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Devarim 21

21:10

כִּֽי־תֵצֵא לַמִּלְחָמָה עַל־אֹיְבֶיךָ וּנְתָנוֹ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּיָדֶךָ וְשָׁבִיתָ שִׁבְיֽוֹ׃

If you should go to war against your enemies, and Adonoy, your God, puts them in your hand, and you capture prisoners from them;

If you should go to war against your enemies, and Adonoy, your God, puts them in your hand, and you capture prisoners from them;

Rashi

כי תצא למלחמה. בְּמִלְחֶמֶת הָרְשׁוּת הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר, שֶׁבְּמִלְחֶמֶת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵין לוֹמַר וְשָׁבִיתָ שִׁבְיוֹ, שֶׁהֲרֵי כְבָר נֶאֱמַר (דברים כ') לֹא תְחַיֶּה כָּל נְשָׁמָה:

If you should go to war. Optional warfare is Scripture’s subject; for, with regard to the war for Eretz Yisroel, it would be inappropriate to say, “and you capture prisoner from them,” since it has already said, “Do not allow a soul to remain alive.”

ושבית שביו. לְרַבּוֹת כְּנַעֲנִים שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ וְאַעַ"פִּ שֶׁהֵם מִשִׁבְעָה אֻמּוֹת (ספרי; סוטה ל"ה):

And you capture prisoners from them. This includes the Canaanites among them, although they are members of the seven nations.

21:11

וְרָאִיתָ בַּשִּׁבְיָה אֵשֶׁת יְפַת־תֹּאַר וְחָשַׁקְתָּ בָהּ וְלָקַחְתָּ לְךָ לְאִשָּֽׁה׃

And you see among the prisoners a beautifully formed woman; if you desire her, you may take her as your wife.

And you see among the prisoners a beautifully formed woman; if you desire her, you may take her as your wife.

Rashi

אשת. אֲפִלּוּ אֵשֶׁת אִישׁ:

A wife. Even someone’s wife.

ולקחת לך לאשה. לֹא דִּבְּרָה תוֹרָה אֶלָּא כְּנֶגֶד יֵצֶר הָרַע, שֶׁאִם אֵין הַקָּבָּ"ה מַתִּירָהּ יִשָּׂאֶנָּה בְאִסּוּר, אֲבָל אִם נְשָׂאָהּ סוֹפוֹ לִהְיוֹת שׂוֹנְאָהּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר אַחֲרָיו "כִּי תִהְיֶיןָ לְאִישׁ וְגוֹ'", וְסוֹפוֹ לְהוֹלִיד מִמֶּנָּה בֵּן סוֹרֵר וּמוֹרֶה, לְכָךְ נִסְמְכוּ פָּרָשִׁיּוֹת הַלָּלוּ (תנחומא):

You may take her as your wife. The Torah speaks only in deference to the wicked inclination, for if the Holy One, blessed is He, would not permit her, he would live with her illicitly. However, if he does marry her, he will ultimately hate her, as it is further said, “If a man has, etc.” And, ultimately, he will father, from her, a wayward, rebellious son. This is why these chapters adjoin one another.

21:12

וַהֲבֵאתָהּ אֶל־תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ וְגִלְּחָה אֶת־רֹאשָׁהּ וְעָשְׂתָה אֶת־צִפׇּרְנֶֽיהָ׃

You will bring her into your house and she will shave her head and allow her nails to grow.

You will bring her into your house and she will shave her head and allow her nails to grow.

Rashi

ועשתה את צפרניה. תְּגַדְּלֵם כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּתְנַוֵּל (ספרי; יבמות מ"ח):

And allow her nails to grow. She must allow them to grow so that she becomes ugly.

21:13

וְהֵסִירָה אֶת־שִׂמְלַת שִׁבְיָהּ מֵעָלֶיהָ וְיָֽשְׁבָה בְּבֵיתֶךָ וּבָכְתָה אֶת־אָבִיהָ וְאֶת־אִמָּהּ יֶרַח יָמִים וְאַחַר כֵּן תָּבוֹא אֵלֶיהָ וּבְעַלְתָּהּ וְהָיְתָה לְךָ לְאִשָּֽׁה׃

She must discard her prisoner’s garb from upon her, and she will remain in your home and weep for her father and her mother a month of days; and afterwards you may come to her and consummate with her, and she will become your wife.

She must discard her prisoner’s garb from upon her, and she will remain in your home and weep for her father and her mother a month of days; and afterwards you may come to her and consummate with her, and she will become your wife.

Rashi

והסירה את שמלת שביה. לְפִי שֶׁהֵם נָאִים, שֶׁהַגּוֹיִם בְּנוֹתֵיהֶם מִתְקַשְּׁטוֹת בַּמִּלְחָמָה בִּשְׁבִיל לְהַזְנוֹת אֲחֵרִים עִמָּהֶם (ספרי):

She must discard her prisoner’s garb. As they are attractive, since the young Gentile women beautify themselves during warfare, to invite promiscuous behaviour with them.

וישבה בביתך. בַּבַּיִת שֶׁמִּשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ, נִכְנָס וְנִתְקָל בָּהּ, יוֹצֵא וְנִתְקָל בָּה, רוֹאֶה בִּבְכִיָּתָהּ, רוֹאֶה בְּנִוּוּלָהּ, כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּתְגַנֶּה עָלָיו (ספרי):

And she will remain in your home. In the home he makes use of. He enters and stumbles over her, leaves and stumbles over her, notices her weeping and disgrace, so that she becomes repulsive to him.

ובכתה את אביה. כָּל כָּךְ לָמָּה? כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל שְׂמֵחָה וְזוֹ עֲצֵבָה, בַּת יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתְקַשֶּׁטֶת וְזוֹ מִתְנַוֶּלֶת (שם):

And weep for her father. Why to such an extent? So that the Israelite daughter may be joyous, while this one is melancholy; the Israelite daughter may beautify herself, while this one becomes ugly.

21:14

וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא חָפַצְתָּ בָּהּ וְשִׁלַּחְתָּהּ לְנַפְשָׁהּ וּמָכֹר לֹא־תִמְכְּרֶנָּה בַּכָּסֶף לֹא־תִתְעַמֵּר בָּהּ תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנִּיתָֽהּ׃ {ס}        

But it shall come to pass, that if you do not desire her you will send her free, but to sell—you may not sell her for money; you may not exploit her since you have oppressed her.

But it shall come to pass, that if you do not desire her you will send her free, but to sell—you may not sell her for money; you may not exploit her since you have oppressed her.

Rashi

והיה אם לא חפצת בה. הַכָּתוּב מְבַשֶּׂרְךָ שֶׁסּוֹפְךָ לִשְׂנֹאתָהּ (שם):

But it shall come to pass, that if you do not desire her. Scripture informs you that you will ultimately hate her.

לא תתעמר בה. לֹא תִּשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהּ, בִּלְשׁוֹן פַּרְסִי קוֹרִין לְעַבְדוּת וְשִׁמּוּשׁ "עִימְרָאָה", מִיסוֹדוֹ שֶׁל רַ' מֹשֶׁה הַדַּרְשָׁן לָמַדְתִּי כֵן:

You may not exploit her. You may not utilize her. In the Persian language, servitude and utilization is verbalized as imra’ah. From the commentary of R’ Moshe Hadarshan I have learned this.

21:15

כִּֽי־תִהְיֶיןָ לְאִישׁ שְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים הָאַחַת אֲהוּבָה וְהָאַחַת שְׂנוּאָה וְיָֽלְדוּ־לוֹ בָנִים הָאֲהוּבָה וְהַשְּׂנוּאָה וְהָיָה הַבֵּן הַבְּכֹר לַשְּׂנִיאָֽה׃

If a man has two wives, one loved and the other hated, and they bear him sons, the loved [one] and the hated [one], and the firstborn son will be the hated one’s.

If a man has two wives, one loved and the other hated, and they bear him sons, the loved [one] and the hated [one], and the firstborn son will be the hated one’s.

21:16

וְהָיָה בְּיוֹם הַנְחִילוֹ אֶת־בָּנָיו אֵת אֲשֶׁר־יִהְיֶה לוֹ לֹא יוּכַל לְבַכֵּר אֶת־בֶּן־הָאֲהוּבָה עַל־פְּנֵי בֶן־הַשְּׂנוּאָה הַבְּכֹֽר׃

When the day comes for him to will to his sons what he owns, he may not prefer the son of the loved one over the son of the hated one—the firstborn.

When the day comes for him to will to his sons what he owns, he may not prefer the son of the loved one over the son of the hated one—the firstborn.

