property and it spread of its own accord by means of thorns which it found he is nevertheless obligated to make restitution for not keeping his burning coal from breaking out and causing damage.

22:6

כִּֽי־יִתֵּן אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ כֶּסֶף אֽוֹ־כֵלִים לִשְׁמֹר וְגֻנַּב מִבֵּית הָאִישׁ אִם־יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנָֽיִם׃

If a man gives his neighbor money or articles to safeguard and they are stolen from the house of the [watch]man, if the thief is found, he must pay double.

If a man gives his neighbor money or articles to safeguard and they are stolen from the house of the [watch]man, if the thief is found, he must pay double.

Rashi

וגנב מבית האיש. לפי דבריו (שם סג:):

And they are stolen from the house of the [watch]man — according to his own testimony.

אם ימצא הגנב. ישלם הגנב שנים לבעלים:

If the thief is found he must pay — the thief shall pay two-fold to the owners.

22:7

אִם־לֹא יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְנִקְרַב בַּֽעַל־הַבַּיִת אֶל־הָֽאֱלֹהִים אִם־לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ בִּמְלֶאכֶת רֵעֵֽהוּ׃

If the thief is not found, the owner of the house [the watchman] must come before the judges [Beis Din], [to swear] that he did not lay a hand on his neighbor’s possessions [for his personal use].

If the thief is not found, the owner of the house [the watchman] must come before the judges [Beis Din], [to swear] that he did not lay a hand on his neighbor’s possessions [for his personal use].

Rashi

אם לא ימצא הגנב. ובא השומר הזה שהוא בעל הבית:

If the thief is not found — then this watchman, who is the owner of the house —

ונקרב. אל הדיינין, לדון עם זה, ולישבע לו שלא שלח ידו בשלו:

must come — to the judges, so as to adjudicate the case between him (the watchman) and the other (the original owner of the object), and he must swear to him that he did not in any way misappropriate his property.

22:8

עַֽל־כׇּל־דְּבַר־פֶּשַׁע עַל־שׁוֹר עַל־חֲמוֹר עַל־שֶׂה עַל־שַׂלְמָה עַל־כׇּל־אֲבֵדָה אֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר כִּי־הוּא זֶה עַד הָֽאֱלֹהִים יָבֹא דְּבַר־שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר יַרְשִׁיעֻן אֱלֹהִים יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם לְרֵעֵֽהוּ׃ {ס}        

In every question of dishonesty whether it involves an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or anything that was [allegedly] lost of which [a witness] says, “This is it!” the claims of both parties must be brought to the judges. The one whom the judges find guilty, must pay double restitution to his neighbor.

In every question of dishonesty whether it involves an ox, a donkey, a sheep, a garment, or anything that was [allegedly] lost of which [a witness] says, “This is it!” the claims of both parties must be brought to the judges. The one whom the judges find guilty, must pay double restitution to his neighbor.

Rashi

על כל דבר פשע. שימצא שקרן בשבועתו, שיעידו עדים שהוא עצמו גנבו, וירשיעוהו אלהים על פי העדים:

In every question of dishonesty. Where he is found to have lied under oath — where witnesses testify that he (the watchman) stole it himself and the court finds him guilty [of perjury], based on the testimony of the witnesses, [then —]

ישלם שנים לרעהו. למדך הכתוב, שהטוען בפקדון לומר נגנב הימני, ונמצא שהוא עצמו גנבו, משלם תשלומי כפל, ואימתי, בזמן שנשבע ואחר כך באו עדים. שכך דרשו רבותינו, ונקרב בעל הבית אל האלהים, קריבה זו שבועה היא, אתה אומר לשבועה או אינו אלא לדין, שכיון שבא לדין וכפר לומר נגנבה, מיד יתחייב בכפל אם באו עדים שהוא בידו, נאמר כאן שליחות יד, ונאמר למטה שליחות יד שְׁבֻעַת ה' תִּהְיֶה בֵּין שְׁנֵיהֶם אִם לֹא שָׁלַח יָדֹו, מה להלן שבועה אף כאן שבועה:

He must pay double restitution to his neighbor. The Torah teaches you that if one makes a claim, regarding an object left for safekeeping, saying that it was stolen from him, and then it is discovered that he himself stole it, he must pay double restitution. However, when does this apply? In a case where he swears and afterwards witnesses come [and contradict him] for our Sages expounded [this verse] thus: The owner of the house shall approach the Beis Din this “approaching” refers to taking an oath. You claim that it refers to taking an oath, or perhaps it refers only to presenting the case, and when he presents his case and denies any obligation by claiming it was stolen he is immediately liable to pay twofold once witnesses come [and testify] that it is in his possession? [That this is not the case here is indicated by a גְּזֵרָה שָׁוָה:] The term שְׁלִחוּת יָד is stated here and further on the term שְׁלִיחוּת יָד is also used: “An oath to God shall be between them that he did not lay his hand (לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ).” Just as in the latter case it (שְׁלִיחוּת יַד) refers to taking an oath, here, too, it refers to taking an oath.

אשר יאמר כי הוא זה. לפי פשוטו, אשר יאמר העד כי הוא זה שנשבעת עליו הרי הוא אצלך, עד הדיינין יבא דבר שניהם ויחקרו את העדות, ואם כשרים הם וירשיעוהו לשומר זה, ישלם שנים, ואם ירשיעו את העדים שנמצאו זוממין, ישלמו הם שנים לשומר. ורבותינו ז"ל דרשו, כי הוא זה, ללמד שאין מחייבין אותו שבועה אלא אם כן הודה במקצת, לומר כך וכך אני חייב לך, והמותר נגנב ממני (שם קו:):

Of which [a witness] says, “This is it!” According to its plain meaning [it means]: of which a witness says, “this object, about which you swore [that it was stolen]; is [really] in your possession.” Then their dispute shall come before the judges, and they will examine the testimony. If they [turn out to] be honest and they [Beis Din] find the watchman guilty, he must pay twofold. But if the witnesses perjure themselves for they are found to be conspiring witnesses (זוֹמְמִין), they must then pay twofold to the watchman. However, our Sages of blessed memory expounded it [that the watchman claims:] “This is it!” [i.e., “this is what remains of the object, the rest was stolen], which teaches us that we do not obligate him to take an oath unless he made a partial admission by saying: So much and so much I owe you but the rest was stolen from me.”

22:9

כִּֽי־יִתֵּן אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ חֲמוֹר אוֹ־שׁוֹר אוֹ־שֶׂה וְכׇל־בְּהֵמָה לִשְׁמֹר וּמֵת אוֹ־נִשְׁבַּר אוֹ־נִשְׁבָּה אֵין רֹאֶֽה׃

If a man gives his neighbor, a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal for safeguarding; and it dies, or is injured, or is captured, and there is no eyewitness,

If a man gives his neighbor, a donkey, an ox, a sheep, or any animal for safeguarding; and it dies, or is injured, or is captured, and there is no eyewitness,

Rashi

כי יתן איש אל רעהו חמור או שור. פרשה ראשונה נאמרה בשומר חנם (בבא מציעא צד:) לפיכך פטר בו את הגנבה, כמו שכתוב וגונב מבית האיש אם לא ימצא הגנב ונקרב בעל הבית, לשבועה, למדת שפוטר עצמו בשבועה זו, ופרשה זו אמורה בשומר שכר, לפיכך אינו פטור אם נגנבה, כמו שכתוב אם גנוב יגנב מעמו ישלם, אבל על האונס, כמו מת מעצמו, או נשבר, או נשבה בחזקה על ידי לסטים, ואין רואה יעיד בדבר:

If a man gives his neighbor a donkey or an ox. The first section deals with a שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם — a watchman who receives no compensation. He is, therefore, not held responsible for theft (i.e., if the item is stolen from him), as is written: “[If a man gives his neighbor...] and they are stolen from the house of the watchman.” “If the thief is not found then the house-owner (the watchman) must come,” to swear. You learn from this that he (the watchman) frees himself [from any responsibility] with this oath. But this section deals with a שׁוֹמֵר שָֹכָר (a watchman compensated for his work), who is not freed from responsibility if [the item to be watched] is stolen, as is written: “But if it was indeed stolen from him he must make restitution.” However, for something over which he has no control, as in a case where it (an animal) died of itself, or was injured, or was forcibly taken by robbers, and there is no one who saw it happen so as to be able to testify about the matter, then —

22:10

שְׁבֻעַת יְהֹוָה תִּהְיֶה בֵּין שְׁנֵיהֶם אִם־לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ בִּמְלֶאכֶת רֵעֵהוּ וְלָקַח בְּעָלָיו וְלֹא יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃

an oath to Adonoy shall be between them, that he [the watcher] did not lay his hand on his neighbor’s possession [for his personal use]. The owner must accept it [the oath], and [the watcher] need not make restitution.

an oath to Adonoy shall be between them, that he [the watcher] did not lay his hand on his neighbor’s possession [for his personal use]. The owner must accept it [the oath], and [the watcher] need not make restitution.

Rashi

שבעת ה' תהיה. ישבע שכן הוא כדבריו, והוא לא שלח בה יד להשתמש בה לעצמו, שאם שלח בה יד ואחר כך נאנסה, חייב באונסים:

An oath to Adonoy shall be. He shall swear that it is as he claims and that he did not lay a hand on it to make any personal use of it. For had he laid a hand on it and afterwards an accident happened to it he is liable for those accidents.

ולקח בעליו. השבועה:

The owner must accept it. [I.e., he must accept] the oath.

ולא ישלם. לו השומר כלום:

And he need not make restitution. [I.e., the watchman need not make restitution] to him at all.

22:11

וְאִם־גָּנֹב יִגָּנֵב מֵעִמּוֹ יְשַׁלֵּם לִבְעָלָֽיו׃

But if it was indeed stolen from him, he must make restitution to its owner.

But if it was indeed stolen from him, he must make restitution to its owner.

22:12

אִם־טָרֹף יִטָּרֵף יְבִאֵהוּ עֵד הַטְּרֵפָה לֹא יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ {פ}

If it was torn apart [killed by wild beasts], he [the watcher] must provide witnesses. He then need not pay for that which was torn apart.

If it was torn apart [killed by wild beasts], he [the watcher] must provide witnesses. He then need not pay for that which was torn apart.

Rashi

אם טרף יטרף. על ידי חיה רעה:

If it was torn — by a wild animal.

יבאהו עד. יביא עדים שנטרפה באונס ופטור:

He must provide witnesses. [I.e.,] he shall bring [two] witnesses that it was torn apart [in a way that was] beyond his control and he will then not be liable to pay restitution.

הטרפה לא ישלם. אינו אומר טרפה לא ישלם, אלא הטרפה, יש טרפה שהוא משלם ויש טרפה שאינו משלם, טרפת חתול ושועל ונמיה משלם, טרפת זאב ארי ודוב ונחש אינו משלם, ומי לחשך לדון כן, שהרי כתיב ומת או נשבר או נשבה, מה מיתה שאין יכול להציל, אף שבר ושביה שאין יכול להציל:

He need not pay for that which was torn apart. It does not say: טְרֵפָה לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם (he need not pay for [any] one which was torn): but, rather, it says: הַטְּרֵפָה [for this one that was torn). [This indicates that] there is a torn one for which he must pay, and there is a torn one for which he need not pay: For one that was torn apart by a cat, fox, or marten he must pay restitution. Whereas, for one that was torn apart by a wolf, lion, bear, or snake, he need not pay. But who whispered to you to come to these conclusions? Because it is written: “and it dies, or is injured, or is captured.” Just as [the animal’s] dying naturally is something he cannot prevent, so, too, the case of injury and captivity [must be such] that he had no way of preventing it.

22:13

וְכִֽי־יִשְׁאַל אִישׁ מֵעִם רֵעֵהוּ וְנִשְׁבַּר אוֹ־מֵת בְּעָלָיו אֵין־עִמּוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃

If a man borrows something from his neighbor, and it becomes broken or dies; if the owner is not [involved] with him, he [the borrower] must make full restitution.

If a man borrows something from his neighbor, and it becomes broken or dies; if the owner is not [involved] with him, he [the borrower] must make full restitution.

Rashi

וכי ישאל. בא ללמדך על השואל שחייב באונסין:

If [a man] borrows. [This section] comes to teach you regarding the borrower that he is liable even for accidents.

בעליו אין עמו. אם בעליו של שור אינו עם השואל במלאכתו (בבא מציעא שם):

If the owner is not with him. [Meaning:] if the owner of the ox is not employed by the borrower to do his work.

22:14

אִם־בְּעָלָיו עִמּוֹ לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם אִם־שָׂכִיר הוּא בָּא בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

If the owner is [involved] with him, then he [the borrower] need not make restitution. If it was hired, it [the ox] comes in its rental price.

