Bamidbar
Matot, Aliyah 3 מטות, שלישי
Part of: MatotMatot, Aliyah 3Chapter 31Setumah, Numbers 31:13Setumah, Numbers 31:21
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Bamidbar 31
וַיֵּצְאוּ מֹשֶׁה וְאֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן וְכׇל־נְשִׂיאֵי הָעֵדָה לִקְרָאתָם אֶל־מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃
They went out—Moshe, Elozor the kohein and the princes of the community—to greet them outside the camp.
They went out—Moshe, Elozor the kohein and the princes of the community—to greet them outside the camp.
Rashi
וַיִּקְצֹף מֹשֶׁה עַל פְּקוּדֵי הֶחָיִל שָׂרֵי הָאֲלָפִים וְשָׂרֵי הַמֵּאוֹת הַבָּאִים מִצְּבָא הַמִּלְחָמָֽה׃
Moshe was angry with the commanders of the army, at the officers of the thousands and at the officers of the hundreds who had returned from the army service of the war.
Moshe was angry with the commanders of the army, at the officers of the thousands and at the officers of the hundreds who had returned from the army service of the war.
Rashi
ויקצף משה על פקודי החיל. מְמֻנִּים עַל הַחַיִל, לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁכָּל סִרְחוֹן הַדּוֹר תָּלוּי בַּגְּדוֹלִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ כֹּחַ בְּיָדָם לִמְחוֹת (שם):
Moshe was angry with the commanders of the army. Who were appointed over the army. This teaches that the entire corruption of the generation is attributed to the great men, since they have the power to rebuke.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם מֹשֶׁה הַֽחִיִּיתֶם כׇּל־נְקֵבָֽה׃
Moshe said to them: “Did you let every female live?
Moshe said to them: “Did you let every female live?
הֵן הֵנָּה הָיוּ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּדְבַר בִּלְעָם לִמְסׇר־מַעַל בַּיהֹוָה עַל־דְּבַר־פְּעוֹר וַתְּהִי הַמַּגֵּפָה בַּעֲדַת יְהֹוָֽה׃
They were the very same ones who, on Bila’m’s advice were involved with Bnei Yisroel to cause them to commit a betrayal against Adonoy regarding the matter of Pe’or, so that the plague broke out within the community of Adonoy.
They were the very same ones who, on Bila’m’s advice were involved with Bnei Yisroel to cause them to commit a betrayal against Adonoy regarding the matter of Pe’or, so that the plague broke out within the community of Adonoy.
Rashi
הן הנה. מַגִּיד שֶׁהָיוּ מַכִּירִים אוֹתָן — זוֹ הִיא שֶׁנִּכְשַׁל פְּלוֹנִי בָהּ (ילקוט שמעוני תשפ"ה):
They were the very same ones. This informs us that they recognized them — “this is the one through which so-and-so had his downfall.”
בדבר בלעם. אָמַר לָהֶם אֲפִלּוּ אַתֶּם מַכְנִיסִין כָּל הֲמוֹנוֹת שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אֵין אַתֶּם יְכוֹלִים לָהֶם, שֶׁמָּא מְרֻבִּים אַתֶּם מִן הַמִּצְרִיִּים שֶׁהָיוּ שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת רֶכֶב בָּחוּר? בֹּאוּ וְאַשִּׂיאֲכֶם עֵצָה, אֱלֹהֵיהֶם שֶׁל אֵלּוּ שׂוֹנֵא זִמָּה הוּא וְכוּ' כִּדְאִיתָא בְחֵלֶק (דף ק"ו) וּבְסִפְרֵי:
On Bil’am’s advice. He said to them, “Even if you gather together all the multitudes of the world, you will be unable to conquer them. Perhaps you are more numerous than the Egyptians, who had six hundred choice chariots? Come, I shall advise you. Their god despises promiscuity, etc.,’ as stated in “Chelek,” and in Sifri.
וְעַתָּה הִרְגוּ כׇל־זָכָר בַּטָּף וְכׇל־אִשָּׁה יֹדַעַת אִישׁ לְמִשְׁכַּב זָכָר הֲרֹֽגוּ׃
Now execute every male among the children, and every woman with intimate knowledge of a man, you shall execute.
Now execute every male among the children, and every woman with intimate knowledge of a man, you shall execute.
Rashi
וכל אשה ידעת אישׁ. רְאוּיָה לִבָּעֵל, אַעַ"פִּ שֶׁלֹּא נִבְעֲלָה, וְלִפְנֵי הַצִּיץ הֶעֱבִירוּם, וְהָרְאוּיָה לִבָּעֵל פָּנֶיהָ מוֹרִיקוֹת (יבמות ס'):
And every woman with intimate knowledge of a man. Capable of intimate relations, even if she never actually had relations. They brought them before the Golden Headplate — and those capable of relations — their faces turned sickly green.