21:17

כִּי אֶת־הַבְּכֹר בֶּן־הַשְּׂנוּאָה יַכִּיר לָתֶת לוֹ פִּי שְׁנַיִם בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יִמָּצֵא לוֹ כִּי־הוּא רֵאשִׁית אֹנוֹ לוֹ מִשְׁפַּט הַבְּכֹרָֽה׃ {ס}        

Rather, the firstborn son of the hated one is he to recognize to give him doublefold of all that he possesses; for he is the first of his power, he has the rights of primogeniture.

Rather, the firstborn son of the hated one is he to recognize to give him doublefold of all that he possesses; for he is the first of his power, he has the rights of primogeniture.

Rashi

פי שנים. כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנֵי אַחִים:

Doublefold. Equivalent to two brothers.

בכל אשר ימצא לו. מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין הַבְּכוֹר נוֹטֵל פִּי שְׁנַיִם בָּרָאוּי לָבֹא לְאַחַר מִיתַת הָאָב כְּבַמֻּחְזָק (ספרי; בכורות נ"א):

Of all that he possesses. From here [we derive] that the firstborn does not inherit doublefold of receivables due after the father’s death, as he does of property in his possession.

21:18

כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה לְאִישׁ בֵּן סוֹרֵר וּמוֹרֶה אֵינֶנּוּ שֹׁמֵעַ בְּקוֹל אָבִיו וּבְקוֹל אִמּוֹ וְיִסְּרוּ אֹתוֹ וְלֹא יִשְׁמַע אֲלֵיהֶֽם׃

If a man has a wayward and rebellious son who does not obey his father and his mother; though they chasten him; he does not listen to them.

If a man has a wayward and rebellious son who does not obey his father and his mother; though they chasten him; he does not listen to them.

Rashi

סורר. סָר מִן הַדֶּרֶךְ:

Wayward. Who strays from the path.

ומורה. מְסָרֵב בְדִבְרֵי אָבִיו, לְשׁוֹן מַמְרִים (דברים ט'):

And rebellious. Who rebels against his father’s instructions. The word means the same as “rebels.”

ויסרו אתו. מַתְרִין בּוֹ בִּפְנֵי שְׁלוֹשָׁה וּמַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ (ספרי; סנהדרין ע"א); בֵּן סוֹרֵר וּמוֹרֶה אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיִּגְנֹב וְיֹאכַל תַּרְטֵימַר בָּשָׂר וְיִשְׁתֶּה חֲצִי לֹג יַיִן, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "זוֹלֵל וְסֹבֵא", וְנֶאֱמַר (משלי כ"ג) "אַל תְּהִי בְּסֹבְאֵי יָיִן בְּזֹלְלֵי בָשָׂר לָמוֹ"; וּבֵן סוֹרֵר וּמוֹרֶה נֶהֱרָג עַל שֵׁם סוֹפוֹ, הִגִּיעָה תוֹרָה לְסוֹף דַּעְתּוֹ, סוֹף שֶׁמְּכַלֶּה מָמוֹן אָבִיו וּמְבַקֵּשׁ לִמּוּדוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מוֹצֵא, וְעוֹמֵד בְּפָרָשַׁת דְּרָכִים וּמְלַסְטֵם אֶת הַבְּרִיּוֹת, אָמְרָה תוֹרָה יָמוּת זַכַּאי וְאַל יָמוּת חַיָּב (ספרי; סנהדרין ע"א):

Though they chasten him. They warn him before three [magistrates] and have him flogged. The wayward, rebellious son is not liable unless he steals and consumes a tartamor of meat, and drinks half a log of wine, as it is said, “gluttonous and drunken,” and it is said, ”Do not be among the wine guzzlers, among those who gluttonously consume meat for themselves.” The wayward, rebellious son is executed in consideration of his ignoble end. The Torah penetrates to the logical conclusion of his thought — ultimately, he will squander his father’s fortune, attempt to apply himself to his studies and fail, station himself near an intersection and plunder his fellow creatures; the Torah declares: Let him die in innocence rather than die laden with guilt.

21:19

וְתָפְשׂוּ בוֹ אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֹתוֹ אֶל־זִקְנֵי עִירוֹ וְאֶל־שַׁעַר מְקֹמֽוֹ׃

His father and mother are to grasp him and take him out to the judges of his city and to the court in his location.

His father and mother are to grasp him and take him out to the judges of his city and to the court in his location.

21:20

וְאָמְרוּ אֶל־זִקְנֵי עִירוֹ בְּנֵנוּ זֶה סוֹרֵר וּמֹרֶה אֵינֶנּוּ שֹׁמֵעַ בְּקֹלֵנוּ זוֹלֵל וְסֹבֵֽא׃

They will say to the judges of his city, ‘‘This son of ours is wayward and rebellious—he does not obey—gluttonous and drunken.’’

They will say to the judges of his city, ‘‘This son of ours is wayward and rebellious—he does not obey—gluttonous and drunken.’’

21:21

וּרְגָמֻהוּ כׇּל־אַנְשֵׁי עִירוֹ בָֽאֲבָנִים וָמֵת וּבִֽעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּךָ וְכׇל־יִשְׂרָאֵל יִשְׁמְעוּ וְיִרָֽאוּ׃ {ס}        

And all the men of his city will stone him with stones so that he dies, and you will eliminate the evil within you; and let all Yisroel hear and be fearful.

And all the men of his city will stone him with stones so that he dies, and you will eliminate the evil within you; and let all Yisroel hear and be fearful.

Rashi

וכל ישראל ישמעו ויראו. מִכָּאן שֶׁצָּרִיךְ הַכְרָזָה בְּבֵית דִּין; "פְּלוֹנִי נִסְקָל עַל שֶׁהָיָה בֵן סוֹרֵר וּמוֹרֶה":

Let all Yisroel hear and be fearful. From here [we derive] that there must be a proclamation at the courthouse: ‘So-and-so was stoned for having been a wayward, rebellious son’!

21:22

וְכִֽי־יִהְיֶה בְאִישׁ חֵטְא מִשְׁפַּט־מָוֶת וְהוּמָת וְתָלִיתָ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֵֽץ׃

If a man is guilty of a capital offense and is executed; you shall hang him from a tree.

If a man is guilty of a capital offense and is executed; you shall hang him from a tree.

Rashi

וכי יהיה באיש חטא משפט מות. סְמִיכוּת הַפָּרָשִׁיּוֹת מַגִּיד שֶׁאִם חָסִים עָלָיו אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ, סוֹף שֶׁיֵּצֵא לְתַרְבּוּת רָעָה וְיַעֲבֹר עֲבֵרוֹת וְיִתְחַיֵּב מִיתָה בְּבֵית דִּין (עי' תנחומא):

If a man is guilty of a capital offense. The proximity of the chapters teaches that if his mother and father take pity on him, he will ultimately develop into a degenerate, commit transgressions, and be sentenced to death by the courts.

ותלית אתו על עץ. רַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ, כָּל הַנִּסְקָלִין נִתְלִין, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "כִּי קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי", וְהַמְבָרֵךְ ה' בִּסְקִילָה (סנהדרין מ"ה):

You shall hang him from a tree. The Rabbis remark that all those who are stoned are also hung, for it is said, “for a hanging corpse is an affront to God,” and someone who curses God is stoned.

21:23

לֹא־תָלִין נִבְלָתוֹ עַל־הָעֵץ כִּֽי־קָבוֹר תִּקְבְּרֶנּוּ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כִּֽי־קִלְלַת אֱלֹהִים תָּלוּי וְלֹא תְטַמֵּא אֶת־אַדְמָתְךָ אֲשֶׁר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָֽה׃ {ס}        

Do not leave his corpse overnight on the tree, but you are surely to bury him on that day, for a hanging corpse is an affront to God; so do not defile your land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory.

Do not leave his corpse overnight on the tree, but you are surely to bury him on that day, for a hanging corpse is an affront to God; so do not defile your land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory.

Rashi

כי קללת אלהים תלוי. זִלְזוּלוֹ שֶׁל מֶלֶךְ הוּא, שֶׁאָדָם עָשׂוּי בִּדְמוּת דְּיוֹקָנוֹ, וְיִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בָּנָיו; מָשָׁל לִשְׁנֵי אַחִים תְּאוֹמִים שֶׁהָיוּ דּוֹמִים זֶה לָזֶה, אֶחָד נַעֲשָׂה מֶלֶךְ וְאֶחָד נִתְפַּס לְלִסְטִיּוּת וְנִתְלָה, כָּל הָרוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ אוֹמֵר הַמֶּלֶךְ תָּלוּי. כָּל קְלָלָה שֶׁבַּמִּקְרָא לְשׁוֹן הָקֵל וְזִלְזוּל, כְּמוֹ (מלכים א ב') "וְהוּא קִלְלַנִי קְלָלָה נִמְרֶצֶת":

For a hanging corpse is an affront to God. It is an affront to the king, for man is fashioned in His image, and the Israelites are His children. This is compared to twin brothers who were identical to each other. One became king, and one was apprehended as a thief and hanged. Everyone who saw him exclaimed, ‘The king has been hanged!’ [The king issued a command, and he was brought down.] קְלָלָה throughout Scripture connotes slighting and insult, as in, “He insulted me explicitly.”