If the owner is [involved] with him, then he [the borrower] need not make restitution. If it was hired, it [the ox] comes in its rental price.

Rashi

אם בעליו עמו. בין שהוא באותה מלאכה בין שהוא במלאכה אחרת, היה עמו בשעת שאלה, אינו צריך להיות עמו בשעת שבורה ומתה (שם צה:):

If the owner is with him. [This teaches that] whether [he is employed] in that work (i.e., the same work as the animal) or whether he [is employed] in other work, as long as he was employed by him at the time he borrowed [the ox], he need not be employed by him at the time of the injury to, or the death [of, the animal].

אם שכיר הוא. אם השור אינו שאול אלא שכור, בא בשכרו ליד השוכר הזה ולא בשאלה, ואין כל הנאה שלו, שהרי על ידי שכרו נשתמש, ואין לו משפט שואל להתחייב באונסין. ולא פירש מה דינו אם כשומר חנם או כשומר שכר, לפיכך נחלקו בו חכמי ישראל, שוכר כיצד משלם, רבי מאיר אומר כשומר חנם, רבי יהודה אומר כשומר שכר:

If it was hired. [I.e.] if the ox was not borrowed but rather hired, then, since it (בָּא בִשְׂכָרוֹ) came for its rental fee into the hands of the lessee, and not through borrowing, and the benefit is not his entirely for it is in return for its rental fee that he uses it, the rule of the borrower does not apply to him — to make him liable even for accidents. The Torah does not make it clear what rule applies to him (the hirer), whether [he is considered] a שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם or a שׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר . Therefore the Sages of Yisrael disputed this matter: What manner of restitution does a hirer make? Rabbi Meir said: as a שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם . Rabbi Yehudah said: as a שׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר .”

22:15

וְכִֽי־יְפַתֶּה אִישׁ בְּתוּלָה אֲשֶׁר לֹא־אֹרָשָׂה וְשָׁכַב עִמָּהּ מָהֹר יִמְהָרֶנָּה לּוֹ לְאִשָּֽׁה׃

If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her; he must give the dowry to acquire her as his wife.

If a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed, and lies with her; he must give the dowry to acquire her as his wife.

Rashi

וכי יפתה. מדבר על לבה עד ששומעת לו, וכן תרגומו וארי ישדל. שדול בלשון ארמי כפתוי בלשון עברי:

If [a man] seduces. He speaks “to her heart (softly and kindly)” until she consents to him. Onkelos translates it similarly: וַאֲרֵי יְשַׁדֵּל, שִׁדוּל in Aramaic having the same meaning as פִּתּוּי (seducing) in Hebrew.

מהר ימהרנה. יפסוק לה מוהר כמשפט איש לאשתו, שכותב לה כתובה וישאנה:

He must give the dowry. He must set aside a dowry for her as is the law regarding a man and his wife, i.e., he must write a kesubah (marriage contract) and then marry her.

22:16

אִם־מָאֵן יְמָאֵן אָבִיהָ לְתִתָּהּ לוֹ כֶּסֶף יִשְׁקֹל כְּמֹהַר הַבְּתוּלֹֽת׃ {ס}        

If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he must give [the father] the weight of silver equal to the dowry usually given to virgins.

If her father utterly refuses to give her to him, he must give [the father] the weight of silver equal to the dowry usually given to virgins.

Rashi

כמהר הבתולות. שהוא קצוב חמשים כסף אצל התופס את הבתולה ושוכב עמה באונס, שנאמר וְנָתַן הָאִיש הַשֹׁכֵב עִמָּהּ לַאֲבִי הַנַעֲרָה חֲמִשִׁים כָּסֶף (דברים כב, כט):

Equal to the dowry usually given to virgins — which is set at fifty silver shekalim in regard to someone who forcibly takes a virgin and lies with her against her will, as it is said: “The man that lay with her must give to the maiden’s father fifty silver shekalim.”

22:17

מְכַשֵּׁפָה לֹא תְחַיֶּֽה׃

You shall not allow a witch to live.

You shall not allow a witch to live.

Rashi

מכשפה לא תחיה. אלא תומת בבית דין, ואחד זכרים ואחד נקבות, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה, שהנשים מצויות מכשפות (סנהדרין סז:):

You shall not allow a witch to live. But she must be put to death by the court. [This applies] whether they are male or female but the Torah [uses the feminine] because it speaks of what is usual, for it is women who are most commonly witches.

22:18

כׇּל־שֹׁכֵב עִם־בְּהֵמָה מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever lies with an animal must be put to death.

Whoever lies with an animal must be put to death.

Rashi

(ס"א כל שוכב עם בהמה מות יומת. בסקילה, רובע כנרבעת, שכתוב בהן דמיהם בם:)

Whoever lies with an animal must be put to death — by stoning. Both man and woman [who are guilty are stoned], for it is written about them: “Their blood is upon them.”

22:19

זֹבֵחַ לָאֱלֹהִים יׇֽחֳרָם בִּלְתִּי לַיהֹוָה לְבַדּֽוֹ׃

Whoever slaughters to a god must be condemned [to die]. [Sacrifices may be offered] to Adonoy alone.

Whoever slaughters to a god must be condemned [to die]. [Sacrifices may be offered] to Adonoy alone.

Rashi

לאלהים. לעבודת גילולים. אילו היה נקוד לאלהים (הלמ"ד בציר"י), היה צריך לפרש ולכתוב אחרים, עכשיו שאמר לאלהים, אין צריך לפרש אחרים, שכל למ"ד ובי"ת וה"א המשמשות בראש התיבה, אם נקודה בחטף, כגון למלך, למדבר, לעיר, צריך לפרש לאיזה מלך, לאיזה מדבר, לאיזה עיר, וכן למלכים, ולרגלים, בחיר"ק, צריך לפרש לאיזה, ואם אינו מפרש, כל מלכים במשמע, וכן לאלהים כל אלהים במשמע, אפילו קודש, אבל כשהיא נקודה פתח, כמו למלך, למדבר, לעיר, (פת"ח וקמ"ץ ענין אחד בענין זה, וגם יש לומר בדרך אחר כמ"ש בדקדוקי רש"י יעויין בו) נודע באיזה מלך מדבר, וכן לעיר נודע באיזה עיר מדבר, וכן לאלהים לאותן שהוזהרתם עליהם במקום אחר. כיוצא בו אֵין כָּמֹוךָ בָּאֱלֹהִים (תהלים פו, ח), לפי שלא פירש, הוצרך לינקד פת"ח:

To a god. [Meaning:] to idols. If it were vocalized לֵאלֹהִים [instead of לָאֱלֹהִים] it would have been necessary to explicitly write: אֲחֵרִים [לֵאלֹהִים] — other [gods]. However, now that it is vocalized לָאֱלֹהִים it is not necessary to define it with the word “other.” For wherever the letters ל' or ב' or ה' are used as a prefix, and are vocalized with a sheva for example: לְמֶלֶךְ (to a king), לְמִדְבָּר (to a desert), לְעִיר (to a city), it is necessary to define which king, which desert, which city. Similarly, (when these letters precede a sheva such as): לִמְלָכִים (for kings), לִרְגָלִים (for holidays) [when the vowel of the prefix is] a chirick, it is necessary to define which ones, for if it (לִמְלָכִים) were not defined it would refer to all kings. Similarly לֵאלֹהִים (to gods) would include all gods even [the One of whom the use of אֱלֹהִים is] holy. But when [one of these letters] is vocalized with a patach as in: לַמֶּלֶךְ (to the king), לַמִּדְבָּר (to the desert) לָעִיר (to the city), then it is known which king is spoken of. So, too, regarding לָעִיר, it is known which city is spoken of. So, too, לָאֱלֹהִים refers to those [gods] that were forbidden to you elsewhere. Similarly: “There is none like You (בָּאֱלֹהִים) amongst the gods,” since בָאֱלֹהִים is not defined [with אֲחֵרִים] it was necessary to vocalize it with a patach.

יחרם. יומת. ולמה נאמר יחרם, והלא כבר נאמרה בו מיתה במקום אחר וְהֹוצֵאתָ אֶת הָאִישׁ הַהוּא אֹו אֶת הָאִשָּׁה הַהִיא וגו' (דברים יז, ה), אלא לפי שלא פירש על איזו עבודה חייב מיתה, שלא תאמר כל עבודות במיתה, בא ופירש לך כאן זובח לאלהים יחרם, לומר לך, מה זביחה עבודה הנעשית בפנים לשמים, אף אני מרבה המקטיר והמנסך שהם עבודות בפנים, וחייבין עליהם לכל עבודת אלילים, בין שדרכה לעבדה בכך בין שאין דרכה לעבדה בכך, אבל שאר עבודות, כגון המכבד והמרבץ והמגפף והמנשק, אינו במיתה אלא באזהרה:

Must be condemned. [Meaning:] he must be put to death. Why is יָחֳרָם written here? Has not the penalty of death already been stated elsewhere: “You shall take out that man or that woman, etc., [and stone them]”? But [the answer is:] since there it was not made clear what form of worship carries the death penalty, and so that you not think that all forms of [idolatry] worship carry the death penalty, the Torah comes and makes it clear to you here “Whoever slaughters to a god must be condemned [to die], thereby telling you that just as slaughtering is a service that is performed inside [the Mikdosh] when it is done to [the One] in Heaven, so, too, do I include one who burns incense and one who pours libation, which are also services performed inside [the Mikdosh;] and one is liable [for performing] any of these services to idolatry, whether it is the usual way of worshipping it or is not the usual way of worshipping it. But other forms of worship, such as: one who sweeps the floor [before an idol] or one who sprinkles water so as to settle the dust, or one who hugs or kisses [the idol], his penalty is not death, but he transgresses a לַאו — a negative precept.

22:20

וְגֵר לֹא־תוֹנֶה וְלֹא תִלְחָצֶנּוּ כִּֽי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

You must not abuse or oppress a stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.

You must not abuse or oppress a stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.

Rashi

וגר לא תונה. אונאת דברים, קונטרליאר"ר בלע"ז (העהנען) כמו וְהַאֲכַלְתִּי אֶת מֹונַיִךְ אֶת בְּשָׂרם (ישעיה מט, כו):

You must not abuse a stranger. [This refers to] abusive words contralier (to taunt, aggravate) in Old French. as in: “I will feed (אֶת מוֹנַיִךְ) those that abuse you with their own flesh.”

ולא תלחצנו. בגזילת ממון:

Do not oppress him. [This refers to] robbing him of his money.

כי גרים הייתם. אם הוניתו, אף הוא יכול להונותך, ולומר לך אף אתה מגרים באת, מום שבך אל תאמר לחברך. כל לשון גר, אדם שלא נולד באותה מדינה, אלא בא ממדינה אחרת לגור שם:

For you were strangers. If you abuse him, he, too, is capable of abusing you by saying to you: “You, too, descend from strangers.” With a fault which is your own do not reproach your fellow man. Wherever the term גֵר is used [it denotes] a person who was not born in that country, but came from another land to reside there.

22:21

כׇּל־אַלְמָנָה וְיָתוֹם לֹא תְעַנּֽוּן׃

You must not mistreat any widow or orphan.

You must not mistreat any widow or orphan.

Rashi

כל אלמנה ויתום לא תענון. הוא הדין לכל אדם, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה, לפי שהם תשושי כח ודבר מצוי לענותם:

Do not mistreat any widow or orphan. The same applies to any person but the Torah speaks of what is usual, for they are weak and are frequently mistreated.

22:22

אִם־עַנֵּה תְעַנֶּה אֹתוֹ כִּי אִם־צָעֹק יִצְעַק אֵלַי שָׁמֹעַ אֶשְׁמַע צַעֲקָתֽוֹ׃

If you do mistreat him [them], when he cries out to Me, I will indeed hear his cry.

If you do mistreat him [them], when he cries out to Me, I will indeed hear his cry.

Rashi

אם ענה תענה אתו. הרי זה מקרא קצר, גזם ולא פירש ענשו, (והא דכתיב והיו נשיכם וגו', זהו אם צעוק יצעק, אבל באם לא יצעק לא פירש, וק"ל) כמו לָכֵן כָּל הֹרֵג קַיִן (בראשית ד, טו), גזם ולא פירש ענשו, אף כאן אם ענה תענה אותו, לשון גזום, כלומר סופך ליטול את שלך, למה, כי אם צעק יצעק אלי וגו':

If you do mistreat him. This is a shortened verse. It threatens but does not make clear his punishment, as in: “Therefore whoever kills Kayin.” [There, too] there is a threat but does not make clear his punishment. Here, too: “If you do mistreat him” conveys a threat, [i.e.] “In the end you will get yours.” Why? “when he cries out to Me, etc.”

