Tanach
Devarim 25:1-4 דברים כ״ה:א׳-ד׳
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כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה רִיב בֵּין אֲנָשִׁים וְנִגְּשׁוּ אֶל־הַמִּשְׁפָּט וּשְׁפָטוּם וְהִצְדִּיקוּ אֶת־הַצַּדִּיק וְהִרְשִׁיעוּ אֶת־הָרָשָֽׁע׃
If a quarrel should occur among men and they bring it to court and they judge them and they determine who is righteous and they convict the villain.
If a quarrel should occur among men and they bring it to court and they judge them and they determine who is righteous and they convict the villain.
Rashi
והרשיעו את הרשע. יָכוֹל כָּל הַמִּתְחַיְּבִין בַּדִּין לוֹקִין, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר — והיה אם בן הכות הרשע. פְּעָמִים לוֹקֶה וּפְעָמִים אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. וּמִי הוּא הַלּוֹקֶה? לְמֹד מִן הָעִנְיָן, "לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישׁוֹ" — לָאו שֶׁלֹּא נִתַּק לַעֲשֵׂה (עי' ספרי; מכות י"ג):
And they convict the villain. Perhaps everyone found liable in court is subject to flogging? The Torah therefore teaches, ”Should, the wicked one deserve flogging.” At times he is flogged, and at times he is not flogged. Who, then is liable to flogging? Learn from the context, “You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes” — a negative commandment unattached to a positive commandment.
וְהָיָה אִם־בִּן הַכּוֹת הָרָשָׁע וְהִפִּילוֹ הַשֹּׁפֵט וְהִכָּהוּ לְפָנָיו כְּדֵי רִשְׁעָתוֹ בְּמִסְפָּֽר׃
Should the wicked one deserve flogging, the judge shall incline him and have him flogged before him in the amount befitting his crime, with the number near.
Should the wicked one deserve flogging, the judge shall incline him and have him flogged before him in the amount befitting his crime, with the number near.
Rashi
והפילו השפט. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁאֵין מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ לֹא עוֹמֵד וְלֹא יוֹשֵׁב אֶלָּא מֻטֶּה (מכות כ"ב):
The judge shall incline him. This teaches that he is not flogged standing or sitting, but inclined.
לפניו כדי רשעתו. וּלְאַחֲרָיו כְּדֵי שְׁתַּיִם, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ שְׁתֵּי יָדוֹת מִלְּאַחֲרָיו וּשְׁלִישׁ מִלְּפָנָיו (ספרי; מכות כ"ב):
Before him in the amount befitting his crime. And behind him, in the amount befitting a double crime. From here it is derived that he is flogged two thirds from behind, and one third at the front.
במספר. וְאֵינוֹ נָקוּד בַּמִּסְפָּר, לִמֵּד שֶׁהִיא דְבוּקָה, לוֹמַר בְּמִסְפַּר אַרְבָּעִים וְלֹא אַרְבָּעִים שְׁלֵמִים, אֶלָּא מִנְיָן שֶׁהוּא סוֹכֵם וּמַשְׁלִים לְאַרְבָּעִים וְהֵם אַרְבָּעִים חָסֵר אַחַת (שם):
With the number near. This is not vocalized בַּמִסְפָּר, indicating that it is attached, so that we read “With the number near forty,” but not with the total of forty. Rather, the number which concludes and completes up to forty, meaning forty minus one.
אַרְבָּעִים יַכֶּנּוּ לֹא יֹסִיף פֶּן־יֹסִיף לְהַכֹּתוֹ עַל־אֵלֶּה מַכָּה רַבָּה וְנִקְלָה אָחִיךָ לְעֵינֶֽיךָ׃
Forty is he to have him flogged, he may not add; lest he additionally flog him over these, a great flogging, when your brother will be slighted before you.
Forty is he to have him flogged, he may not add; lest he additionally flog him over these, a great flogging, when your brother will be slighted before you.
Rashi
לא יסיף. מִכָּאן אַזְהָרָה לַמַּכֶּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ (עי' כתובות ל"ג):
He may not add. From here we derive that one is forbidden to strike one’s fellow.
ונקלה אחיך. כָּל הַיּוֹם קוֹרְאוֹ רָשָׁע, וּמִשֶּׁלָּקָה קְרָאוֹ אָחִיךָ:
When your brother will be slighted. He is constantly described as a criminal, but after the flogging, he is entitled “your brother.”
לֹא־תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישֽׁוֹ׃ {ס}
You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes.
You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes.
Rashi
לא תחסם שור. דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בַּהֹוֶה, וְהוּא הַדִּין לְכָל בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף הָעוֹשִׂים בִּמְלָאכָה שֶׁהִיא בִּדְבַר מַאֲכָל; אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר שׁוֹר? לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הָאָדָם (ספרי; בבא מציעא פ"ח):
You may not muzzle an ox. Scripture speaks in commonplace situations, but this applies as well to all domesticated animals, wild animals and fowl, engaged in work involving food. If so, why is the ox mentioned? To exclude man.
בדישו. יָכוֹל יַחְסְמֶנּוּ מִבַּחוּץ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר" — מִכָּל מָקוֹם; וְלָמָּה נֶאֱמַר דַּיִשׁ? לוֹמַר לְךָ מַה דַּיִשׁ מְיֻחָד דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ וְגִדּוּלוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ, אַף כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, יָצָא הַחוֹלֵב וְהַמְגַבֵּן וְהַמְחַבֵּץ שֶׁאֵין גִּדּוּלוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ, יָצָא הַלָּשׁ וְהַמְקַטֵּף שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ לְחַלָּה, יָצָא הַבּוֹדֵל בִּתְמָרִים וּבִגְרוֹגְרוֹת שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּן לַמַּעֲשֵׂר (ספרי; ב"מ פ"ט):
While it threshes. Perhaps one may muzzle it while outside? The Torah therefore teaches, “You may not muzzle an ox,” anywhere. Then why is threshing said? To teach you: Just as threshing is, specifically, something done when the work was not complete, and with produce of the earth; so, with everything similar. This excludes milking, and cheese and butter making, since they are not products of the earth. It excludes kneading and shaping, since its work was completed for the challah obligation. It excludes prying apart dates and figs, since their work was completed for tithing.
כי יהיה ריב. סוֹפָם לִהְיוֹת נִגָּשִׁים אֶל הַמִּשְׁפָּט. אֱמֹר מֵעַתָּה אֵין שָׁלוֹם יוֹצֵא מִתּוֹךְ מְרִיבָה, מִי גָּרַם לְלוֹט לִפְרֹשׁ מִן הַצַּדִּיק? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זוֹ מְרִיבָה:
If a quarrel should occur. They will ultimately approach the court of justice. You may thus conclude that tranquility does not evolve from quarreling. What caused Lot to take leave of the saint? You may say, it was quarreling.