Devarim 22

22:1

לֹֽא־תִרְאֶה אֶת־שׁוֹר אָחִיךָ אוֹ אֶת־שֵׂיוֹ נִדָּחִים וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ מֵהֶם הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֵם לְאָחִֽיךָ׃

You may not observe your brother’s ox or his sheep lost and conceal yourself from them; you must surely return them to your brother.

You may not observe your brother’s ox or his sheep lost and conceal yourself from them; you must surely return them to your brother.

Rashi

והתעלמת. כּוֹבֵשׁ עַיִן כְּאִלּוּ אֵינוֹ רוֹאֵהוּ:

And conceal yourself. Avert your eyes as if you don’t notice it.

לא תראה … והתעלמת. לֹא תִרְאֶה אוֹתוֹ שֶׁתִּתְעַלֵּם מִמֶּנּוּ, זֶהוּ פְּשׁוּטוֹ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ פְּעָמִים שֶׁאַתָּה מִתְעַלֵּם וְכוּ' (ספרי; בבא מציעא ל'):

You may not observe . . . and conceal yourself. You may not observe it so as to conceal yourself. This is its plain meaning. The Rabbis, however, comment: At times, you may conceal yourself, etc.

22:2

וְאִם־לֹא קָרוֹב אָחִיךָ אֵלֶיךָ וְלֹא יְדַעְתּוֹ וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ אֶל־תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ וְהָיָה עִמְּךָ עַד דְּרֹשׁ אָחִיךָ אֹתוֹ וַהֲשֵׁבֹתוֹ לֽוֹ׃

But if your brother is not near you or you do not know him, gather it into your house and let it stay with you until your brother seeks it, when you must return it to him.

But if your brother is not near you or you do not know him, gather it into your house and let it stay with you until your brother seeks it, when you must return it to him.

Rashi

עד דרש אחיך. וְכִי תַעֲלֶה עַל דַּעְתְּךָ שֶׁיִּתְּנֵהוּ לוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּדְרְשֵׁהוּ? אֶלָּא דָּרְשֵׁהוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא רַמַּאי (בבא מציעא כ"ז; עי' ספרי):

Until your brother seeks. Would it seem reasonable to return it to him before he seeks it? But, rather, inquire after him, lest he is a swindler.

והשבתו לו. שֶׁתְּהֵא בוֹ הֲשָׁבָה, שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל בְּבֵיתְךָ כְּדֵי דָּמָיו וְתִתְבָּעֵם מִמֶּנּוּ. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ, כָּל דָּבָר שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יַעֲשֶׂה וְיֹאכַל וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ עוֹשֶׂה וְאוֹכֵל יִמָּכֵר (בבא מציעא כ"ח):

When you must return it to him. Provided there is a return — but not if it eats in your home the equivalent of its value, which you then claim from him. From here, they ruled: Everything which produces and eats, shall produce and eat; which does not produce and eat, shall be sold.

22:3

וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לַחֲמֹרוֹ וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְשִׂמְלָתוֹ וְכֵן תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכׇל־אֲבֵדַת אָחִיךָ אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאבַד מִמֶּנּוּ וּמְצָאתָהּ לֹא תוּכַל לְהִתְעַלֵּֽם׃ {ס}        

And so are you to do for his donkey, and so are you to do for his garment, and so are you to do for any lost object of your brother’s that is lost from him which you find. You may not conceal yourself.

And so are you to do for his donkey, and so are you to do for his garment, and so are you to do for any lost object of your brother’s that is lost from him which you find. You may not conceal yourself.

Rashi

לא תוכל להתעלם. לִכְבֹּשׁ עֵינְךָ כְּאִלּוּ אֵינְךָ רוֹאֶה אוֹתוֹ:

You may not conceal yourself. By averting your eyes as if you don’t notice it.

22:4

לֹא־תִרְאֶה אֶת־חֲמוֹר אָחִיךָ אוֹ שׁוֹרוֹ נֹפְלִים בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְהִתְעַלַּמְתָּ מֵהֶם הָקֵם תָּקִים עִמּֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

Do not observe your brother’s donkey or his ox collapsing on the road and ignore them. You must surely lift it up with him.

Do not observe your brother’s donkey or his ox collapsing on the road and ignore them. You must surely lift it up with him.

Rashi

הקם תקים. זוֹ טְעִינָה – לְהַטְעִין מַשּׂאוֹי שֶׁנָּפַל מֵעָלָיו:

You must surely lift it up with him. This refers to loading — to load the cargo which fell from it.

עמו. עִם בְּעָלָיו, אֲבָל אִם הָלַךְ וְיָשַׁב לוֹ וְאָמַר לוֹ הוֹאִיל וְעָלֶיךָ מִצְוָה אִם רָצִיתָ לִטְעֹן טְעֹן, פָּטוּר (שם ל"ב):

With him. [With] its owner. But if he walked off and sat down, and said to him, ‘Since you were commanded, load if you will,’ he is exempt.

22:5

לֹא־יִהְיֶה כְלִי־גֶבֶר עַל־אִשָּׁה וְלֹא־יִלְבַּשׁ גֶּבֶר שִׂמְלַת אִשָּׁה כִּי תוֹעֲבַת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ כׇּל־עֹשֵׂה אֵֽלֶּה׃ {פ}

A man’s attire may not be on a woman nor may a man wear a woman’s garment; for the abomination of Adonoy, your God, are all who do these [things].

A man’s attire may not be on a woman nor may a man wear a woman’s garment; for the abomination of Adonoy, your God, are all who do these [things].

Rashi

לא יהיה כלי גבר על אשה. שֶׁתְּהֵא דּוֹמָה לְאִישׁ, כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּלֵךְ בֵּין הָאֲנָשִׁים, שֶׁאֵין זוֹ אֶלָּא לְשֵׁם נִאוּף (עי' ספרי):

A man’s attire may not be on a woman. So that she resembles a man, in order to mingle with men — this can only be for the purpose of promiscuous behavior.

ולא ילבש גבר שמלת אשה. לֵילֵךְ לֵישֵׁב בֵּין הַנָּשִׁים. דָּ"אַ — שֶׁלֹּא יַשִּׁיר שְׂעַר הָעֶרְוָה וְשֵׂעָר שֶׁל בֵּית הַשֶּׁחִי (נזיר נ"ט):

Nor may a man wear a woman’s garment. In order to take a place among women. Another interpretation: He may not shave the pubic hairs, or under the armpits.

כי תועבת. לֹא אָסְרָה תוֹרָה אֶלָּא לְבוּשׁ הַמֵּבִיא לִידֵי תוֹעֵבָה (עי' ספרי):

For the abomination. The Torah prohibited only garments leading to abomination.

22:6

כִּי יִקָּרֵא *(בספרי תימן קַן בקו״ף גדולה)קַן־צִפּוֹר ׀ לְפָנֶיךָ בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּכׇל־עֵץ ׀ אוֹ עַל־הָאָרֶץ אֶפְרֹחִים אוֹ בֵיצִים וְהָאֵם רֹבֶצֶת עַל־הָֽאֶפְרֹחִים אוֹ עַל־הַבֵּיצִים לֹא־תִקַּח הָאֵם עַל־הַבָּנִֽים׃

If you should chance upon a bird’s nest before you on the road in any tree, or on the ground, [with] fledglings or eggs, and the mother is sitting on the fledglings or on the eggs; do not take the mother with her offspring.

If you should chance upon a bird’s nest before you on the road in any tree, or on the ground, [with] fledglings or eggs, and the mother is sitting on the fledglings or on the eggs; do not take the mother with her offspring.

Rashi

כי יקרא. פְּרָט לִמְזֻמָּן (חולין קל"ט):

If you should chance. This excludes a nest owned beforehand.

לא תקח האם. בְּעוֹדָהּ עַל בָּנֶיהָ:

Do not take the mother. While on top of her young.

22:7

שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלַּח אֶת־הָאֵם וְאֶת־הַבָּנִים תִּֽקַּֽח־לָךְ לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִֽים׃ {ס}        

You must surely send away the mother and the offspring take for yourself, so that you will benefit and you will live long.

You must surely send away the mother and the offspring take for yourself, so that you will benefit and you will live long.