22:23

וְחָרָה אַפִּי וְהָרַגְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בֶּחָרֶב וְהָיוּ נְשֵׁיכֶם אַלְמָנוֹת וּבְנֵיכֶם יְתֹמִֽים׃ {פ}

Then I will cause My anger to flare, and I will kill you by the sword. Your wives will become widows and your children will be orphans.

Then I will cause My anger to flare, and I will kill you by the sword. Your wives will become widows and your children will be orphans.

Rashi

והיו נשיכם אלמנות. ממשמע שנאמר והרגתי אתכם, איני יודע שנשיכם אלמנות ובניכם יתומים, אלא הרי זו קללה אחרת, שיהיו הנשים צרורות כאלמנות חיות, שלא יהיו עדים למיתת בעליהן ותהיינה אסורות להנשא, והבנים יהיו יתומים, שלא יניחום בית דין לירד לנכסי אביהם, לפי שאין יודעים אם מתו אם נשבו:

Your wives will become widows. From that which is implied by its saying: “and I will kill you,” would I not know myself that “your wives will be widows and your children will be orphans”? But the answer is that this is an additional curse: that the women will be bound as living widows — that there will be no witnesses who can testify to the death of their husbands and they will thus be prohibited from remarrying. And the children will be orphans, [i.e.] the Beis Din will not allow them to take possession of the fathers’ estates, for they do not know whether they died or were taken captive.

22:24

אִם־כֶּסֶף ׀ תַּלְוֶה אֶת־עַמִּי אֶת־הֶֽעָנִי עִמָּךְ לֹא־תִהְיֶה לוֹ כְּנֹשֶׁה לֹֽא־תְשִׂימוּן עָלָיו נֶֽשֶׁךְ׃

When you lend money to My people, to the poor person who is with [among] you, do not act toward him as a [demanding] creditor. Do not place the burden of interest upon him.

When you lend money to My people, to the poor person who is with [among] you, do not act toward him as a [demanding] creditor. Do not place the burden of interest upon him.

Rashi

אם כסף תלוה את עמי. רבי ישמעאל אומר, כל אם ואם שבתורה רשות, חוץ מג', וזה אחד מהן:

When you lend money. Rabbi Yishmael said: Each and every time אִם appears in the Torah [it refers to] something optional except in three instances of which this is one.

את עמי. עמי ונכרי, עמי קודם. עני ועשיר, עני קודם. עניי עירך ועניי עיר אחרת, עניי עירך קודמין (בבא מציעא עא.). וזה משמעו, אם כסף תלוה, את עמי תלוהו קודם לעובד גילולים, ולאיזה מעמי, את העני, ולאיזה עני, לאותו שעמך. (ד"א את העני, שלא תנהוג בו מנהג בזיון בהלואה שהוא עמי.

My people. [I.e. if you are faced with a choice of lending money to] one of My people or to a gentile, then “one of My people” has priority. [If the choice is between] a poor person and a rich one, then the poor person has priority. [If the choice is between] the poor of your city and the poor of another city, then the poor of your city have priority. And this is the way it is implied [in the text]: “When you lend money, [then,] lend it “to one of My people” and not to the gentile. And to which particular one of My people? “The poor one.” And to which particular poor one? To the one that is “with you.” (An alternate explanation of אֶת עַמִּי: “Do not act disrespectfully towards him when lending him money, for he is one of My people” —

את העני עמך, הוי מסתכל בעצמך כאילו אתה עני):

the poor that is with you — [saying, in effect:] “Look at yourself as if you were the poor person.”)

לא תהיה לו כנשה. לא תתבענו בחזקה, אם אתה יודע שאין לו, אל תהי דומה עליו כאילו הלויתו, אלא כאילו לא הלויתו, כלומר, לא תכלימהו:

Do not act toward him as a creditor. [I.e.] do not forcibly demand payment from him. If you know that he has no money do not appear towards him as if you have lent him money but, rather, as if you have not lent him, in other words: Do not embarrass him!

נשך. רבית, שהוא כנשיכת נחש, שנחש נושך חבורה קטנה ברגלו ואינו מרגיש, ופתאום הוא מבצבץ ונופח עד קדקדו, כך רבית, אינו מרגיש ואינו ניכר עד שהרבית עולה ומחסרו ממון הרבה:

Interest. [נֶשֶׁךְ has the meaning of:] “interest” because it is (כִנְשִׁיכַת) like the bite of a snake which bites [inflicting] a small wound in his foot which he does not feel and, suddenly, it burgeons and swells [his entire body] till his head. So it is with interest: He (the borrower) feels nothing and it is not noticeable [at first] until the interest accumulates and causes him a great loss of money.

22:25

אִם־חָבֹל תַּחְבֹּל שַׂלְמַת רֵעֶךָ עַד־בֹּא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לֽוֹ׃

If you take your neighbor’s garment as security, you must return it to him till sunset;

If you take your neighbor’s garment as security, you must return it to him till sunset;

Rashi

אם חבול תחבל. כל לשון חבלה אינו משכון בשעת הלואה, אלא שממשכנין את הלוה כשמגיע הזמן ואינו פורע. (חבול תחבול כפל לך בחבלה עד כמה פעמים, אמר הקב"ה, כמה אתה חייב לי, והרי נפשך עולה אצלי כל אמש ואמש ונותנת דין וחשבון ומתחייבת לפני, ואני מחזירה לך, אף אתה טול והשב טול והשב):

If you take security. Wherever the term חֲבָלָה appears it does not refer to security [taken] at the time the loan is made but rather the security that is taken from the borrower when the loan comes due and he does not pay. (חָבוֹל תַּחְבֹּל: [The Torah asks] that you repeat taking the security even many times over. God [in effect] says: “How much do you owe Me? and see for yourself that your soul ascends to Me each and every night and gives an accounting of itself and thereby becomes beholden to Me, and yet I return it to you [every morning]. So shall you, too, take the security and return it, take it [again] and return it.)

עד בא השמש תשיבנו לו. כל היום תשיבנו לו עד בא השמש, וכבוא השמש תחזור ותטלנו עד שיבא בקר של מחר, ובכסות יום הכתוב מדבר שאין צריך לה בלילה (מכילתא פי"ט):

You must return it till sunset. Return it to him [for] the entire day [so that he may have it] till sunset. And when the sun sets take it again until the morning of the following day. This verse deals with a garment worn by day which he (the borrower) does not need at night.

22:26

כִּי הִוא כְסוּתֹה לְבַדָּהּ הִוא שִׂמְלָתוֹ לְעֹרוֹ בַּמֶּה יִשְׁכָּב וְהָיָה כִּֽי־יִצְעַק אֵלַי וְשָׁמַעְתִּי כִּֽי־חַנּוּן אָֽנִי׃ {ס}        

For this alone is his covering, the garment [to cover] his skin. With what shall he lie down [to sleep]? If it happens that he cries out to Me, I will hear [his cry] for I am gracious.

For this alone is his covering, the garment [to cover] his skin. With what shall he lie down [to sleep]? If it happens that he cries out to Me, I will hear [his cry] for I am gracious.

Rashi

כי הוא כסותה. זו טלית:

For this is his covering. This refers to the outer-garment.

שמלתו. זו חלוק:

His garment. This refers to the shirt [worn on the flesh].

במה ישכב. לרבות את המצע:

With what shall he lie down? This includes the bed-covering.

22:27

אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל וְנָשִׂיא בְעַמְּךָ לֹא תָאֹֽר׃

Do not curse judges. Do not curse a leader of your people.

Do not curse judges. Do not curse a leader of your people.

Rashi

אלהים לא תקלל. הרי זו אזהרה לברכת השם, ואזהרה לקללת דיין (סנהדרין סו.):

Do not curse judges (or God). Here is the prohibition against cursing God as well as the prohibition against cursing judges.

22:28

מְלֵאָתְךָ וְדִמְעֲךָ לֹא תְאַחֵר בְּכוֹר בָּנֶיךָ תִּתֶּן־לִֽי׃

[Your offering of] the fullness [of your newly ripened produce] and of your terumah-offering’s you must not delay. The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me.

[Your offering of] the fullness [of your newly ripened produce] and of your terumah-offering’s you must not delay. The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me.

Rashi

מלאתך. חובה המוטלת עליך כשתתמלא תבואתך להתבשל, והם בכורים:

Your fullness. [Meaning:] the obligation that was placed upon you when your grains reach their full ripeness. This refers to בִּכּוּרִים — “the first fruits.”

ודמעך. התרומה, ואיני יודע מהו לשון דמע:

And your terumah-offering. [וְדִמְעֲךָ refers to] the terumah-offering, but, I do not know why it is called דֶמַע .

לא תאחר. לא תשנה סדר הפרשתן, לאחר את המוקדם ולהקדים את המאוחר, שלא יקדים תרומה לבכורים, ומעשר לתרומה:

You must not delay. [Meaning:] Do not alter their order of separating them [from their fruits], by separating later what should be separated earlier, i.e., he may not [separate] the terumah before [separating] the bikkurim, or the tithe offering before the terumah.

בכור בניך תתן לי. לפדותו בחמש סלעים מן הכהן, והלא כבר צוה עליו במקום אחר, אלא כדי לסמוך לו כן תעשה לשורך, מה בכור אדם לאחר ל' יום פודהו, שנאמר וּפְדוּיָיו מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ תִּפְדֶּה (במדבר יח, טז), אף בכור בהמה דקה מטפל בו ל' יום, ואחר כך נותנו לכהן:

The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me — by redeeming him for five sela’im from the kohein. But has [the Torah] not given this command elsewhere? But [the reason it is repeated here is] so as to juxtapose it to: “You must do likewise with your oxen,” [thereby teaching that] just as the first-born of man is redeemed after thirty days [from birth], as it is said: “And those that need to be redeemed, you shall redeem from a month old.” So, too, regarding the first-born of the smaller cattle: he (the owner) occupies himself with it for 30 days and, afterwards, gives it to the kohein.

22:29

כֵּֽן־תַּעֲשֶׂה לְשֹׁרְךָ לְצֹאנֶךָ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים יִהְיֶה עִם־אִמּוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי תִּתְּנוֹ־לִֽי׃

You must do likewise with your oxen and with your sheep. Seven days it shall remain with its mother. On the eighth day you must give it to Me.

You must do likewise with your oxen and with your sheep. Seven days it shall remain with its mother. On the eighth day you must give it to Me.

Rashi

שבעת ימים יהיה עם אמו. זו אזהרה לכהן, שאם בא למהר את קרבנו, לא ימהר קודם שמונה, לפי שהוא מחוסר זמן:

Seven days it shall remain with its mother. This is a warning to the kohein that if he wishes to hurry his sacrifice [of the בְּכוֹר] he may not rush to do so before the eighth day because it is “lacking in time” (i.e., premature).

ביום השמיני תתנו לי. יכול יהא חובה לבו ביום, נאמר כאן שמיני ונאמר להלן וּמִיֹום הַשְּׁמִינִי וָהָלְאָה יֵרָצֶה (ויקרא כב, כז), מה שמיני האמור להלן להכשיר משמיני ולהלן, אף שמיני האמור כאן להכשיר משמיני ולהלן (מכילתא פי"ט), וכן משמעו, וביום השמיני אתה רשאי ליתנו לי:

On the eighth day you must give it to Me. One might think that it is obligatory on that day! [This is not so for] it states here: “the eighth day”, and it states further on: “and from the eighth day onward it shall be accepted.” Just as “the eighth day” mentioned later intends to declare [the animal] fit [for sacrifice] from the eighth day and on, so, too, “the eighth day” mentioned here intends to declare [the animal] fit from the eighth day and on. Hence, this is the intended meaning of it: “And on the eighth day you are permitted to give it to Me” (i.e., to sacrifice it).

22:30

וְאַנְשֵׁי־קֹדֶשׁ תִּהְיוּן לִי וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ לַכֶּלֶב תַּשְׁלִכוּן אֹתֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

You shall be men of holiness to Me, and you must not eat flesh that was torn off in the field. Throw it to the dog.

You shall be men of holiness to Me, and you must not eat flesh that was torn off in the field. Throw it to the dog.

Rashi

ואנשי קודש תהיון לי. אם אתם קדושים ופרושים משקוצי נבלות וטרפות, הרי אתם שלי, ואם לאו אינכם שלי:

You shall be men of holiness to Me. [This is meant as a promise:] “If you will be holy and abstain from the abhorrence of [eating] neveilah and tereifah, then you are (לִי) Mine. But if not, then you are not Mine.