הרגו. לָמָּה חָזַר וְאָמַר? לְהַפְסִיק הָעִנְיָן, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל, שֶׁאִם אֲנִי קוֹרֵא הִרְגוּ כָל זָכָר בַּטָּף וְכָל אִשָּׁה יֹדַעַת אִישׁ וְכֹל הַטַּף בַּנָּשִׁים וְגוֹ', אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ אִם לַהֲרֹג עִם הַזְּכָרִים אוֹ לְהַחֲיוֹת עִם הַטַּף, לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר הֲרֹגוּ:
You shall execute. Why is this repeated? To separate the matter— these are R’ Yishmael’s remarks. For, when I read, “execute every male among the children, and every woman with intimate knowledge of a man, and all the children among the females, etc.,” I do not know [concerning every woman with intimate knowledge of a man] whether to execute [them] with the males, or allow them to live with the children. This is why “[you must] execute” is said.
וְכֹל הַטַּף בַּנָּשִׁים אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יָדְעוּ מִשְׁכַּב זָכָר הַחֲיוּ לָכֶֽם׃
All the children among the females without intimate knowledge of a man, keep alive for yourselves.
All the children among the females without intimate knowledge of a man, keep alive for yourselves.
וְאַתֶּם חֲנוּ מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה שִׁבְעַת יָמִים כֹּל הֹרֵג נֶפֶשׁ וְכֹל ׀ נֹגֵעַ בֶּֽחָלָל תִּֽתְחַטְּאוּ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי אַתֶּם וּשְׁבִיכֶֽם׃
You shall remain outside the camp for seven days. Whoever has killed a person or touched a corpse, purify yourselves, on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives.
You shall remain outside the camp for seven days. Whoever has killed a person or touched a corpse, purify yourselves, on the third day and on the seventh day, you and your captives.
Rashi
מחוץ למחנה. שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לָעֲזָרָה:
Outside the camp. So that they would not enter the Sanctuary courtyard.
כל הרג נפש. רַ' מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר בְּהוֹרֵג בְּדָבָר הַמְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, וְלִמֶּדְךָ הַכָּתוּב שֶׁהַכְּלִי מְטַמֵּא אָדָם בְּחִבּוּרֵי הַמֵּת כְּאִלּוּ נוֹגֵעַ בַּמֵּת עַצְמוֹ, אוֹ יָכוֹל אֲפִלּוּ זָרַק בּוֹ חֵץ וַהֲרָגוֹ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר וכל נגע בחלל, הִקִּישׁ הוֹרֵג לְנוֹגֵעַ, מַה נּוֹגֵעַ עַל יְדֵי חִבּוּרוֹ, אַף הוֹרֵג עַ"יְ חִבּוּרוֹ (ספרי במדבר י"ט):
Whoever has killed a person. R’ Meir said, “Scripture refers to a person who kills with an object capable of receiving contamination, and Scripture teaches that a utensil defiles a person when it is in contact with a corpse as if he had touched the corpse itself. Or, perhaps even if he shot an arrow at him and killed him? The Torah, therefore, teaches, “and whoever touched a corpse.” It compares one who kills with one who touches. Just as the one who touches (receives contamination) through contact, so does the one who kills (receives contamination) through contact.”
תתחטאו. בְּמֵי נִדָּה כְּדִין שְׁאָר טְמֵאֵי מֵתִים, שֶׁאַף לְדִבְרֵי הָאוֹמְרִים קִבְרֵי גוֹיִם אֵינָם מְטַמְּאִין בָּאֹהֶל, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (יחזקאל ל"ד) "וְאַתֵּן צֹאנִי צֹאן מַרְעִיתִי אָדָם אַתֶּם" — אַתֶּם קְרוּיִם אָדָם — מוֹדֶה הוּא שֶׁהַגּוֹיִם מְטַמְּאִים בְּמַגַּע וּבְמַשָּׂא, שֶׁלֹּא נֶאֱמַר אָדָם אֶלָּא אֵצֶל טֻמְאַת אָהֳלוֹת, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "אָדָם כִּי יָמוּת בְּאֹהֶל" (במדבר י"ט):
Purify yourselves. With sprinkling water, as prescribed for others who were defiled by contact with the dead. For, even those who rule that Gentile graves do not convey contamination in a tent, — as it is said, “you, my sheep, my pastoral sheep, you are man”; you are entitled “man,” he admits that gentiles convey contamination through touching and carrying. Since “man” was only said in the context of tent contamination, as it is said, “a person who dies in a tent.”