Rashi

למען ייטב לך וגו'. אִם מִצְוָה קַלָּה שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס אָמְרָה תוֹרָה "לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ וְהַאֲרַכְתָּ יָמִים", קַל וָחֹמֶר לְמַתַּן שְׂכָרָן שֶׁל מִצְווֹת חֲמוּרוֹת (שם קמ"ב):

So that you will benefit . . . If, with an easily fulfilled commandment, involving no financial loss, the Torah declares, “So that you will benefit and live long”; then certainly with the reward for the difficult commandments.

22:8

כִּי תִבְנֶה בַּיִת חָדָשׁ וְעָשִׂיתָ מַעֲקֶה לְגַגֶּךָ וְלֹֽא־תָשִׂים דָּמִים בְּבֵיתֶךָ כִּֽי־יִפֹּל הַנֹּפֵל מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃

When you build a new home, you are to make a fence for your roof; and do not place blood [liability] in your house, for someone who should fall may fall from it.

When you build a new home, you are to make a fence for your roof; and do not place blood [liability] in your house, for someone who should fall may fall from it.

Rashi

כי תבנה בית חדש. אִם קִיַּמְתָּ מִצְוַת שִׁלּוּחַ הַקֵּן, סוֹפְךָ לִבְנוֹת בַּיִת חָדָשׁ, וּתְקַיֵּם מִצְוַת מַעֲקֶה, שֶׁמִּצְוָה גּוֹרֶרֶת מִצְוָה, וְתַגִּיעַ לְכֶרֶם וְשָׂדֶה וְלִבְגָדִים נָאִים, לְכָךְ נִסְמְכוּ פָּרָשִׁיּוֹת הַלָּלוּ (תנחומא):

When you build a new home. If you fulfill the commandment of “sending from the nest,” you will ultimately build a new home and fulfill the commandment of [making] a fence, since one mitzvah engenders another mitzvah. And you will attain a vineyard, a field, and beautiful clothing. This is why these chapters adjoin each other.

מעקה. גָּדֵר סָבִיב לַגַּג, וְאֻנְקְלוֹס תִּרְגֵּם "תְּיָקָא", כְּגוֹן תִּיק שֶׁמְּשַׁמֵּר מַה שֶּׁבְּתוֹכוֹ:

A fence. A fence around the roof. Onkelos translates תְּיָקָא, like תִּיק, “a container,” which protects its contents.

כי יפל הנפל. רָאוּי זֶה לִפֹּל, וְאַעַ"פִּ כֵן לֹא תִתְגַּלְגֵּל מִיתָתוֹ עַל יָדְךָ, שֶׁמְּגַלְגְּלִין זְכוּת עַל יְדֵי זַכַּאי וְחוֹבָה עַל יְדֵי חַיָּב (ספרי):

For someone who should fall may fall. He deserves to fall, but still, let his death not come about through you, as benefit is brought about through the meritorious, and injury through the guilty.

22:9

לֹא־תִזְרַע כַּרְמְךָ כִּלְאָיִם פֶּן־תִּקְדַּשׁ הַֽמְלֵאָה הַזֶּרַע אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרָע וּתְבוּאַת הַכָּֽרֶם׃ {ס}        

Do not plant in your vineyard mixed species, lest the expansion become obnoxious—the seed that you plant—and the produce of the vineyard.

Do not plant in your vineyard mixed species, lest the expansion become obnoxious—the seed that you plant—and the produce of the vineyard.

Rashi

כלאים. חִטָּה וּשְׂעוֹרָה וְחַרְצָן בְּמַפֹּלֶת יָד (ברכות כ"ב):

Mixed species. Wheat, barley, and grapeseed, within a hand fling.

פן תקדש. כְּתַרְגוּמוֹ "תִּסְתָּאַב", כָּל דָּבָר הַנִּתְעָב עַל הָאָדָם, בֵּין לְשֶׁבַח כְּגוֹן הֶקְדֵּשׁ, בֵּין לִגְנַאי כְּגוֹן אִסּוּר, נוֹפֵל בּוֹ לְשׁוֹן קִדּוּשׁ, כְּמוֹ "אַל תִּגַּשׁ בִּי כִּי קִדַּשְׁתִּיךָ" (ישעיהו ס"ה):

Lest . . . becomes obnoxious. As Targum [Onkelos] renders, “becomes obnoxious.” Anything obnoxious to a person, whether laudable, as with sacred objects, or detestable, as with forbidden objects, is described by the term “obnoxious,” as in, “Do not approach me, for I have rendered you obnoxious.”

(המלאה. זֶה מִלּוּי וְתוֹסֶפֶת שֶׁהַזֶּרַע מוֹסִיף):

The expansion. This refers to the fullness and enlargement generated by the seed.

22:10

לֹֽא־תַחֲרֹשׁ בְּשׁוֹר־וּבַחֲמֹר יַחְדָּֽו׃

You may not plow with an ox and with a donkey together.

You may not plow with an ox and with a donkey together.

Rashi

לא תחרש בשור ובחמור. הוּא הַדִּין לְכָל שְׁנֵי מִינִים שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם (בבא קמא נ"ד), הוּא הַדִּין לְהַנְהִיגָם יַחַד קְשׁוּרִים זוּגִים בְּהוֹלָכַת שׁוּם מַשָּׂא (כלאים פ"ח מ"ב):

You may not plow with an ox and a donkey. This applies, as well, to any two species in the universe, and applies, as well, to leading them together, harnessed as a pair, in transporting any kind of burden.

22:11

לֹא תִלְבַּשׁ שַֽׁעַטְנֵז צֶמֶר וּפִשְׁתִּים יַחְדָּֽו׃ {ס}        

Do not don a mixture of threads, wool and flax together.

Do not don a mixture of threads, wool and flax together.

Rashi

שעטנז. לְשׁוֹן עֵרוּב. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ פֵּרְשׁוּ — שׁוּעַ טָווּי וְנוּז (ספרי):

A mixture of threads. The meaning is “a mixture.” The Rabbis interpret, combed, spun, and woven.

22:12

גְּדִלִים תַּעֲשֶׂה־לָּךְ עַל־אַרְבַּע כַּנְפוֹת כְּסוּתְךָ אֲשֶׁר תְּכַסֶּה־בָּֽהּ׃ {ס}        

Make yourself pendant threads upon four corners of your garment that you cover with.

Make yourself pendant threads upon four corners of your garment that you cover with.

Rashi

גדלים תעשה לך. אַף מִן הַכִּלְאַיִם, לְכָךְ סְמָכָן הַכָּתוּב (יבמות ד'):

Make yourself pendant threads. Even out of the כִּלְאַיִם mixture — this is why Scripture places them near each other.

22:13

כִּֽי־יִקַּח אִישׁ אִשָּׁה וּבָא אֵלֶיהָ וּשְׂנֵאָֽהּ׃

If a man marries a woman, and he has relations with her and hates her.

If a man marries a woman, and he has relations with her and hates her.

Rashi

ובא אליה ושנאה. סוֹפוֹ,

He has relations with her and hates her. he will ultimately . . .

22:14

וְשָׂם לָהּ עֲלִילֹת דְּבָרִים וְהוֹצִא עָלֶיהָ שֵׁם רָע וְאָמַר אֶת־הָאִשָּׁה הַזֹּאת לָקַחְתִּי וָאֶקְרַב אֵלֶיהָ וְלֹא־מָצָאתִי לָהּ בְּתוּלִֽים׃

Then berates her with calumnies and alleges defamation about her, and he claims, ‘‘I married this woman and was intimate with her, and did not find signs of her virginity.’’

Then berates her with calumnies and alleges defamation about her, and he claims, ‘‘I married this woman and was intimate with her, and did not find signs of her virginity.’’

Rashi

ושם לה עלילת דברים – עֲבֵרָה גּוֹרֶרֶת עֲבֵרָה, עָבַר עַל לֹא תִשְׂנָא, סוֹפוֹ לָבֹא לִידֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרָע (עי' ספרי):

berate her with calumnies. One transgression engenders another. He transgressed “Do not hate” — he will ultimately reach the point of malicious slander.

את האשה הזאת. מִכָּאן שֶׁאֵין אוֹמֵר דָּבָר אֶלָּא בִּפְנֵי בַעַל דִּין (שם):

This woman. We derive from here that no statement may be made except in the presence of the defendant.

22:15

וְלָקַח אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָ וְאִמָּהּ וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֶת־בְּתוּלֵי הַֽנַּעֲרָ אֶל־זִקְנֵי הָעִיר הַשָּֽׁעְרָה׃

The girl’s father and mother will take and will prove the girl’s virginity to the city judges in the court.

The girl’s father and mother will take and will prove the girl’s virginity to the city judges in the court.

Rashi

אבי הנערה ואמה. מִי שֶׁגִּדְּלוּ גִּדּוּלִים הָרָעִים יִתְבַּזּוּ עָלֶיהָ (עי' שם):

The girl’s father and mother. Those who nurtured the evil branch must suffer humiliation over it.