ובשר בשדה טרפה. אף בבית כן, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה (מכילתא פ"כ), מקום שדרך בהמות ליטרף, וכן כִּי בַשָׂדֶה מְצָאָהּ (דברים כב, כז), וכן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִהְיֶה טָהֹור מִקְּרֵה לָיְלָה (שם כג, יא), הוא הדין למקרה יום, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה. (ואונקלוס תרגם) ובשר דתליש מן חיוא חיתא, בשר שנתלש על ידי טרפת זאב או ארי (או) מן חיה כשרה או מבהמה כשרה בחייה:

Flesh that was torn off in the field. Actually the same applies within the house, but [the reason “the field” is mentioned is] the Torah speaks of what is common — the place where it is usual for animals to be torn apart [by wild beasts]. Similarly: “For he found her in the field,” Similarly: “One who is unclean as a result of a nocturnal emission,” where the same rule would apply to an emission during the day. The Torah just speaks of what is most common. However, Onkelos translates [וּבָשָׂר בַּשָֹדֶה טְרֵיפָה] as: “Flesh torn from a living animal,” i.e., flesh that was torn off as a result of an attack by a wolf or lion from a permitted beast, or from permitted cattle, while it was alive [“you must not eat”].

לכלב תשליכון אתו. אף הוא כו' או אינו אלא כלב כמשמעו בנבלה או מכור לנכרי קל וחומר לטרפה שמותרת בכל הנאות א"כ מה תלוד לומר לכלב למדך הכתוב שאין הקב"ה מקפח שכר כל בריה, שנאמר וּלְכֹל בְּנֵי יִשִׂרָאֵל לֹא יֶחֱרַץ כֶּלֶב לְשֹׁנֹו (שמות יא, ז), אמר הקב"ה תנו לו שכרו (מכילתא פ"כ):

Throw it to the dog. [You may sell it] also to a gentile. Or perhaps it refers only to a dog? The Torah therefore says regarding neveilah: “or sell it to a gentile.” [Then we may assume] a fortiori regarding tereifah: that all benefits are permitted [including selling to a gentile]. If so, why does it state: “to the dog”?! To teach you that the dog gets more respect than he. And the verse [also] teaches that God does not withhold the reward that is due to any creature. [And the dog has a reward coming] for its said: “But against any of the B’nei Yisrael no dog wagged its tongue (i.e., barked),” so God said, “Give it its due reward.”

Shemot 23

23:1

לֹא תִשָּׂא שֵׁמַע שָׁוְא אַל־תָּשֶׁת יָֽדְךָ עִם־רָשָׁע לִהְיֹת עֵד חָמָֽס׃

Do not accept a false report. Do not join hands with a wicked man to be a corrupt [false] witness.

Do not accept a false report. Do not join hands with a wicked man to be a corrupt [false] witness.

Rashi

לא תשא שמע שוא. כתרגומו לא תקבל שמע דשקר, אזהרה למקבל לשון הרע, ולדיין שלא ישמע דברי בעל דין עד שיבא בעל דין חבירו:

Do not accept a false report. As Onkelos translates it: “Do not accept a false report.” This is an admonition directed to one who accepts (i.e., believes) slanderous talk, and to a judge, that he not listen to the claims of one party until the other party arrives.

אל תשת ידך עם רשע. הטוען את חבירו תביעת שקר, שהבטיחהו להיות לו עד חמס:

Do not join hands with a wicked man. One who makes a demand on his fellow man by means of a false claim, and you promise him that you will be a corrupt witness.

23:2

לֹֽא־תִהְיֶה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּים לְרָעֹת וְלֹא־תַעֲנֶה עַל־רִב לִנְטֹת אַחֲרֵי רַבִּים לְהַטֹּֽת׃

Do not follow the majority to do evil. Do not respond with your opinion in a dispute [merely] to lean [toward one side]. It must be decided by the majority.

Do not follow the majority to do evil. Do not respond with your opinion in a dispute [merely] to lean [toward one side]. It must be decided by the majority.

Rashi

לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות. יש במקרא זה מדרשי חכמי ישראל, אבל אין לשון המקרא מיושב בהן על אופניו. מכאן דרשו שאין מטין לחובה בהכרעת דיין אחד (סנהדרין ב.), וסוף המקרא דרשו, אחרי רבים להטות, שאם יש שנים מחייבין יותר על המזכין, הטה הדין על פיהם לחובה, ובדיני נפשות הכתוב מדבר. ואמצע המקרא דרשו, ולא תענה על ריב, על רב, שאין חולקין על מופלא שבבית דין, לפיכך מתחילין בדיני נפשות מן הצד, לקטנים שבהן שואלין תחלה שיאמרו את דעתם. ולפי דברי רבותינו כך פתרון המקרא: לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעת. לחייב מיתה בשביל דיין אחד שירבו מחייבין על המזכין. ולא תענה על רב. לנטות מדבריו, ולפי שהוא חסר יו"ד דרשו בו כן. אחרי רבים להטת. ויש רבים שאתה נוטה אחריהם, ואימתי, בזמן שהן שנים המכריעין במחייבין יותר מן המזכין. וממשמע שנאמר לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות, שומע אני אבל היה עמהם לטובה, מכאן אמרו דיני נפשות מטין על פי אחד לזכות ועל פי שנים לחובה. ואונקלוס תרגם לא תתמנע מלאלפא מה דבעינך על דינא, ולשון העברי לפי התרגום כך הוא נדרש: לא תענה על ריב לנטות, אם ישאלך דבר למשפט, לא תענה לנטות לצד אחד ולסלק עצמך מן הריב, אלא הוי דן אותו לאמיתו.

Do not follow the majority to do evil. Regarding this verse, there are various expositions by the Sages of Yisrael but they do not fit the arrangement of the verse: From here they derived that a guilty verdict should not be arrived at by a majority of one judge. And they explain the end of the verse as follows: “It must be decided by a majority,” [meaning] that if there are two more for conviction than there are for acquital, then decide the case according to them (the majority) for a guilty verdict. [According to this explanation] this verse is dealing with capital crimes. And they explained the middle of the verse as follows: וְלֹא תַעֲנֶה עַל רִיב [should be understood] [as if it were written] עַל רַב (against the elder), i.e., that one must not contradict a more eminent member of the court. It is for this reason that in capital cases we begin [hearing the opinions of the judges] from the side [benches], i.e., the youngest among them are the first ones asked to state their opinion. According to [the above] words of our Sages, the interpretation of the verse is as follows: Do not follow the majority to do evil — to sentence [a defendant] to death on account of the judge [whose vote] causes those favoring conviction to outnumber those who vote for acquital. Do not dispute an elder — by veering from his opinion. It is because [the word רִיב] is missing the letter yod that they explained it thus. It must be decided by the majority. There is a majority to whose view you may lean. When is this so? When the majority for conviction outnumber by two those who vote to acquit. From that which is implied by what is said: “Do not follow the majority [of one] to do evil” I may derive: But, you may be with them (i.e., rule like them) if it is for good (i.e., to acquit the defendant). It is from here that they (the Sages) said: In case of capital offenses, the decision to acquit may be based on a majority of one but to convict there must be a majority of two. Onkelos translates [לֹא תַעֲנֶה עַל רִיב לִנְטוֹת]: “Do not refrain from conveying your opinion when asked about anything pertaining to a court case.” The Hebrew, according to Onkelos, should be explained as follows: Do not respond in a dispute to lean. [I.e.] if your opinion is asked in a court case do not respond by leaning to one side in order to remove yourself from the dispute, but decide the matter based on the truth. [The above are the explanations of the Sages and Onkelos...] But I offer an explanation to fit the verse’s arrangement according to its plain meaning. And this is its interpretation:

ואני אומר לישבו על אופניו כפשוטו וכך פתרונו. לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות. אם ראית רשעים מטין משפט, לא תאמר הואיל ורבים הם הנני נוטה אחריהם:

Do not follow the majority to do evil. If you see wicked men distorting justice, do not say: “since they are the majority I may as well lean towards them.”

ולא תענה על ריב לנטות וגו'. ואם ישאלך הנדון על אותו המשפט, אל תעננו על הריב דבר הנוטה אחרי אותן רבים להטות את המשפט מאמיתו, אלא אמור את המשפט כאשר הוא, וקולר יהא תלוי בצואר הרבים:

Do not respond, in dispute, to lean, etc. And if the defendant should ask you [your opinion] regarding that judgment, do not respond to him, about the dispute, with a statement that leans towards the majority opinion, thereby distorting the judgment from the truth. But rather render the decision as it really is and let the collar (i.e., the responsibility) hang from the necks of the majority.

23:3

וְדָל לֹא תֶהְדַּר בְּרִיבֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

Do not show favor [even] to the poor in his dispute.

Do not show favor [even] to the poor in his dispute.

Rashi

לא תהדר. לא תחלוק לו כבוד לזכותו בדין ולומר, דל הוא אזכנו ואכבדנו:

Do not show favor. Do not show special regard for him by finding in his favor in a lawsuit, and say, “He is poor. I will find in his favor and show him regard.”

23:4

כִּי תִפְגַּע שׁוֹר אֹֽיִבְךָ אוֹ חֲמֹרוֹ תֹּעֶה הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

If you come across your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, bring it back to him.

If you come across your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, bring it back to him.

23:5

כִּֽי־תִרְאֶה חֲמוֹר שֹׂנַאֲךָ רֹבֵץ תַּחַת מַשָּׂאוֹ וְחָדַלְתָּ מֵעֲזֹב לוֹ עָזֹב תַּעֲזֹב עִמּֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

If you see the donkey of your enemy lying under its burden, and you might not want to help him, [but you should] make every effort to help him.

If you see the donkey of your enemy lying under its burden, and you might not want to help him, [but you should] make every effort to help him.

Rashi

כי תראה חמור שונאך וגו'. הרי כי משמש בלשון דלמא, שהוא מד' לשונות של שמושי כי, וכה פתרונו, שמא תראה חמורו רובץ תחת משאו: וחדלת מעזוב לו. בתמיה:

If you see the donkey of your enemy, etc. Here you have the word כִּי being used to mean: “perhaps” (or “possibly”), which is one of the four meanings that the word כִּי is used to express. This is, then, how [the verse] is to be interpreted: It is possible that you might see his donkey lying under its burden — and you might not want to help him? Incredulously, with amazement.

עזב תעזב עמו. עזיבה זו לשון עזרה, וכן עָצוּר וְעָזוּב (מלכים־א יד, י), וכן וַיַּעַזְבוּ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם עַד הַחֹומָה (נחמיה ג, ח), מלאוה עפר לעזוב ולסייע את חוזק החומה. כיוצא בו, כִּי תֹאמַר בִּלְבָבְךָ רַבִּים הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה מִמֶּנִּי וגו' (דברים ז, יז), שמא תאמר כן, בתמיה, לֹא תִירָא מֵהֶם. ומדרשו כך דרשו רבותינו, כי תראה וחדלת, פעמים שאתה חודל ופעמים שאתה עוזר, הא כיצד, זקן ואינו לפי כבודו, וחדלת, או בהמת עובד כוכבים ומשאו של ישראל (בבא מציעא לב:), וחדלת:

Make every effort to help him. This word עֲזִיבָה has the meaning of “helping.” Similarly: “aided and (עָזוּב) helped” Similarly: “(וַיַּעֲזְבוּ) They helped Jerusalem up to the wall,” [meaning:] they filled it with earth to help and support the strength of the wall. A similar [use of the word כִּי as “possibly”]: “כִּי you will say in your heart, ‘These nations are many more than I, etc.’” [meaning:] “Could you possibly say this?! incredulously, with amazement... [therefore] “Do not be afraid of them.” As for its midrashic explanation, this is the way our Sages expounded it: “If you will see ... you may refrain.” [This indicates that] there are times that you may refrain [from helping] and there are times that you must help. When does this apply? If he is an elderly man and it is beneath his dignity [then] וְחָדַלְתָּ — “you may refrain” [applies]. Or if it is the animal of a gentile and the load of a Jew [then] וְחָדַלְתָּ [applies].

עזב תעזב עמו. לפרק המשא, מלמשקל ליה, מליטול משאוי ממנו:

You should make every effort to help him — to unload the burden, [as Onkelos translates the words מֵעֲזוֹב לוֹ]: “from removing a load from it.”

23:6

לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפַּט אֶבְיֹנְךָ בְּרִיבֽוֹ׃

Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.

Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.

Rashi

אבינך. לשון אובה, שהוא מדולדל ותאב לכל טובה (שם קיא:):

Your needy. [אֶבְיֹנְךָ is] from the root אבה — “longing,” for he is destitute and longs for anything good.