אתם ושביכם. לֹא שֶׁהַגּוֹיִם מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה וּצְרִיכִין הַזָּאָה, אֶלָּא מָה אַתֶּם בְּנֵי בְרִית, אַף שְׁבִיכֶם כְּשֶׁיָּבֹאוּ לַבְּרִית וְיִטָּמְאוּ, צְרִיכִין הַזָּאָה (ספרי):
You and your captives. Not that the gentiles receive contamination and require sprinkling. Rather, just as you are members of the convenant, so with your captives, when they enter the covenant — should they become contaminated, they will require sprinkling.
וְכׇל־בֶּגֶד וְכׇל־כְּלִי־עוֹר וְכׇל־מַעֲשֵׂה עִזִּים וְכׇל־כְּלִי־עֵץ תִּתְחַטָּֽאוּ׃ {ס}
Every garment, every leather article, everything made of goat products and every wooden article shall undergo such purification.”
Every garment, every leather article, everything made of goat products and every wooden article shall undergo such purification.”
Rashi
וכל מעשה עזים. לְהָבִיא כְלֵי הַקַּרְנַיִם וְהַטְּלָפַיִם וְהָעֲצָמוֹת (חולין כ"ה):
Everything made of goat products. This includes utensils made from the horns, hoofs, and bones.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֶלְעָזָר הַכֹּהֵן אֶל־אַנְשֵׁי הַצָּבָא הַבָּאִים לַמִּלְחָמָה זֹאת חֻקַּת הַתּוֹרָה אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהֹוָה אֶת־מֹשֶֽׁה׃
Elozor the kohein said to the soldiers who came to the war: “This is the statute of the Torah which Adonoy commanded Moshe.
Elozor the kohein said to the soldiers who came to the war: “This is the statute of the Torah which Adonoy commanded Moshe.
Rashi
ויאמר אלעזר הכהן וגו'. לְפִי שֶׁבָּא מֹשֶׁה לִכְלַל כַּעַס בָּא לִכְלַל טָעוּת, שֶׁנִּתְעַלְּמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ הִלְכוֹת גִּעוּלֵי גּוֹיִם, וְכֵן אַתָּה מוֹצֵא בַשְּׁמִינִי לַמִּלּוּאִים, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיִּקְצֹף עַל אֶלְעָזָר וְעַל אִיתָמָר" (ויקרא י') — בָּא לִכְלַל כַּעַס בָּא לִכְלַל טָעוּת, וְכֵן בְּשִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים (במדבר כ') "וַיַּךְ אֶת הַסֶּלַע" — עַל יְדֵי הַכַּעַס טָעָה (ספרי; פסחים ס"ו):
Elozor the kohein said, etc. Because Moshe fell into a state of anger, he fell into a state of error, so concealed from him, were the laws concerning purging the utensils of gentiles. You find a similarity on the eighth day of inauguration, as it is said, “he was angry with Elozor and with Isamar”— he fell into a state of anger, [and] he fell into a state or error. Similarly with “listen, now, rebels”! “he struck the rock.” Because of anger, he erred.
אשר צוה ה' וגו'. תָּלָה הַהוֹרָאָה בְּרַבּוֹ (עי' ספרי):
Which Adonoy commanded, etc. He credited the teaching to his master.
אַךְ אֶת־הַזָּהָב וְאֶת־הַכָּסֶף אֶֽת־הַנְּחֹשֶׁת אֶת־הַבַּרְזֶל אֶֽת־הַבְּדִיל וְאֶת־הָעֹפָֽרֶת׃
Only the gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and lead,
Only the gold, silver, copper, iron, tin and lead,
Rashi
אך את הזהב וגו'. אַעַ"פִּ שֶׁלֹּא הִזְהִיר לָכֶם מֹשֶׁה אֶלָּא עַל הִלְכוֹת טֻמְאָה, עוֹד יֵשׁ לְהַזְהִיר לָכֶם עַל הִלְכוֹת גִּעוּל, וְ"אַךְ" לְשׁוֹן מִעוּט, כְּלוֹמַר מְמֻעָטִין אַתֶּם מִלְּהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בַּכֵּלִים אֲפִלּוּ לְאַחַר טָהֲרָתָן מִטֻּמְאַת הַמֵּת עַד שֶׁיִּטְהֲרוּ מִבְּלִיעַת אִסּוּר נְבֵלוֹת; וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ, אך את הזהב לוֹמַר, שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהַעֲבִיר חֲלוּדָה שֶׁלּוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּגְעִילֶנּוּ, וְזֶהוּ לְשׁוֹן אך, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא שָׁם חֲלוּדָה אַךְ הַמַּתֶּכֶת יִהְיֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא:
Only the gold, etc. Although Moshe did not warn you except for the laws of ritual uncleanliness, you must be warned further, concerning the laws of purging. “Only” denotes exclusion, as if to say, ‘you are excluded from using the utensils, even after their purification from contamination by the dead, until they are purified from the absorption of forbidden “neveilah” meat.’ Our Rabbis remark that “only the gold, etc.” teaches that one must remove its rust before purging it. This is the connotation of the word “only” — there should be no rust there, only the metal, exactly as it is.