22:16

וְאָמַר אֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָ אֶל־הַזְּקֵנִים אֶת־בִּתִּי נָתַתִּי לָאִישׁ הַזֶּה לְאִשָּׁה וַיִּשְׂנָאֶֽהָ׃

The girl’s father should assert to the judges, ‘‘My daughter did I marry to this man as a wife and he hates her.

The girl’s father should assert to the judges, ‘‘My daughter did I marry to this man as a wife and he hates her.

Rashi

ואמר אבי הנערה. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁאֵין רְשׁוּת לָאִשָּׁה לְדַבֵּר בִּפְנֵי הָאִישׁ (שם):

The girl’s father should assert. This teaches that a woman is not permitted to speak before a man.

22:17

וְהִנֵּה־הוּא שָׂם עֲלִילֹת דְּבָרִים לֵאמֹר לֹֽא־מָצָאתִי לְבִתְּךָ בְּתוּלִים וְאֵלֶּה בְּתוּלֵי בִתִּי וּפָֽרְשׂוּ הַשִּׂמְלָה לִפְנֵי זִקְנֵי הָעִֽיר׃

Look! He has promulgated libelous words, claiming ‘I did not find signs of your daughter’s virginity.’ But this is [the proof of] my daughter’s virginity.’’ And let them spread the cloth before the city judges.

Look! He has promulgated libelous words, claiming ‘I did not find signs of your daughter’s virginity.’ But this is [the proof of] my daughter’s virginity.’’ And let them spread the cloth before the city judges.

Rashi

ופרשו השמלה. הֲרֵי זֶה מָשָׁל, מְחֻוָּרִין הַדְּבָרִים כַּשִּׂמְלָה (שם; כתובות שם):

Let them spread the cloth. This is figurative — the matter is as clearcut as a cloth.

22:18

וְלָקְחוּ זִקְנֵי הָֽעִיר־הַהִוא אֶת־הָאִישׁ וְיִסְּרוּ אֹתֽוֹ׃

The judges of that city will take the man and will chastise him.

The judges of that city will take the man and will chastise him.

Rashi

ויסרו אתו. מַלְקוּת (שם):

And chastise him. Flogging.

22:19

וְעָנְשׁוּ אֹתוֹ מֵאָה כֶסֶף וְנָתְנוּ לַאֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָה כִּי הוֹצִיא שֵׁם רָע עַל בְּתוּלַת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֽוֹ־תִהְיֶה לְאִשָּׁה לֹא־יוּכַל לְשַׁלְּחָהּ כׇּל־יָמָֽיו׃ {ס}        

And they will fine him one hundred silver [shekels] and give [them] to the girl’s father, because he defamed a virgin of Yisroel; and she shall remain his wife, he may not divorce her all his life.

And they will fine him one hundred silver [shekels] and give [them] to the girl’s father, because he defamed a virgin of Yisroel; and she shall remain his wife, he may not divorce her all his life.

22:20

וְאִם־אֱמֶת הָיָה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה לֹא־נִמְצְאוּ בְתוּלִים לַֽנַּעֲרָֽ׃

However, if the allegation is true; signs of the girl’s virginity were not found.

However, if the allegation is true; signs of the girl’s virginity were not found.

Rashi

ואם אמת היה הדבר. בְּעֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה, שֶׁזִּנְּתָה לְאַחַר אֵרוּסִין (כתובות מ"ד):

However, if the allegation is true. Through witnesses, and with a pre-warning, that she committed adultery after her אֵירוּסִין — marriage.

22:21

וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ אֶל־פֶּתַח בֵּית־אָבִיהָ וּסְקָלוּהָ אַנְשֵׁי עִירָהּ בָּאֲבָנִים וָמֵתָה כִּֽי־עָשְׂתָה נְבָלָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לִזְנוֹת בֵּית אָבִיהָ וּבִֽעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס}        

They are to take the girl out to the entrance of her father’s home and the people of her city will stone her with stones to death, because she committed a disgraceful act against Yisroel by behaving promiscuously [in] her father’s house; and you will eliminate the evil within you.

They are to take the girl out to the entrance of her father’s home and the people of her city will stone her with stones to death, because she committed a disgraceful act against Yisroel by behaving promiscuously [in] her father’s house; and you will eliminate the evil within you.

Rashi

אל פתח בית אביה. רְאוּ גִּדּוּלִים שֶׁגִּדַּלְתֶּם (שם מ"ה):

To the entrance of her father’s home. Look at the branch you nurtured.

אנשי עירה. בְּמַעֲמַד כָּל אַנְשֵׁי עִירָהּ (ספרי):

The people of her city. In the presence of all the people of her city.

לזנות בית אביה. כְּמוֹ בְּבֵית אָבִיהָ:

Behaving promiscuously [in] her father’s house. As if it had said “in” her father’s house.

22:22

כִּֽי־יִמָּצֵא אִישׁ שֹׁכֵב ׀ עִם־אִשָּׁה בְעֻֽלַת־בַּעַל וּמֵתוּ גַּם־שְׁנֵיהֶם הָאִישׁ הַשֹּׁכֵב עִם־הָאִשָּׁה וְהָאִשָּׁה וּבִֽעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃ {ס}        

If a man is found having intercourse with a woman who is the wife of a man, even both of them shall die—the man who had intercourse with the woman and the woman—and you will eliminate the evil from Yisroel.

If a man is found having intercourse with a woman who is the wife of a man, even both of them shall die—the man who had intercourse with the woman and the woman—and you will eliminate the evil from Yisroel.

Rashi

ומתו גם שניהם. לְהוֹצִיא מַעֲשֵׂה חִדּוּדִים שֶׁאֵין הָאִשָּׁה נֶהֱנֵית מֵהֶם (ספרי; סנהדרין ס"ו):

Even both of them shall die. This excludes lascivious activity from which the woman does not derive pleasure.

גם. לְרַבּוֹת הַבָּאִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם (ספרי); דָּבָר אַחֵר, גם שניהם לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַוָּלָד, שֶׁאִם הָיְתָה מְעֻבֶּרֶת אֵין מַמְתִּינִין לָהּ עַד שֶׁתֵּלֵד (ערכין ז'):

Even. This adds those following them. (Another version of Rashi’s text: “those committing sodomy.”) Another interpretation: “Even both of them” adds the fetus — if she was pregnant, we do not wait until she gives birth.

22:23

כִּי יִהְיֶה נַעֲרָ בְתוּלָה מְאֹרָשָׂה לְאִישׁ וּמְצָאָהּ אִישׁ בָּעִיר וְשָׁכַב עִמָּֽהּ׃

If there will be a virgin girl married to a man, and a man encounters her in the city and has intercourse with her,

If there will be a virgin girl married to a man, and a man encounters her in the city and has intercourse with her,

Rashi

ומצאה איש בעיר. לְפִיכָךְ שָׁכַב עִמָּהּ – פִּרְצָה קוֹרְאָה לַגַּנָּב, הָא אִלּוּ יָשְׁבָה בְּבֵיתָהּ, לֹא אֵרַע לָהּ (ספרי):

And a man encounters her in the city. This is why he was intimate with her — the breach summons the thief. But if she had remained at home, this would not have occurred to her.

22:24

וְהוֹצֵאתֶם אֶת־שְׁנֵיהֶם אֶל־שַׁעַר ׀ הָעִיר הַהִוא וּסְקַלְתֶּם אֹתָם בָּאֲבָנִים וָמֵתוּ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ עַל־דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא־צָעֲקָה בָעִיר וְאֶת־הָאִישׁ עַל־דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר־עִנָּה אֶת־אֵשֶׁת רֵעֵהוּ וּבִֽעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס}        

You are to take them both out to the court of that city and stone them with stones to death, the girl for the fact that she did not scream in the city and the man for the fact that he oppressed the wife of his peer; and you will eliminate the evil within you.

You are to take them both out to the court of that city and stone them with stones to death, the girl for the fact that she did not scream in the city and the man for the fact that he oppressed the wife of his peer; and you will eliminate the evil within you.

22:25

וְֽאִם־בַּשָּׂדֶה יִמְצָא הָאִישׁ אֶת־הַֽנַּעֲרָ הַמְאֹרָשָׂה וְהֶחֱזִֽיק־בָּהּ הָאִישׁ וְשָׁכַב עִמָּהּ וּמֵת הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־שָׁכַב עִמָּהּ לְבַדּֽוֹ׃

But if in the field the man encounters the married girl, and the man holds her and had intercourse with her; then he shall die—only the man who had intercourse with her.

But if in the field the man encounters the married girl, and the man holds her and had intercourse with her; then he shall die—only the man who had intercourse with her.