23:7

מִדְּבַר־שֶׁקֶר תִּרְחָק וְנָקִי וְצַדִּיק אַֽל־תַּהֲרֹג כִּי לֹא־אַצְדִּיק רָשָֽׁע׃

Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.

Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.

Rashi

ונקי וצדיק אל תהרג. מנין ליוצא מבית דין חייב, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו זכות, שמחזירין אותו, תלמוד לומר ונקי אל תהרוג, ואף על פי שאינו צדיק, שלא נצטדק בבית דין, מכל מקום נקי הוא מדין מיתה, שהרי יש לך לזכותו. ומנין ליוצא מבית דין זכאי, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו חובה שאין מחזירין אותו לבית דין, תלמוד לומר וצדיק אל תהרג, וזה צדיק הוא, שנצטדק בבית דין:

Do not kill an innocent righteous man. From where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been convicted and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his innocence!” that we bring him (the defendant) back? Because the Torah states (addressing the court): “Do not kill an innocent man.” And though he may not be a righteous man for he has not yet been acquitted in court, nevertheless he is (נָקִי) innocent from a death verdict for you must try to vindicate him. And from where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been found innocent, and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his guilt,” that we do not bring him back to court? Because the Torah states: “Do not kill a righteous person!” And this [defendant] is considered righteous for he has been acquitted by the court —

כי לא אצדיק רשע. אין עליך להחזירו, כי אני לא אצדיקנו בדינו אם יצא מידך זכאי, יש לי שלוחים הרבה להמיתו במיתה שנתחייב בה:

for I will not acquit a wicked person. There is no need for you to bring him back for I will not vindicate him when I judge him,” [because even] if he has left your hands acquitted, I have many agents to put him to death, with that death to which he is actually liable.

23:8

וְשֹׁחַד לֹא תִקָּח כִּי הַשֹּׁחַד יְעַוֵּר פִּקְחִים וִֽיסַלֵּף דִּבְרֵי צַדִּיקִֽים׃

Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.

Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.

Rashi

ושחד לא תקח. אפילו לשפוט אמת, וכל שכן כדי להטות את הדין, שהרי כדי להטות את הדין נאמר כבר לא תטה משפט:

Do not accept bribery. Even if you intend to judge truthfully. And it is certainly [prohibited] [when you take the bribe] to pervert justice. For regarding the perversion of justice it has already been stated: “Do not distort justice!”

יעור פקחים. ואפילו חכם בתורה ונוטל שוחד, סוף שתטרף דעתו עליו, וישתכח תלמודו, ויכהה מאור עיניו (מכילתא פ"כ):

Blinds the clear-sighted. Even if he is wise in the Torah and takes a bribe, his mind will ultimately become muddled and he will forget his learning and the light of his eyes will dim.

ויסלף. כתרגומו ומקלקל:

And perverts. As Onkelos translates it: “ruins.”

דברי צדיקים. דברים המצודקים, משפטי אמת, וכן תרגומו פתגמין תריצין, ישרים:

The words of justice. [דִבְרֵי צַדִיקִים means:] words that are just, i.e., the judgments of truth (viz., the Torah). So, too, does Onkelos translate it: “words that are תְּרִיצִין — righteous.”

23:9

וְגֵר לֹא תִלְחָץ וְאַתֶּם יְדַעְתֶּם אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הַגֵּר כִּֽי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.

Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.

Rashi

וגר לא תלחץ. בהרבה מקומות הזהירה תורה על הגר, מפני שסורו רע (בבא מציעא נט:):

Do not oppress a stranger. In many places, the Torah issues warnings regarding the גֵר because סורו (his inclination) is bad.

את נפש הגר. כמה קשה לו כשלוחצים אותו:

The soul of the stranger. How hard it is for him when he is oppressed.

23:10

וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים תִּזְרַע אֶת־אַרְצֶךָ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת־תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ׃

You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.

You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.

Rashi

ואספת את תבואתה. לשון הכנסה לבית, כמו וַאֲסַפְתֹּו אֶל תֹּוךְ בֵּיתֶךָ (דברים כב, ב):

And gather its crops. [וְאָסַפְתָּ is] a term for “bringing into the house,” “You shall gather it into your house.”

23:11

וְהַשְּׁבִיעִת תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ וְאָֽכְלוּ אֶבְיֹנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְיִתְרָם תֹּאכַל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה כֵּֽן־תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכַרְמְךָ לְזֵיתֶֽךָ׃

But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].

But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].

Rashi

תשמטנה. מעבודה:

You must let it rest — from working [the fields] —

ונטשתה. מאכילה אחר זמן הביעור. דבר אחר תשמטנה, מעבודה גמורה, כגון חרישה וזריעה. ונטשתה, מלזבל ומלקשקש:

and abandon it — from eating [its crops] after “the time of removal.” An alternate explanation [of תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ]: “You must let it rest” from real work, such as plowing and sowing; “and abandon it” from manuring and hoeing.

ויתרם תאכל חית השדה. להקיש מאכל אביון למאכל חיה, מה חיה אוכלת בלא מעשר, אף אביונים אוכלים בלא מעשר, מכאן אמרו אין מעשר בשביעית (מכילתא פ"כ):

What they leave over, beasts of the field can eat. This is to compare the food of the poor to the food of the wild beast. Just as the wild beast eats without tithing so, too, do the poor eat without tithing. It is from here that they (the Sages) stated that there is no obligation to tithe during the seventh year.

כן תעשה לכרמך. ותחלת המקרא מדבר בשדה הלבן, כמו שאמר למעלה הימנו תזרע את ארצך:

Do the same with your vineyard. But the beginning of the verse [תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ] deals with a grainfield, as it says, preceding that: “You may sow your land.”

23:12

שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂיךָ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרֶךָ וְיִנָּפֵשׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְךָ וְהַגֵּֽר׃

You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.

You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.

Rashi

וביום השביעי תשבת. אף בשנה השביעית לא תעקר שבת בראשית ממקומה (שם), שלא תאמר, הואיל וכל השנה קרויה שבת, לא תנהג בה שבת בראשית:

But on the seventh day you must cease. Even during the shemittah-year do not cancel the weekly Shabbos from its rightful place. Do not say that since the entire year is called Shabbos there is no need for you to observe the weekly Shabbos.

למען ינוח שורך וחמורך. תן לו נייח, להתיר שיהא תולש ואוכל עשבים מן הקרקע, או אינו אלא יחבשנו בתוך הבית, אמרת, אין זה נייח אלא צער:

So that your ox and your donkey may rest. [Meaning:] allow it to relax, permitting it to tear up and eat the grass from the ground. Or perhaps this is not so, but rather he must tie it within the house. To this say: this is not relaxation but suffering.

בן אמתך. בעבד הערל הכתוב מדבר (שם):

The son of your female slave. The verse here deals with an uncircumcised slave.

והגר. זה גר תושב:

And the stranger. This refers to a גֵר תּוֹשָׁב — “a settler.”

23:13

וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ וְשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ לֹא יִשָּׁמַע עַל־פִּֽיךָ׃

Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.

Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.

Rashi

ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו. לעשות כל מצות עשה באזהרה, שכל שמירה שבתורה אזהרה היא במקום לאו (יל"ש שנה, בשם המכילתא):

Preserve everything that I have said to you. This intends to make every positive precept [as stringent] as a negative precept. For wherever the Torah uses a form of שְׁמִירָה it is intended as an admonition for a negative precept.

לא תזכירו. שלא יאמר לו, שמור לי בצד עבודת אלילים פלונית (סנהדרין סג:), או תעמוד עמי ביום עבודת אלילים פלונית. דבר אחר ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו ושם אלהים אחרים לא תזכירו, ללמדך, ששקולה עבודת אלילים כנגד כל המצות כולם, והנזהר בה כשומר את כולן:

Do not mention. [Meaning:] that one may not say [to another]: “Wait for me next to such and such an idol,” or: “Stay with me on the holiday of such and such an idol.” An alternate explanation: “Preserve everything that I have said to you,” [next to:] “Do not mention the name of other gods,” comes to teach you that idol-worship is equal [in severity] to all the precepts in their entirety. And that one who is scrupulous in not transgressing it is equal to one who observes them all.

לא ישמע. מן הנכרי: על פיך. שלא תעשה שותפות עם עובדי כוכבים, וישבע לך בעבודת אלילים שלו, נמצאת שאתה גורם שיזכיר על ידך:

You must not cause it to be heard — from the gentile. Through your mouth [responsibility]. Do not make a [business] partnership with the gentile, whereby he may [ultimately] swear to you in the name of his idol, for consequently you will have caused [the idol’s name] to be mentioned through your actions.

23:14

שָׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים תָּחֹג לִי בַּשָּׁנָֽה׃

Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.

Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.

Rashi

רגלים. פעמים, וכן כִּי הִכִּיתָנִי זֶה שׁלשׁ רְגָלִים (במדבר כב, כח):

Times. [רְגָלִים means:] “times.” Similarly: “that you have struck me three (רְגָלִים) times.”

23:15

אֶת־חַג הַמַּצּוֹת תִּשְׁמֹר שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצּוֹת כַּֽאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ לְמוֹעֵד חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב כִּי־בוֹ יָצָאתָ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְלֹא־יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָֽם׃

You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.

You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.

Rashi

חדש האביב. שהתבואה מתמלאת בו באביה. אביב לשון אב, בכור וראשון לבשל פירות:

The month of aviv — when the grain ripens in its (אִבֶּיהָ) stalks. [An alternate explanation:] אָבִיב is from the word אַב i.e., “mature” and the first month to ripen its fruit.

ולא יראו פני ריקם. כשתבאו לראות פני ברגלים, הביאו לי עולות (חגיגה ז.):

Do not appear before My Presence empty handed. “When you come to appear before Me at the festivals, bring Me burnt-offerings.”

23:16

וְחַג הַקָּצִיר בִּכּוּרֵי מַעֲשֶׂיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע בַּשָּׂדֶה וְחַג הָֽאָסִף בְּצֵאת הַשָּׁנָה בְּאׇסְפְּךָ אֶֽת־מַעֲשֶׂיךָ מִן־הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃

[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.

[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.

Rashi

וחג הקציר. הוא חג שבועות:

The Festival of Harvest. This refers to the holiday of Shavuos...

בכורי מעשיך. שהוא זמן הבאת בכורים, ששתי הלחם הבאין בעצרת, היו מתירין החדש למנחות ולהביא בכורים למקדש, שנאמר וּבְיֹום הַבִּכּוּרִים וגו' (במדבר כח, כו):

The first fruits of your Labor — which is the time for bringing the first fruits because the offering of the “two loaves” which are brought on Shavuos, permit the new crop [to be used] for meal offerings and to bring bikkurim to the Beis Hamikdosh, as it is said: “On the Day of Bikkurim, etc....”

וחג האסיף. הוא חג הסוכות:

The Festival of Ingathering. This refers to the holiday of Succos —

באספך את מעשיך. שכל ימות החמה התבואה מתייבשת בשדות, ובחג אוספים אותה אל הבית מפני הגשמים:

when you gather in [the fruits] of your labor. Because the entire summer the grains dry in the fields and during the Succos [season] it is gathered indoors out of the rains.

23:17

שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כׇּל־זְכוּרְךָ אֶל־פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן ׀ יְהֹוָֽה׃

Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.

Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.

Rashi

שלש פעמים וגו'. לפי שהענין מדבר בשביעית, הוצרך לומר שלא יתעקרו שלש רגלים ממקומן (מכילתא פ"כ):

Three times, etc. Since the subject here deals with shemittah, it was necessary to state that the Three Festivals will not be cancelled from [taking place at] their allocated times.

כל זכורך. הזכרים שבך:

Every male among you. [זְכוּרְךָ means:] the males among you.

23:18

לֹֽא־תִזְבַּח עַל־חָמֵץ דַּם־זִבְחִי וְלֹֽא־יָלִין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּי עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃

You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.

You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.

Rashi

לא תזבח על חמץ וגו'. לא תשחט את הפסח בי"ד בניסן עד שתבער החמץ (מכילתא שם — פסחים סג):

You must not sacrifice — while chametz is present — etc. Do not slaughter the Pesach korbon on the fourteenth day of Nisan until you remove your chametz.

ולא ילין חלב חגי וגו'. חוץ למזבח:

You must not allow to remain overnight — the fat of My festival-offering, etc. — away from the altar —

עד בקר. יכול אף על המערכה יפסל בלינה, תלמוד לומר עַל מֹוקְדָה עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה (ויקרא ו, ב):

Until morning. One might think that even [if it were] on the wood-pile [of the altar], it would nevertheless become unfit due to its having remained overnight. Therefore the Torah says: “On the fireplace, on the altar all night.”