כׇּל־דָּבָר אֲשֶׁר־יָבֹא בָאֵשׁ תַּעֲבִירוּ בָאֵשׁ וְטָהֵר אַךְ בְּמֵי נִדָּה יִתְחַטָּא וְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־יָבֹא בָּאֵשׁ תַּעֲבִירוּ בַמָּֽיִם׃
Anything placed [of these materials] on a fire, you must pass through fire, and it will be purified; however, it must be purified with sprinkling water. But anything [of these materials] that was not placed on a fire you may pass through water.
Anything placed [of these materials] on a fire, you must pass through fire, and it will be purified; however, it must be purified with sprinkling water. But anything [of these materials] that was not placed on a fire you may pass through water.
Rashi
כל דבר אשר יבא באש. לְבַשֵּׁל בּוֹ כְּלוּם:
Anything placed on a fire. In which to cook something.
תעבירו באש. כְּדֶרֶךְ תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ הַגְעָלָתוֹ — מִי שֶׁתַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ עַל יְדֵי חַמִּין יַגְעִילֶנּוּ בְחַמִּין, וּמִי שֶׁתַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ עַ"יְ צְלִי, כְּגוֹן הַשְּׁפוּד וְהָאַסְכְּלָה, יְלַבְּנוֹ בָּאוּר (עבודה זרה ע"ד):
You must pass through fire. It must be purged the way it was used. Something used with heated water, one purges with heated water; something used for roasting, like a spit or a grill, one brings to white heat with fire.
אך במי נדה יתחטא. לְפִי פְשׁוּטוֹ חִטּוּי זֶה לְטַהֲרוֹ מִטֻּמְאַת מֵת, אָמַר לָהֶם צְרִיכִין הַכֵּלִים גִּעוּל לְטַהֲרָם מִן הָאִסּוּר וְחִטּוּי לְטַהֲרָן מִן הַטֻּמְאָה; וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ דָרְשׁוּ מִכָּאן שֶׁאַף לְהַכְשִׁירָן מִן הָאִסּוּר הִטְעִין טְבִילָה לִכְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת, וּמֵי נִדָּה הַכְּתוּבִין כָּאן דָּרְשׁוּ מַיִם הָרְאוּיִם לִטְבֹּל בָּהֶם נִדָּה, וְכַמָּה הֵם? אַרְבָּעִים סְאָה (שם ע"ה):
However, it must be purified with sprinkling water. According to the plain interpretation, this purification is to cleanse it from the contamination of the dead. He said to them, ‘The utensils require purging to purify them from prohibited food, and purification, to cleanse them from ritual contamination.’ And the Rabbis extrapolate here, that even for purification from prohibited [food contamination], metal utensils require immersion, and מֵי נִדָּה written here they expound as referring to water suitable for the immersion of the “niddah.” How much is this? Forty seah.
וכל אשר לא יבא באש. כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁאֵין תַּשְׁמִישׁוֹ עַל יְדֵי הָאוּר, כְּגוֹן כּוֹסוֹת וּצְלוֹחִיּוֹת שֶׁתַּשְׁמִישָׁן בְּצוֹנֵן וְלֹא בָלְעוּ אִסּוּר:
But anything that was not placed on a fire. Anything not used with fire, such as cups [and jugs], and flasks, which are used for cold food, and, therefore, did not absorb prohibited [food].
תעבירו במים. מַטְבִּילָן וְדַיּוֹ, וְדַוְקָא כְלֵי מַתָּכוֹת:
You may pass through water. Immerse them, and it is sufficient. This is only with metal utensils.
וְכִבַּסְתֶּם בִּגְדֵיכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וּטְהַרְתֶּם וְאַחַר תָּבֹאוּ אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃ {ס}
You shall immerse your garments on the seventh day and become purified; afterward you may come into the camp.”
You shall immerse your garments on the seventh day and become purified; afterward you may come into the camp.”
Rashi
אל המחנה. לְמַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָה, שֶׁאֵין טְמֵא מֵת טָעוּן שִׁלּוּחַ מִמַּחֲנֵה לְוִיָּה וּמִמַּחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל:
Into the camp. To the camp of the Shechinah [only], for someone contaminated by the dead need not be banished from the camp of the Levites and the camp of the Israelites.
ויצאו משה ואלעזר הכהן. לְפִי שֶׁרָאוּ אֶת נַעֲרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יוֹצְאִים לַחֲטֹף מִן הַבִּזָּה (ספרי):
Moshe and Elozor the kohein went out. Because they saw the Israelite youths going out to seize some of the plunder.