22:26

וְלַֽנַּעֲרָ לֹא־תַעֲשֶׂה דָבָר אֵין לַֽנַּעֲרָ חֵטְא מָוֶת כִּי כַּאֲשֶׁר יָקוּם אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ וּרְצָחוֹ נֶפֶשׁ כֵּן הַדָּבָר הַזֶּֽה׃

But to the girl you will not do a thing, the girl has no death liability; for, just as if a man rises up against his peer and murders him, so is this matter.

But to the girl you will not do a thing, the girl has no death liability; for, just as if a man rises up against his peer and murders him, so is this matter.

Rashi

כי כאשר יקום וגו'. לְפִי פְשׁוּטוֹ זֶהוּ מַשְׁמָעוֹ: כִּי אֲנוּסָה הִיא וּבְחָזְקָה עָמַד עָלֶיהָ, כְּאָדָם הָעוֹמֵד עַל חֲבֵרוֹ לְהָרְגוֹ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ דָּרְשׁוּ בוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה בָא לְלַמֵּד וְנִמְצָא לָמֵד וְכוּ' (סנהדרין ע"ג):

For, just as if a man rises up, etc. According to the plain interpretation, this is its meaning; ‘For she was coerced, he overpowered her, similar to a man who rises up against his fellow murderously.’ Our Sages expound, here, ‘This appears to teach, but subsequently learns, etc.’

22:27

כִּי בַשָּׂדֶה מְצָאָהּ צָעֲקָה הַֽנַּעֲרָ הַמְאֹרָשָׂה וְאֵין מוֹשִׁיעַ לָֽהּ׃ {ס}        

For he encountered her in the field; the married girl screamed, but there was no one to rescue her.

For he encountered her in the field; the married girl screamed, but there was no one to rescue her.

22:28

כִּֽי־יִמְצָא אִישׁ נַעֲרָ בְתוּלָה אֲשֶׁר לֹא־אֹרָשָׂה וּתְפָשָׂהּ וְשָׁכַב עִמָּהּ וְנִמְצָֽאוּ׃

If a man encounters a virgin girl who was not married and grabs her and has intercourse with her; and they are discovered.

If a man encounters a virgin girl who was not married and grabs her and has intercourse with her; and they are discovered.

22:29

וְנָתַן הָאִישׁ הַשֹּׁכֵב עִמָּהּ לַאֲבִי הַֽנַּעֲרָ חֲמִשִּׁים כָּסֶף וְלֽוֹ־תִהְיֶה לְאִשָּׁה תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר עִנָּהּ לֹא־יוּכַל שַׁלְּחָהּ כׇּל־יָמָֽיו׃ {ס}        

The man who had intercourse with her must give to the girl’s father fifty silver [shekels]; and she shall be his wife, since he oppressed her; he may not divorce her all his life.

The man who had intercourse with her must give to the girl’s father fifty silver [shekels]; and she shall be his wife, since he oppressed her; he may not divorce her all his life.

Devarim 23

23:1

לֹא־יִקַּח אִישׁ אֶת־אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו וְלֹא יְגַלֶּה כְּנַף אָבִֽיו׃ {ס}        

A man may not marry his father’s wife, and may not expose the edge of his father’s garment.

A man may not marry his father’s wife, and may not expose the edge of his father’s garment.

Rashi

לא יקח. אֵין לוֹ בָּהּ לִקּוּחִין וְאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין תּוֹפְסִין בָּהּ (עי' קידושין ס"ז):

A man may not marry. He cannot effect marriage with her — marriage with her is legally invalid.

ולא יגלה כנף אביו. שׁוֹמֶרֶת יָבָם שֶׁל אָבִיו הָרְאוּיָה לְאָבִיו, וַהֲרֵי כְּבָר הֻזְהַר עָלֶיהָ מִשּׁוּם עֶרְוַת אֲחִי אָבִיךָ (ויקרא י"ח) אֶלָּא לַעֲבֹר עַל זוֹ בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוִין, וְלִסְמֹךְ לָהּ לֹא יָבֹא מַמְזֵר, לְלַמֵּד שֶׁאֵין מַמְזֵר אֶלָּא מֵחַיָּבֵי כָּרֵתוֹת, וְקַל וָחֹמֶר מֵחַיָּבֵי מִיתוֹת בֵּית דִּין, שֶׁאֵין בָּעֲרָיוֹת מִיתַת בֵּית דִּין שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ כָּרֵת (יבמות מ"ט):

And may not expose the edge of his father’s garment. His father’s prospective levirate partner, appropriate for his father. But he was already warned concerning her, from “the nakedness of your father’s brother.” Evidently, to transgress, with her, against two prohibitions, and to place, next to her, “the bastard may not enter,” to teach that the bastard is only [someone born] of those liable to kares excision; certainly judicial execution, as no act of incest or adultery subject to judicial execution is exempt from kares excision.

23:2

לֹֽא־יָבֹא פְצֽוּעַ־דַּכָּא*(בספרי ספרד ורוב ספרי אשכנז דַּכָּה) וּכְרוּת שׇׁפְכָה בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

One may not enter—with injured or crushed genitals or with a gash causing spilling—into Adonoy’s community.

One may not enter—with injured or crushed genitals or with a gash causing spilling—into Adonoy’s community.

Rashi

פצוע דכה. שֶׁנִּפְצְעוּ אוֹ שֶׁנִּדְכְּאוּ בֵיצִים שֶׁלּוֹ:

With injured or crushed. Whose testicles were injured or crushed.

וכרות שפכה. שֶׁנִּכְרַת הַגִּיד וְשׁוּב אֵינוֹ יוֹרֶה קִלּוּחַ זֶרַע אֶלָּא שׁוֹפֵךְ וְשׁוֹתֵת וְאֵינוֹ מוֹלִיד (ספרי; יבמות ע'):

Or with a gash causing spilling. The organ was gashed, and no longer ejects a stream of semen, but spills and dribbles, and is sterile.

23:3

לֹא־יָבֹא מַמְזֵר בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָה גַּם דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי לֹא־יָבֹא לוֹ בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

A base-born may not enter into Adonoy’s community, even his tenth generation may not enter into Adonoy’s community.

A base-born may not enter into Adonoy’s community, even his tenth generation may not enter into Adonoy’s community.

Rashi

לא יבא ממזר בקהל ה'. לֹא יִשָּׂא יִשְׂרְאֵלִית:

A base-born may not enter into Adonoy’s community. He may not marry an Israelite woman.

23:4

לֹֽא־יָבֹא עַמּוֹנִי וּמוֹאָבִי בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָה גַּם דּוֹר עֲשִׂירִי לֹא־יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָה עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃

[Neither] an Ammonite nor a Moavite may enter into Adonoy’s community; even their tenth generation may not enter into Adonoy’s community forever.

[Neither] an Ammonite nor a Moavite may enter into Adonoy’s community; even their tenth generation may not enter into Adonoy’s community forever.

Rashi

לא יבא עמוני. לֹא יִשָּׂא יִשְׂרְאֵלִית:

An Ammonite may not enter. He may not marry an Israelite woman.

23:5

עַל־דְּבַר אֲשֶׁר לֹא־קִדְּמוּ אֶתְכֶם בַּלֶּחֶם וּבַמַּיִם בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָיִם וַאֲשֶׁר שָׂכַר עָלֶיךָ אֶת־בִּלְעָם בֶּן־בְּעוֹר מִפְּתוֹר אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם לְקַֽלְלֶֽךָּ׃

Because of the matter that they did not greet you with bread and water on the way when you came out of Egypt; and because he hired against you Bilam son of Beor from Pesor in Aram Naharayim to curse you.

Because of the matter that they did not greet you with bread and water on the way when you came out of Egypt; and because he hired against you Bilam son of Beor from Pesor in Aram Naharayim to curse you.

Rashi

על דבר. עַל הָעֵצָה שֶׁיָּעֲצוּ אֶתְכֶם לְהַחֲטִיאֲכֶם:

Because of the matter. Because of their advice concerning you, to incite you to sin [as written in the affair of Bilam].

בדרך. כְּשֶׁהֱיִיתֶם בְּטֵרוּף (ספרי):

On the way. When you were harried.

23:6

וְלֹֽא־אָבָה יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶל־בִּלְעָם וַיַּהֲפֹךְ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְּךָ אֶת־הַקְּלָלָה לִבְרָכָה כִּי אֲהֵֽבְךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃

Adonoy, your God, was unwilling to heed Bilam, and Adonoy, your God, turned for you the curse into a blessing, because Adonoy, your God, loved you.

Adonoy, your God, was unwilling to heed Bilam, and Adonoy, your God, turned for you the curse into a blessing, because Adonoy, your God, loved you.