ולא ילין. אין לינה אלא בעמוד השחר, שנאמר עד בקר, אבל כל הלילה יכול להעלותו מן הרצפה למזבח:

You must not allow to remain overnight. It is not considered [unfit due to] לִינָה unless it [was not placed on the altar] by dawn, as it is said: “Until morning.” But the entire night he may lift it up from the ground onto the altar.

23:19

רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}

The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.

The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.

Rashi

ראשית בכורי אדמתך. אף השביעית חייבת בבכורים, לכך נאמר אף כאן בכורי אדמתך. כיצד, אדם נכנס לתוך שדהו, רואה תאנה שבכרה, כורך עליה גמי לסימן ומקדישה. ואין בכורים אלא משבעת המינין האמורין במקרא אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשׂעֹרָה וגו' (דברים ח, ח):

The beginning of the first fruits of your land. Even during the seventh year bikkurim is obligatory. It is for this reason that [the Torah] states even here [regarding the seventh year]: “The first fruits of your land.” What is the procedure [for setting aside bikkurim]? A man who, upon entering his field, sees a fig that has ripened. He ties a reed around it to identify it and thereby designates it [as bikkurim]. Bikkurim need to be brought only from the seven species which are listed in Scripture: “A land of wheat, barley, etc; (grapes, figs pomegranates, olives, dates.)”

לא תבשל גדי. אף עגל וכבש בכלל גדי, שאין גדי אלא לשון ולד רך, ממה שאתה מוצא בכמה מקומות בתורה שכתוב גדי והוצרך לפרש אחריו עזים, כגון אָנֹכִי אֲשַׁלַּח גְּדִי עִזִּים (בראשית לח, יז), אֶת גְּדִי הָעִזִים (שם כ), שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִזִּים (שם כז, ט). ללמדך שכל מקום שנאמר גדי סתם, אף עגל וכבש במשמע. ובג' מקומות נכתב בתורה, אחד לאיסור אכילה, ואחד לאיסור הנאה, ואחד לאיסור בשול (חולין קטו:):

You must not cook a young animal. A calf and a sheep are also implied in “גְּדִי” because “גְּדִי” represents any tender, newborn animal, [as can be inferred] from the fact that you find in a number of places in the Torah that גְּדִי is written, and it is necessary to explain afterward: עִזִּים — goats, for example: “I will send גְּדִי עִזִּים — a goat,” or: “the גְּדִי הָעִזִּים — goat,” or: “two גְּדַיֵי עִזִּים — goats,” thereby teaching you that wherever גְּדִי is mentioned without specification, then a calf and a sheep are also implied. [The prohibition of לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ] is written three times in the Torah: once to prohibit the eating [of meat cooked with milk], another to prohibit deriving any benefit from them, and once to prohibit cooking them.

23:20

הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ מַלְאָךְ לְפָנֶיךָ לִשְׁמׇרְךָ בַּדָּרֶךְ וְלַהֲבִיאֲךָ אֶל־הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הֲכִנֹֽתִי׃

Behold, I will send an angel before you, to guard you on the way, and to bring you to the place that I have prepared.

Behold, I will send an angel before you, to guard you on the way, and to bring you to the place that I have prepared.

Rashi

הנה אנכי שולח מלאך. כאן נתבשרו שעתידין לחטוא ושכינה אומרת להם כִּי לֹא אֶעֱלֶה בְּקִרְבְּךָ (שמות לג, ג):

Behold, I will send an angel. Here they are foretold that they are destined to sin, and the Shechinah would then say to them: “For I will not go up among you.”

אשר הכנותי. אשר זמנתי לתת לכם, זהו פשוטו. ומדרשו, אל המקום אשר הכינותי כבר, מקומי ניכר כנגדו, וזה אחד מן המקראות שאומרים שבית המקדש של מעלה, מכוון כנגד בית המקדש של מטה:

That I have prepared. That I have prepared to give to you (i.e., Eretz Yisrael). That is its plain meaning. But its midrashic explanation is: “to the place that I have established [for the Temple] [for] My Place (i.e., the Temple of Heaven) has already been set up in line with it. This is one of the verses [in Scripture] which indicate that the Beis Hamikdosh of Heaven is directly in line with the Beis Hamikdosh below.

23:21

הִשָּׁמֶר מִפָּנָיו וּשְׁמַע בְּקֹלוֹ אַל־תַּמֵּר בּוֹ כִּי לֹא יִשָּׂא לְפִשְׁעֲכֶם כִּי שְׁמִי בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃

Be careful in his presence and heed [obey] his voice. Do not rebel against him; for he cannot bear [pardon] your transgression, as My Name is in him.

Be careful in his presence and heed [obey] his voice. Do not rebel against him; for he cannot bear [pardon] your transgression, as My Name is in him.

Rashi

אל תמר בו. לשון המראה, כמו אֲשֶׁר יַמְרֶה אֶת פִּיךָ (יהושע א, יח):

Do not rebel against him. תַּמֵּר is from the same root as הַמְרָאָה — “robbing,” as in: “Whoever (יַמְרֶה) will rebel against your order.”

כי לא ישא לפשעכם. אינו מלומד בכך, שהוא מן הכת שאין חוטאין, ועוד, שהוא שליח, ואינו עושה אלא שליחותו:

For he cannot bear your transgression. He is not accustomed to this (the act of sinning) for he is of the group [of beings] who do not sin. An alternate explanation: [He has no power to forgive] for he is only a messenger and can only to do his mission.

כי שמי בקרבו. מחובר לראש המקרא, השמר מפניו כי שמי משותף בו. ורבותינו אמרו, זה מטטרו"ן, ששמו כשם רבו, מטטרו"ן בגימטריא שדי:

As My Name is in him. This follows the beginning of the verse: “Be careful in his presence... for My Name is linked with him.” Our Sages said that this angel is Metatron whose name is the same as his Master’s (God) for מְטַטְרוֹן has the same numerical value as שַׁדַּי (314).

23:22

כִּי אִם־שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקֹלוֹ וְעָשִׂיתָ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֲדַבֵּר וְאָֽיַבְתִּי אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּי אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽיךָ׃

But if you truly listen to [obey] his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and attack those who attack you.

But if you truly listen to [obey] his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and attack those who attack you.

Rashi

וצרתי. כתרגומו ואעיק:

And I will attack. As Onkelos translates it: וְאָעִיק — “I will oppress.”

23:23

כִּֽי־יֵלֵךְ מַלְאָכִי לְפָנֶיךָ וֶהֱבִֽיאֲךָ אֶל־הָֽאֱמֹרִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וְהִכְחַדְתִּֽיו׃

My messenger will go before you, and will bring you into [the land of] the Emorites, the Chittites, the Perizzites, the Canaanites, Chivites, and the Yevusites, and I will then annihilate them.

My messenger will go before you, and will bring you into [the land of] the Emorites, the Chittites, the Perizzites, the Canaanites, Chivites, and the Yevusites, and I will then annihilate them.

23:24

לֹֽא־תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶם וְלֹא תׇֽעׇבְדֵם וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂיהֶם כִּי הָרֵס תְּהָרְסֵם וְשַׁבֵּר תְּשַׁבֵּר מַצֵּבֹתֵיהֶֽם׃

You must not prostrate yourself to their gods, nor serve [sacrifice to] them. You must not adopt their customs. You must totally destroy [their idols] and completely break down their monuments.

You must not prostrate yourself to their gods, nor serve [sacrifice to] them. You must not adopt their customs. You must totally destroy [their idols] and completely break down their monuments.

Rashi

הרס תהרסם. לאותם אלהות:

You must [totally] destroy — their idols.

מצבותיהם. אבנים שהם מציבין להשתחוות להם:

Their monuments. The stones that they set up [for the purpose] of bowing down to them.

23:25

וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֵת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם וּבֵרַךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְךָ וְאֶת־מֵימֶיךָ וַהֲסִרֹתִי מַחֲלָה מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס}        

You must serve Adonoy, your God, and He will bless your bread and your water. I will eliminate sickness from your midst.

You must serve Adonoy, your God, and He will bless your bread and your water. I will eliminate sickness from your midst.

23:26

לֹא תִהְיֶה מְשַׁכֵּלָה וַעֲקָרָה בְּאַרְצֶךָ אֶת־מִסְפַּר יָמֶיךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא׃

No woman will suffer miscarriage or remain childless in your land. I will cause the number of your days to be full.

No woman will suffer miscarriage or remain childless in your land. I will cause the number of your days to be full.

Rashi

לא תהיה משכלה. אם תעשה רצוני:

No woman will suffer miscarriage — if you act according to My will.

משכלה. מפלת נפלים או קוברת את בניה, קרויה משכלה:

מְשַׁכֵּלָה . [A woman] who suffers miscarriages or buries her children is called a מְשַׁכֵּלָה .

23:27

אֶת־אֵֽימָתִי אֲשַׁלַּח לְפָנֶיךָ וְהַמֹּתִי אֶת־כׇּל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר תָּבֹא בָּהֶם וְנָתַתִּי אֶת־כׇּל־אֹיְבֶיךָ אֵלֶיךָ עֹֽרֶף׃

I will send My dread ahead of you, and I will bring panic to all the people among whom you will come. I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.

I will send My dread ahead of you, and I will bring panic to all the people among whom you will come. I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.

Rashi

והמותי. כמו והממתי, ותרגומו ואשגש. וכן כל תיבה שפועל שלה בכפל אות אחרונה, כשתהפוך לדבר בלשון פעלתי, יש מקומות שנוטל אות הכפולה ומדגיש את האות ונוקדו במלאפו"ם, כגון והמותי, מגזרת וְהָמַם גִּלְגַּל עֶגְלָתֹו (ישעיה כח, כח). וְסַבֹּותִי, מגזרת וְסָבַב בֵּית אֵל (שמואל־א ז, טז). דַּלֹותִי, מגזרת דָּלְלוּ וְחָרְבוּ (ישעיה יט, ו). עַל כַּפַּיִם חַקֹתִיךְ (שם מט, טז), מגזרת חִקְקֵי לֵב (שופטים ה, טו). אֶת מִי רַצֹּותִי (שמואל־א יב, ג), מגזרת רִצַּץ עָזַב דַּלִּים (איוב כ, יט). והמתרגם והמותי, ואקטל, טועה הוא, שאלו מגזרת מיתה היתה, אין ה"א שלה בפת"ח, ולא מ"ם שלה מודגשת, ולא נקודה מלאפו"ם. אלא וְהֵמַתִּי (בצירי) כגון וְהֵמַתָּה אֶת הָעָם הַזֶּה (במדבר יד, טו), והתי"ו מודגשת לפי שתבא במקום ב' תוי"ן, האחת נשרשת לפי שאין מיתה בלא תי"ו, והאחרת משמשת כמו אמרתי, חטאתי, עשיתי. וכן ונתתי, התי"ו מודגשת, שהיא באה במקום שתים, לפי שהיה צריך שלשה תוי"ן, שתים ליסוד כמו בְּיֹום תֵּת ה' (יהושע י, יב), מַתַּת אֱלֹהִים הִיא (קהלת ג, יג), והשלישית לשמוש:

I will bring panic. וְהַמֹּתִי is the same as וְהָמַמְתִּי . Onkelos translates it וֶאֱשַׁגֵּשׁ — “I will confuse.” This is true of any word whose verb-root has its last root-letter doubled, when it is conjugated in the פָּעַלְתִּי form. There are instances where the doubled letter is taken and given a dagesh and vocalized with a melopum (cholam), for example: וְהַמֹּתִי from the root: “(וְהָמַם) A confused sound was made by the wheel of his cart,” [or:] וְסַבּוֹתִי — “I circled” from the same root as: “(וְסָבַב) He circled Beth El,” [or:] דַּלּוֹתִי — “I was brought low” from the root: “(דָּלְלוּ) They became low and dried up,” [or:] “(חַקֹּתִיךְ) I have engraved you on the hands,” from the same root as: “(חִקְקֵי) engraved in the heart,” [or:] “whom have (רַצּוֹתִי) I crushed,” from the same root as: “(רִצַּץ) He has crushed and abandoned the poor.” Whoever translates וְהַמּוֹתִי as: “I will kill” is in error, for if it were from the root מִיתָה then its ה' would not receive a patach nor would its מ' get a dagesh, and its vowel would not be a melopum (cholam), but [would take the form:] וְהֵמַתִּי, as in “(וְהֵמַתָּה) You shall kill this nation.” And [the reason that] the ת' [of וְהֵמַתָּה] is with a dagesh is because it is in place of two letters ת', one of them being part of the root for no form of the word מִיתָה exists without a ת', and the other one serving as [a suffix-letter], as in: אָמַרְתִּי — “I said,” חָטָאתִי — “I sinned,” עָשִׂיתִי — “I did.” Similarly: the ת' of וְנָתַתִּי has a dagesh because it comes in the place of two [letters ת'], for it should have been written with three letters ת': two as part of the root, as in: “On the day (תֵּת ה') that God gave,” [or:] “It is (מַתַּת) a gift from God”; and the third [letter ת'] serves as a suffix.