23:7

לֹא־תִדְרֹשׁ שְׁלֹמָם וְטֹבָתָם כׇּל־יָמֶיךָ לְעוֹלָֽם׃ {ס}        

Do not pursue their peace and their benefit all your life forever.

Do not pursue their peace and their benefit all your life forever.

Rashi

לא תדרש שלמם. מִכְּלָל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עִמְּךָ יֵשֵׁב בְּקִרְבְּךָ יָכוֹל אַף זֶה כֵּן, תַּ"לֹ לא תדרש שלמם (עי' ספרי):

Do not pursue their peace. By inference from what is said, “He may remain with you, in your midst,” perhaps this one as well? The Torah therefore teaches, “Do not pursue their peace.”

23:8

לֹֽא־תְתַעֵב אֲדֹמִי כִּי אָחִיךָ הוּא לֹא־תְתַעֵב מִצְרִי כִּי־גֵר הָיִיתָ בְאַרְצֽוֹ׃

Do not despise the Edomite, for he is your brother; do not despise the Egyptian, for you were a stranger in his land.

Do not despise the Edomite, for he is your brother; do not despise the Egyptian, for you were a stranger in his land.

Rashi

לא תתעב אדמי. לְגַמְרֵי, וְאַעַ"פִּ שֶׁרָאוּי לְךָ לְתַעֲבוֹ שֶׁיָּצָא בַּחֶרֶב לִקְרָאתֶךָ:

Do not despise the Edomite. Completely, although it would be appropriate for you to despise him, as he advanced towards you with the sword.

לא תתעב מצרי. מִכֹּל וָכֹל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁזָּרְקוּ זְכוּרֵיכֶם לַיְאוֹר. מַה טַּעַם? שֶׁהָיוּ לָכֶם אַכְסַנְיָא בִּשְׁעַת הַדְּחָק. לְפִיכָךְ —

Do not despise the Egyptian. Totally, although they hurled your males into the river. What is the reason? Because they received you hospitably during a time of need. Therefore:

23:9

בָּנִים אֲשֶׁר־יִוָּלְדוּ לָהֶם דּוֹר שְׁלִישִׁי יָבֹא לָהֶם בִּקְהַל יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}        

Children who will be born to them, in the third generation, will enter into Adonoy’s community.

Children who will be born to them, in the third generation, will enter into Adonoy’s community.

Rashi

בנים אשר יולדו להם דור שלישי וגו'. וּשְׁאָר אֻמּוֹת מֻתָּרִים מִיָּד, הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁהַמַּחֲטִיא לָאָדָם קָשֶׁה לוֹ מִן הַהוֹרְגוֹ, שֶׁהַהוֹרְגוֹ הוֹרְגוֹ בָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וְהַמַּחֲטִיאוֹ מוֹצִיאוֹ מִן הָעוֹלָם הַזֶּה וּמִן הָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, לְפִיכָךְ אֱדוֹם שֶׁקִּדְּמָם בַּחֶרֶב לֹא נִתְעַב, וְכֵן מִצְרַיִם שֶׁטִּבְּעוּם, וְאֵלּוּ שֶׁהֶחֱטִיאוּם נִתְעֲבוּ (ספרי):

Children who will be born to them in the third generation, etc. The other nations, however, are permitted immediately. Thus we learn that someone who incites a man to sin is worse than someone who murders him. For the one who murders him, murders him in this world, while the one who incites him to sin, drives him out of this world and the World to Come. Therefore, Edom, who advanced towards them with the sword, is not to be despised. Similarly Egypt, which drowned them. These, however, who incited them to sin, are despicable.

23:10

כִּֽי־תֵצֵא מַחֲנֶה עַל־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְנִשְׁמַרְתָּ מִכֹּל דָּבָר רָֽע׃

When you go out to encamp against your enemies take precautions from every evil thing.

When you go out to encamp against your enemies take precautions from every evil thing.

Rashi

כי תצא וגו' … ונשמרת. שֶׁהַשָּׂטָן מְקַטְרֵג בִּשְׁעַת הַסַּכָּנָה (תלמוד ירושלמי שבת ב'):

When you go out . . . take precautions. As Satan incriminates in times of peril.

23:11

כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה בְךָ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִהְיֶה טָהוֹר מִקְּרֵה־לָיְלָה וְיָצָא אֶל־מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה לֹא יָבֹא אֶל־תּוֹךְ הַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃

If there is a man among you who is not undefiled [because of] a nocturnal incident; he must go out of the camp, he may not enter into the midst of the camp.

If there is a man among you who is not undefiled [because of] a nocturnal incident; he must go out of the camp, he may not enter into the midst of the camp.

Rashi

מקרה לילה. דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בַּהוֹוֶה (ספרי):

A nocturnal incident. Scriptural law is expressed in common circumstances.

ויצא אל מחוץ למחנה. זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה:

He must go out of the camp. This is a positive commandment.

לא יבא אל תוך המחנה. זוֹ מִצְוַת לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה (שם), וְאָסוּר לִכָּנֵס לְמַחֲנֵה לְוִיָּה, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן לְמַחֲנֵה שְׁכִינָה (עי' פסחים ס"ח):

He may not enter into the midst of the camp. This is a negative commandment. He is not permitted to enter the camp of the Levites, certainly not the camp of the Shechinah.

23:12

וְהָיָה לִפְנֽוֹת־עֶרֶב יִרְחַץ בַּמָּיִם וּכְבֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ יָבֹא אֶל־תּוֹךְ הַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃

As sunset nears he is to immerse in water; and after the sun has set he may enter the the midst of the camp.

As sunset nears he is to immerse in water; and after the sun has set he may enter the the midst of the camp.

Rashi

והיה לפנות ערב. סָמוּךְ לְהֶעֱרֵב שִׁמְשׁוֹ יִטְבֹּל, שֶׁאֵינוֹ טָהוֹר בְּלֹא הֶעֱרֵב הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ (עי' ספרי):

As sunset nears. Close to the setting of the sun, he should immerse himself, as he does not become pure without the setting of the sun.

23:13

וְיָד תִּהְיֶה לְךָ מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה וְיָצָאתָ שָּׁמָּה חֽוּץ׃

Have a designated place outside the camp, and you will go out there to excrete.

Have a designated place outside the camp, and you will go out there to excrete.

Rashi

ויד תהיה לך. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ, כְּמוֹ אִישׁ עַל יָדוֹ (במדבר ב'):

Have a designated place. As Targum [Onkelos] renders, similar to “everyone at his place.”

מחוץ למחנה. חוּץ לֶעָנָן:

Outside the camp. Outside the cloud.

23:14

וְיָתֵד תִּהְיֶה לְךָ עַל־אֲזֵנֶךָ וְהָיָה בְּשִׁבְתְּךָ חוּץ וְחָפַרְתָּה בָהּ וְשַׁבְתָּ וְכִסִּיתָ אֶת־צֵאָתֶֽךָ׃

And a peg are you to have in addition to your weapons; when you need to sit to excrete dig with it, then use it again to cover your excrement.

And a peg are you to have in addition to your weapons; when you need to sit to excrete dig with it, then use it again to cover your excrement.

Rashi

על אזנך. לְבַד מִשְּׁאָר כְּלֵי תַּשְׁמִישְׁךָ:

In addition to your weapons. Aside from your other utensils.

אזנך. כְּמוֹ כְּלִי זַיִן:

Your weapons. Similar to “your instruments of force.”

23:15

כִּי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ מִתְהַלֵּךְ ׀ בְּקֶרֶב מַחֲנֶךָ לְהַצִּֽילְךָ וְלָתֵת אֹיְבֶיךָ לְפָנֶיךָ וְהָיָה מַחֲנֶיךָ קָדוֹשׁ וְלֹֽא־יִרְאֶה בְךָ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר וְשָׁב מֵאַחֲרֶֽיךָ׃ {ס}        

For Adonoy, your God, is moving within your camp to save you and to defeat your enemies before you, so your camp must be holy; let Him not see within you disgraceful objects lest He turn away from you.

For Adonoy, your God, is moving within your camp to save you and to defeat your enemies before you, so your camp must be holy; let Him not see within you disgraceful objects lest He turn away from you.

Rashi

ולא יראה בך. הַקָּבָּ"ה ערות דבר:

Let Him not see within you. [Let] the Holy One, Blessed is He [not see] disgraceful objects.

23:16

לֹא־תַסְגִּיר עֶבֶד אֶל־אֲדֹנָיו אֲשֶׁר־יִנָּצֵל אֵלֶיךָ מֵעִם אֲדֹנָֽיו׃

Do not deliver a slave to his master, who escaped to you from his master.

Do not deliver a slave to his master, who escaped to you from his master.