עורף. שינוסו מלפניך ויהפכו לך ערפם:

Their Backs. [I.e.] that they will flee from you and thereby turn the backs of their necks to you.

23:28

וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת־הַצִּרְעָה לְפָנֶיךָ וְגֵרְשָׁה אֶת־הַחִוִּי אֶת־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי וְאֶת־הַחִתִּי מִלְּפָנֶֽיךָ׃

I will send [deadly] hornets ahead of you, and they will drive out the Chivites, the Canaanites, and the Chittites from before you.

I will send [deadly] hornets ahead of you, and they will drive out the Chivites, the Canaanites, and the Chittites from before you.

Rashi

הצרעה. מין שרץ העוף, והיתה מכה אותם בעיניהם, ומטילה בהם ארס והם מתים. והצרעה לא עברה את הירדן (סוטה לו.): והחתי והכנעני. הם ארץ סיחון ועוג, לפיכך מכל ז' אומות לא מנה כאן אלא אלו. וחוי, אף על פי שהוא מעבר הירדן והלאה, שנו רבותינו במסכת סוטה (שם), על שפת הירדן עמדה וזרקה בהם מרה:

The hornets. It is a kind of flying insect which would strike them in their eyes and inject a poison into them, and they would die. The hornets did not cross the Jordan River and the Chittites and Canaanites [mentioned here as being driven out] were from Sichon and Og. It is for this reason that of all seven nations, only these [three] are enumerated here. [The fact that] the Chivites [are mentioned here], though they resided on the other side of the Jordan and somewhat further on, is explained by our Sages in Maseches Sotah: It (the hornet) stood at the edge of the Jordan and hurled the poison into them.

23:29

לֹא אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ בְּשָׁנָה אֶחָת פֶּן־תִּהְיֶה הָאָרֶץ שְׁמָמָה וְרַבָּה עָלֶיךָ חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃

I will not drive them out in a single year, lest the land become desolate, and the beasts of the field multiply against you.

I will not drive them out in a single year, lest the land become desolate, and the beasts of the field multiply against you.

Rashi

שממה. ריקנית מבני אדם, לפי שאתם מעט ואין בכם כדי למלאות אותה:

Desolate. [I.e.,] empty of people, since you are few and there are not enough of you to fill it.

ורבה עליך. ותרבה עליך:

Will multiply against you. וְרַבָּה עָלֶיךָ is to be understood as וְתַרְבֶּה עָלֶיךָ .

23:30

מְעַט מְעַט אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ עַד אֲשֶׁר תִּפְרֶה וְנָחַלְתָּ אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

Little by little I will drive them from before you, until you have increased and occupy the land.

Little by little I will drive them from before you, until you have increased and occupy the land.

Rashi

עד אשר תפרה. תרבה, לשון פרי, כמו פרו ורבו:

Until you have increased. [תִּפְרֶה meaning:] increased, from the word פְּרִי (fruit), as in: “(פְּרוּ) Be fruitful and multiply.”

23:31

וְשַׁתִּי אֶת־גְּבֻלְךָ מִיַּם־סוּף וְעַד־יָם פְּלִשְׁתִּים וּמִמִּדְבָּר עַד־הַנָּהָר כִּי ׀ אֶתֵּן בְּיֶדְכֶם אֵת יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ וְגֵרַשְׁתָּמוֹ מִפָּנֶֽיךָ׃

I will set your borders from the Reed Sea to the Philistine Sea, and from the desert to the [Euphrates] river, for I will deliver into your hands all the inhabitants of the land, and you will drive them away before you.

I will set your borders from the Reed Sea to the Philistine Sea, and from the desert to the [Euphrates] river, for I will deliver into your hands all the inhabitants of the land, and you will drive them away before you.

Rashi

ושתי. לשון השתה, והתי"ו מודגשת מפני שבאה תחת שתים, שאין שיתה בלא תי"ו, והאחת לשמוש:

I will set. [וְשַׁתִּי is] from the word הֲשָׁתָה — “setting.” The letter ת' carries a dagesh because it comes in the place of two [letters ת'], for any form of שִׁיתָה must have a ת' while the other one is a suffix.

עד הנהר. פרת:

To the river. The Euphrates.

וגרשתמו. ותגרשם:

וְגֵרַשְׁתָּמוֹ . And you will drive them away.

23:32

לֹֽא־תִכְרֹת לָהֶם וְלֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶם בְּרִֽית׃

Do not make a pact with them or with their gods.

Do not make a pact with them or with their gods.

23:33

לֹא יֵשְׁבוּ בְּאַרְצְךָ פֶּן־יַחֲטִיאוּ אֹתְךָ לִי כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת־אֱלֹהֵיהֶם כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה לְךָ לְמוֹקֵֽשׁ׃ {פ}

Do not allow them to live in your land, since they may cause you to sin to Me; that you [might] worship their gods, and this would be a [fatal] trap to you.

Do not allow them to live in your land, since they may cause you to sin to Me; that you [might] worship their gods, and this would be a [fatal] trap to you.

Rashi

כי תעבד וגו'. הרי אלו כי משמשין במקום אשר, וכן בכמה מקומות, וזהו לשון אי, שהוא אחד מד' לשונות שהכי משמש, וגם מצינו בהרבה מקומות אם משמש בלשון אשר, כמו וְאִם תַּקְרִיב מִנְחַת בִּכּוּרִים (ויקרא ב, יד), שהיא חובה:

That you [might] worship. Here you have the word כִּי used in the sense of אֲשֶׁר . This is also true in various places. This (the usage here) is actually אִי which is one of the four meanings of כִּי . We often find [the word] אִם being used to convey אֲשֶׁר, as in: “וְאִם you will offer a minchah of the first fruit” which is actually obligatory.

Shemot 24

24:1

וְאֶל־מֹשֶׁה אָמַר עֲלֵה אֶל־יְהֹוָה אַתָּה וְאַהֲרֹן נָדָב וַאֲבִיהוּא וְשִׁבְעִים מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִשְׁתַּחֲוִיתֶם מֵרָחֹֽק׃

He [God] had said to Moshe, ‘Go up to [the Presence of] Adonoy, you, Aharon, Nadav, Avihu, and seventy of the elders of [the B’nei] Yisrael, and prostrate yourselves at a distance.

He [God] had said to Moshe, ‘Go up to [the Presence of] Adonoy, you, Aharon, Nadav, Avihu, and seventy of the elders of [the B’nei] Yisrael, and prostrate yourselves at a distance.

Rashi

ואל משה אמר. פרשה זו נאמרה קודם עשרת הדברות, ובד' בסיון נאמרה לו עלה:

He (God) had said to Moshe, “Go up.. .” This section was said before [the giving] of the Ten Commandments and it was on the 4th of Sivan that, “Go up!” was said to him.

24:2

וְנִגַּשׁ מֹשֶׁה לְבַדּוֹ אֶל־יְהֹוָה וְהֵם לֹא יִגָּשׁוּ וְהָעָם לֹא יַעֲלוּ עִמּֽוֹ׃

Moshe alone shall approach [the Presence of] Adonoy, but they must not approach, and the people must not go up with him.”

Moshe alone shall approach [the Presence of] Adonoy, but they must not approach, and the people must not go up with him.”

Rashi

ונגש משה לבדו. אל הערפל:

Moshe alone shall approach — to the dense cloud (above, 20, 18).

24:3

וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וַיְסַפֵּר לָעָם אֵת כׇּל־דִּבְרֵי יְהֹוָה וְאֵת כׇּל־הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וַיַּעַן כׇּל־הָעָם קוֹל אֶחָד וַיֹּאמְרוּ כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה נַעֲשֶֽׂה׃

Moshe came and told the people all the words of Adonoy, and all the laws. The people responded with one voice and said, “All the words that Adonoy has spoken, we will do.”

Moshe came and told the people all the words of Adonoy, and all the laws. The people responded with one voice and said, “All the words that Adonoy has spoken, we will do.”

Rashi

ויבא משה ויספר לעם. בו ביום:

Moshe came and told the people — on that same day.

את כל דברי ה'. מצות, פרישה, והגבלה:

All the words of Adonoy. [I.e.] the command to separate [from their wives] and the setting up of boundaries [at Mount Sinai].

ואת כל המשפטים. ז' מצות שנצטוו בני נח, ושבת, וכבוד אב ואם, ופרה אדומה, ודינין, שניתנו להם במרה (מכילתא בחדש פ"ג):

And all the laws. [I.e.] the seven mitzvos given to the descendants of Noach [as well as the mitzvos of:] Shabbos, honoring one’s parents, the red heifer, and administering justice which were given to them in Marah.

24:4

וַיִּכְתֹּב מֹשֶׁה אֵת כׇּל־דִּבְרֵי יְהֹוָה וַיַּשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ תַּחַת הָהָר וּשְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַצֵּבָה לִשְׁנֵים עָשָׂר שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Moshe wrote down all the words of Adonoy. He arose early in the morning, and built an altar beneath the mountain, and [also] twelve monuments [pillars] for the twelve tribes of [the B’nei] Yisrael.

Moshe wrote down all the words of Adonoy. He arose early in the morning, and built an altar beneath the mountain, and [also] twelve monuments [pillars] for the twelve tribes of [the B’nei] Yisrael.

Rashi

ויכתוב משה. מבראשית ועד מתן תורה, וכתב מצות שנצטוו במרה (שם):

Moshe wrote down — [everything] from Bereishis until the giving of the Torah and he also wrote down the mitzvos that they were commanded at Marah.

וישכם בבקר. בחמשה בסיון:

He arose early in the morning — on the fifth of Sivan.

24:5

וַיִּשְׁלַח אֶֽת־נַעֲרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַֽיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת וַֽיִּזְבְּחוּ זְבָחִים שְׁלָמִים לַיהֹוָה פָּרִֽים׃

He sent the youths [first-born] of B’nei Yisrael and they offered burnt-offerings, and sacrificed oxen as peace-offerings to Adonoy.

He sent the youths [first-born] of B’nei Yisrael and they offered burnt-offerings, and sacrificed oxen as peace-offerings to Adonoy.

Rashi

את נערי. הבכורות:

The young men. [I.e.] the first-born.

24:6

וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה חֲצִי הַדָּם וַיָּשֶׂם בָּאַגָּנֹת וַחֲצִי הַדָּם זָרַק עַל־הַמִּזְבֵּֽחַ׃

Moshe took half the blood and put it in the basins, and [the other] half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar.

Moshe took half the blood and put it in the basins, and [the other] half of the blood he sprinkled on the altar.

Rashi

ויקח משה חצי הדם. מי חלקו, מלאך בא וחלקו:

Moshe took half the blood. Who divided it?! An angel came and divided it.

באגנות. שתי אגנות, אחד לחצי דם עולה, ואחד לחצי דם שלמים, להזות אותם על העם. ומכאן למדו רבותינו, שנכנסו אבותינו לברית במילה וטבילה והזאת דמים, שאין הזאה בלא טבילה:

In the basins. There were two basins — one for half the blood of the burnt-offering, and one for half the blood of the peace-offerings so as to sprinkle them both on the people. It is from here that our Sages concluded that our forefathers entered the Covenant through circumcision, immersion and the sprinkling of sacrificial blood. [Immersion is indicated by the fact that] there is no sprinkling [that is valid] which is not preceded by immersion.

24:7

וַיִּקַּח סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית וַיִּקְרָא בְּאׇזְנֵי הָעָם וַיֹּאמְרוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה נַעֲשֶׂה וְנִשְׁמָֽע׃

He then took the Book of the Covenant, and read it in the ears of the people. They said, “All that Adonoy has spoken, we will do and we will listen.”

He then took the Book of the Covenant, and read it in the ears of the people. They said, “All that Adonoy has spoken, we will do and we will listen.”

Rashi

ספר הברית. מבראשית ועד מתן תורה, ומצות שנצטוו במרה:

The Book of the Covenant — from Bereishis till the Giving of the Torah and the mitzvos they were commanded in Marah.

24:8

וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת־הַדָּם וַיִּזְרֹק עַל־הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה דַֽם־הַבְּרִית אֲשֶׁר כָּרַת יְהֹוָה עִמָּכֶם עַל כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵֽלֶּה׃

Moshe then took the blood and cast it on the people, and he said, “Behold, this is the blood of the covenant which Adonoy has made with you regarding all these words.”

Moshe then took the blood and cast it on the people, and he said, “Behold, this is the blood of the covenant which Adonoy has made with you regarding all these words.”

Rashi

ויזרוק. ענין הזאה, ותרגומו וזרק על מדבחא לכפרא על עמא:

He cast. [וַיִּזְרֹק has] the meaning of sprinkling. However, Onkelos translates it [literally]: “He cast it on the altar to atone for the people.”

24:9

וַיַּעַל מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן נָדָב וַאֲבִיהוּא וְשִׁבְעִים מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Moshe and Aharon then went up along with Nadav and Avihu, and seventy of the elders of [the B’nei] Yisrael.

Moshe and Aharon then went up along with Nadav and Avihu, and seventy of the elders of [the B’nei] Yisrael.

24:10

וַיִּרְאוּ אֵת אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְתַחַת רַגְלָיו כְּמַעֲשֵׂה לִבְנַת הַסַּפִּיר וּכְעֶצֶם הַשָּׁמַיִם לָטֹֽהַר׃

They saw [a vision of] the God of Yisrael, and under His feet [there was something] like a brickwork of sapphire, and it was like the essence of heaven in purity.

They saw [a vision of] the God of Yisrael, and under His feet [there was something] like a brickwork of sapphire, and it was like the essence of heaven in purity.

Rashi

ויראו את אלהי ישראל. נסתכלו והציצו ונתחייבו מיתה, אלא שלא רצה הקב"ה לערבב שמחת התורה, והמתין לנדב ואביהוא עד יום חנוכת המשכן, ולזקנים עד וַיְהִי הָעָם כְּמִתְאֹנֲנִים וגו' וַתִּבְעַר בָּם אֵש ה' וַתֹּאכַל בִּקְצֵה הַמַּחֲנֶה, בקצינים שבמחנה:

They saw [a vision of] the God of Yisrael. They intentionally looked and intently gazed and thereby became liable to death. But God did not want to disturb the joy [of the receiving] of the Torah and therefore waited to punish Nadav and Avihu until the day that the Mishkon was dedicated. As for the elders [He waited] until: “The people were as complainers, etc. and a fire from God burnt among them and consumed בִּקְצֵה of the camp,” [בִּקְצֵה meaning] the leaders of the camp.

כמעשה לבנת הספיר. היא היתה לפניו בשעת השעבוד, לזכור צרתן של ישראל שהיו משועבדים במעשה לבנים:

Like a brickwork of sapphire. This was before Him at the time of their enslavement, as a reminder of the oppression of Israel, for they were subjugated to do brick-work.

וכעצם השמים לטהר. משנגאלו היה אור וחדוה לפניו:

And like the essence of heaven in purity. [This symbolizes that] when they were redeemed there was light and joy before Him.

וכעצם. כתרגומו לשון מראה:

And like the essence. וּכְעֶצֶם should be translated as Onkelos does — a term meaning appearance.

לטהר. לשון ברור וצלול:

In purity. לָטֹהַר has the meaning of bright and clear.

24:11

וְאֶל־אֲצִילֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא שָׁלַח יָדוֹ וַיֶּֽחֱזוּ אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּֽוּ׃ {ס}        

But against the nobility of the B’nei Yisrael, He [God] did not send His hand. They envisioned God, and they ate and drank.

But against the nobility of the B’nei Yisrael, He [God] did not send His hand. They envisioned God, and they ate and drank.

Rashi

ואל אצילי. הם נדב ואביהוא והזקנים:

But against the nobility. These were Nadav, Avihu and the elders.

לא שלח ידו. מכלל שהיו ראויים להשתלח בהם יד:

He did not send His hand (i.e., punish). Suggesting thereby that they actually deserved that a hand be sent against them.

ויחזו את האלהים. היו מסתכלין בו בלב גס, מתוך אכילה ושתייה, כך מדרש תנחומא (בהעלותך ט"ו). ואונקלוס לא תרגם כן, אצילי, לשון גדולים, כמו וּמֵאֲצִילֶיהָ קְרָאתִיךָ (ישעיה מא, ט), וַיָּאצֶל מִן הָרוּחַ (במדבר יא, כה), שֵׁשׁ אַמֹּות אַצִּילָה (יחזקאל מא, ח):

They envisioned God. They gazed at Him insolently [as someone who converses with a king] while engaged in eating and drinking. This is how Midrash Tanchuma explains it. But Onkelos does not translate it so. אֲצִילֵי means “the great ones,” as in: “I called you (מֵאֲצִילֶיהָ) from its great ones,” [or:] “(וַיָּאצֶּל) He made great some of the spirit,” “six ammos (cubits) in its great size.”

24:12

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה עֲלֵה אֵלַי הָהָרָה וֶהְיֵה־שָׁם וְאֶתְּנָה לְךָ אֶת־לֻחֹת הָאֶבֶן וְהַתּוֹרָה וְהַמִּצְוָה אֲשֶׁר כָּתַבְתִּי לְהוֹרֹתָֽם׃

Adonoy then said to Moshe, “Come up to Me to the mountain and remain there. I will give you the tablets of stone, the Torah and the commandment, which I have written [in order] to teach them.”

Adonoy then said to Moshe, “Come up to Me to the mountain and remain there. I will give you the tablets of stone, the Torah and the commandment, which I have written [in order] to teach them.”

Rashi

ויאמר ה' אל משה. לאחר מתן תורה:

Adonoy then said to Moshe — after the giving of the Torah.

עלה אלי ההרה והיה שם. מ' יום:

Come up to Me to the mountain and remain there — for forty days.

את לחת האבן והתורה והמצוה אשר כתבתי להורותם. כל שש מאות ושלש עשרה מצות בכלל עשרת הדברות הן. ורבינו סעדיה פירש באזהרות שיסד, לכל דבור ודבור מצות התלויות בו:

The tablets of stone, the Torah and the Commandments which I have written [in order] to teach them. All 613 commandments are implicitly contained in the Ten Commandments. Rabbeinu Saadiah specifically shows, in the אַזְהָרוֹת which he composed, for each and every one of the Commandments, the mitzvos which are associated with it.

24:13

וַיָּקׇם מֹשֶׁה וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ מְשָׁרְתוֹ וַיַּעַל מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הַר הָאֱלֹהִֽים׃

Moshe and Yehoshua, his attendant, set out, but [only] Moshe went up to the mountain of God.

Moshe and Yehoshua, his attendant, set out, but [only] Moshe went up to the mountain of God.

Rashi

ויקם משה ויהושע משרתו. לא ידעתי מה טיבו של יהושע כאן, ואומר אני שהיה התלמיד מלוה לרב עד מקום הגבלת תחומי ההר, שאינו רשאי לילך משם והלאה, ומשם ויעל משה לבדו אל הר האלהים, ויהושע נטה שם אהלו ונתעכב שם כל מ' יום, שכן מצינו כשירד משה, וישמע יהושע את קול העם ברעה, למדנו שלא היה יהושע עמהם:

Moshe and Yehoshua, his attendant, set out. I do not know what Yehoshua’s purpose was here. But I think that the disciple was accompanying the master until the place where the bounds of the mountain indicated that he was not permitted to go from there and on. And from there “Moshe went up” himself “to the mountain of God.” There Yehoshua pitched his tent and remained there the entire forty days for we find that when Moshe came down: “Yehoshua heard the voice of the people yelling,” indicating to us that Yehoshua was not with them.

24:14

וְאֶל־הַזְּקֵנִים אָמַר שְׁבוּ־לָנוּ בָזֶה עַד אֲשֶׁר־נָשׁוּב אֲלֵיכֶם וְהִנֵּה אַהֲרֹן וְחוּר עִמָּכֶם מִי־בַעַל דְּבָרִים יִגַּשׁ אֲלֵהֶֽם׃

He [Moshe] said to the elders, “Wait here for us until we return to you, and Aharon and Chur will be with you. Whoever has a claim can approach them.”

He [Moshe] said to the elders, “Wait here for us until we return to you, and Aharon and Chur will be with you. Whoever has a claim can approach them.”

Rashi

ואל הזקנים אמר. בצאתו מן המחנה:

He said to the elders — when he left the camp.

שבו לנו בזה. והתעכבו כאן עם שאר העם במחנה, להיות נכונים לשפוט לכל איש ריבו:

“Wait here for us — and remain here with the rest of the people in the camp so as to be prepared to render decisions for each person’s dispute.

חור. בנה של מרים היה, ואביו כלב בן יפנה, שנאמר וַיִּקַּח לֹו כָלֵב אֶת אֶפְרָת וַתֵּלֶד לֹו אֶת חוּר (דברי הימים־א ב, יט), אפרת זו מרים, כדאיתא בסוטה (יא:):

Chur. He was Miriam’s son, and his father was Koleiv ben Yefuneh, as it is said: “Koleiv took Efras [for a wife] and she bore him Chur.” Efras is Miriam, as is cited in Sotah.

מי בעל דברים. מי שיש לו דין:

Whoever has a claim. [Meaning:] whoever has a lawsuit.

24:15

וַיַּעַל מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָהָר וַיְכַס הֶעָנָן אֶת־הָהָֽר׃

Moshe went up to the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain.

Moshe went up to the mountain, and the cloud covered the mountain.

24:16

וַיִּשְׁכֹּן כְּבוֹד־יְהֹוָה עַל־הַר סִינַי וַיְכַסֵּהוּ הֶעָנָן שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים וַיִּקְרָא אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִתּוֹךְ הֶעָנָֽן׃

The glory of Adonoy rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days. On the seventh day, He called to Moshe from the midst of the cloud.

The glory of Adonoy rested on Mount Sinai, and the cloud covered it for six days. On the seventh day, He called to Moshe from the midst of the cloud.

Rashi

ויכסהו הענן. רבותינו חולקים בדבר (יומא ד.:), יש מהם אומרים אלו ששה ימים שמראש חדש (עד עצרת יום מתן תורה. רש"י ישן):

And the cloud covered it (or Him). There is a dispute among our Sages regarding this: There are some who say [that these six days] were from Rosh Chodesh — the first day [of Sivan] [until the Festival of Shavuos — the day that the Torah was given — from an old Rashi manuscript].

ויכסהו הענן. להר:

[and] the cloud covered it [refers —] to the mountain — [whereupon]

ויקרא אל משה ביום השביעי. לומר עשרת הדברות, ומשה וכל בני ישראל עומדים, אלא שחלק הכתוב כבוד למשה. ויש אומרים, ויכסהו הענן למשה ו' ימים, לאחר עשרת הדברות, והם היו בתחלת מ' יום שעלה משה לקבל הלוחות, ולמדך שכל הנכנס למחנה שכינה טעון פרישה ששה ימים (שם):

He called to Moshe on the seventh day — to proclaim the Ten Commandments. Really, Moshe and all the B’nei Yisroel were standing there, [yet the verse states only, “He called to Moshe”]. But [in this way] Scripture gives honor to Moshe. But there are others who say that... The cloud covered Him — refers to Moshe [and this occurred] six days after the [giving of] the Ten Commandments. And they (these six days) were at the beginning of the forty days when Moshe went up to receive the Tablets. This teaches you that whoever intends to enter the camp of the Shechinah requires seclusion for six days.

24:17

וּמַרְאֵה כְּבוֹד יְהֹוָה כְּאֵשׁ אֹכֶלֶת בְּרֹאשׁ הָהָר לְעֵינֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

The appearance of Adonoy’s glory was like a consuming flame at the top of the mountain; before the eyes of the B’nei Yisrael.

The appearance of Adonoy’s glory was like a consuming flame at the top of the mountain; before the eyes of the B’nei Yisrael.

24:18

וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה בְּתוֹךְ הֶעָנָן וַיַּעַל אֶל־הָהָר וַיְהִי מֹשֶׁה בָּהָר אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם וְאַרְבָּעִים לָֽיְלָה׃ {פ}

And Moshe came into the midst of the cloud. and went up into the mountain. Moshe remained on the mountain for forty days and forty nights.

And Moshe came into the midst of the cloud. and went up into the mountain. Moshe remained on the mountain for forty days and forty nights.

Rashi

בתוך הענן. ענן זה כמין עשן הוא, ועשה לו הקב"ה למשה שביל (נ"א חופה) בתוכו:

Into the midst of the cloud. This cloud was like thick smoke, but God made a path for Moshe in the midst of it.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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