Rashi

לא תסגיר עבד. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ; דָּ"אַ — אֲפִלּוּ עֶבֶד כְּנַעֲנִי שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁבָּרַח מִחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל (גיטין מ"ה):

Do not deliver a slave. As Targum [Onkelos] renders. Another interpretation: Even a Gentile slave owned by a Jew, who fled from outside the land to Eretz Yisroel.

23:17

עִמְּךָ יֵשֵׁב בְּקִרְבְּךָ בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־יִבְחַר בְּאַחַד שְׁעָרֶיךָ בַּטּוֹב לוֹ לֹא תּוֹנֶֽנּוּ׃ {ס}        

With you will he live among you, in the place that he chooses in any of your cities, wherever it is good for him; do not distress him.

With you will he live among you, in the place that he chooses in any of your cities, wherever it is good for him; do not distress him.

23:18

לֹא־תִהְיֶה קְדֵשָׁה מִבְּנוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹֽא־יִהְיֶה קָדֵשׁ מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

There is not to be a harlot from the daughters of Yisroel; and there shall not be a male prostitute from the sons of Yisroel.

There is not to be a harlot from the daughters of Yisroel; and there shall not be a male prostitute from the sons of Yisroel.

Rashi

לא תהיה קדשה. מֻפְקֶרֶת מְקֻדֶּשֶׁת וּמְזֻמֶּנֶת לִזְנוּת:

There shall not be a harlot. Promiscuous, dedicated to and designated for lecherous relations.

ולא יהיה קדש. מְזֻמָּן לְמִשְׁכַּב זְכוּר; וְאֻנְקְלוֹס תִּרְגֵּם "לָא תְהֵא אִתְּתָא מִבְּנָת יִשְׂרָאֵל לִגְבַר עָבֵד", שֶׁאַף זוֹ מֻפְקֶרֶת לִבְעִילַת זְנוּת הִיא, מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין תּוֹפְסִין לוֹ בָּהּ, שֶׁהֲרֵי הֻקְּשׁוּ לַחֲמוֹר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "שְׁבוּ לָכֶם פֹּה עִם הַחֲמוֹר" – עַם הַדּוֹמֶה לַחֲמוֹר, וְלָא יִסַּב גַּבְרָא מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אִתְּתָא אָמָה, שֶׁאַף הוּא נַעֲשֶׂה קָדֵשׁ עַל יָדָהּ, שֶׁכָּל בְּעִילוֹתָיו בְּעִילוֹת זְנוּת, שֶׁאֵין קִדּוּשִׁין תּוֹפְסִין לוֹ בָּהּ (עי' קידושין ס"ח):

And there shall not be a male prostitute. Designated for homosexual relations. Onkelos renders, ‘An Israelite woman shall not be kept by a slave,’ for she, too, engages promiscuously in lecherous intimate relations, since his marriage is ineffective with her, as they are compared to the donkey, as it is said, “Remain here with the donkey” — a people compared to the donkey. ‘And an Israelite man shall not marry a maid servant,’ for he, too, becomes a male prostitute through her, since all of their intimate relations amount to lechery, as his marriage is ineffective with her.

23:19

לֹא־תָבִיא אֶתְנַן זוֹנָה וּמְחִיר כֶּלֶב בֵּית יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְכׇל־נֶדֶר כִּי תוֹעֲבַת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ גַּם־שְׁנֵיהֶֽם׃ {ס}        

Do not bring a harlot’s fee or payment for a dog to the house of Adonoy, your God, in fulfillment of any vow; because Adonoy, your God’s abominations are even both of them.

Do not bring a harlot’s fee or payment for a dog to the house of Adonoy, your God, in fulfillment of any vow; because Adonoy, your God’s abominations are even both of them.

Rashi

אתנן זונה. נָתַן לָהּ טָלֶה בְּאֶתְנַנָּהּ פָּסוּל לְהַקְרָבָה:

A harlot’s fee. [If] he gave her a lamb as her harlot’s fee, it is disqualified as a sacrificial offering.

ומחיר כלב. הֶחֱלִיף שֶׂה בְכֶלֶב (ספרי; תמורה כ"ט):

Or payment for a dog. If he exchanged a sheep for a dog.

גם שניהם. לְרַבּוֹת שִׁנּוּיֵיהֶם, כְּגוֹן חִטִּים וַעֲשָׂאָן סֹלֶת (שם ל'):

Even both. This adds alterations in form, as, for example, wheat kernels ground into flour.

23:20

לֹא־תַשִּׁיךְ לְאָחִיךָ נֶשֶׁךְ כֶּסֶף נֶשֶׁךְ אֹכֶל נֶשֶׁךְ כׇּל־דָּבָר אֲשֶׁר יִשָּֽׁךְ׃

You may not pay usury to your brother, usury on money, usury on food; usury on any matter where it is paid.

You may not pay usury to your brother, usury on money, usury on food; usury on any matter where it is paid.

Rashi

לא תשיך. אַזְהָרָה לַלֹּוֶה שֶׁלֹּא יִתֵּן רִבִּית לַמַּלְוֶה (עי' ספרי) (וְאַחַר כָּךְ אַזְהָרָה לַמַּלְוֶה אֶת כַּסְפְּךָ לֹא תִתֵּן לוֹ בְּנֶשֶׁךְ):

You may not pay usury. This prohibits the borrower from paying interest to the lender. [Afterward, the prohibition to the lender: ‘You may not lend him your money for usury.’]

23:21

לַנׇּכְרִי תַשִּׁיךְ וּלְאָחִיךָ לֹא תַשִּׁיךְ לְמַעַן יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכֹל מִשְׁלַח יָדֶךָ עַל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בָא־שָׁמָּה לְרִשְׁתָּֽהּ׃ {ס}        

You may pay usury to the stranger, but to your brother do not pay usury; in order that Adonoy, your God, will bless you in all your commerce on the land that you are coming there to inherit.

You may pay usury to the stranger, but to your brother do not pay usury; in order that Adonoy, your God, will bless you in all your commerce on the land that you are coming there to inherit.

Rashi

לנכרי תשיך. וְלֹא לְאָחִיךָ, לָאו הַבָּא מִכְּלַל עֲשֵׂה, עֲשֵׂה, לַעֲבֹר עָלָיו בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוין וַעֲשֵׂה:

You may pay usury to the stranger. But not to your brother. A negative commandment deduced from the positive constitutes a positive commandment — so that he transgresses, for this, two negative commandments and one positive commandment.

23:22

כִּֽי־תִדֹּר נֶדֶר לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא תְאַחֵר לְשַׁלְּמוֹ כִּֽי־דָרֹשׁ יִדְרְשֶׁנּוּ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ מֵֽעִמָּךְ וְהָיָה בְךָ חֵֽטְא׃

If you make a vow to Adonoy, your God, do not delay in discharging it; for Adonoy, your God, will surely demand it from you, and you will be at fault.

If you make a vow to Adonoy, your God, do not delay in discharging it; for Adonoy, your God, will surely demand it from you, and you will be at fault.

Rashi

לא תאחר לשלמו. שְׁלוֹשָׁה רְגָלִים, וּלְמָדוּהוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ מִן הַמִּקְרָא (ראש השנה ד'):

Do not delay in discharging it. For three festivals. The Rabbis derive this from Scripture.

23:23

וְכִי תֶחְדַּל לִנְדֹּר לֹֽא־יִהְיֶה בְךָ חֵֽטְא׃

But if you desist from vowing, no fault will be found with you.

But if you desist from vowing, no fault will be found with you.

23:24

מוֹצָא שְׂפָתֶיךָ תִּשְׁמֹר וְעָשִׂיתָ כַּאֲשֶׁר נָדַרְתָּ לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נְדָבָה אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְתָּ בְּפִֽיךָ׃ {ס}        

Keep what you have articulated; and perform whatever you vow; to Adonoy, your God, voluntarily—whatever you say with your mouth.

Keep what you have articulated; and perform whatever you vow; to Adonoy, your God, voluntarily—whatever you say with your mouth.

Rashi

מוצא שפתיך תשמר. לִתֵּן עֲשֵׂה עַל לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה (שם ו'):

Keep what you have articulated and perform. This specifies a positive commandment with the negative.

23:25

כִּי תָבֹא בְּכֶרֶם רֵעֶךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ עֲנָבִים כְּנַפְשְׁךָ שׇׂבְעֶךָ וְאֶֽל־כֶּלְיְךָ לֹא תִתֵּֽן׃ {ס}        

When you enter your fellow’s vineyard, you may eat grapes as you desire, to your satisfaction; but you may not place it in your container.

When you enter your fellow’s vineyard, you may eat grapes as you desire, to your satisfaction; but you may not place it in your container.

Rashi

כי תבא בכרם רעך. בְּפוֹעֵל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר:

When you enter your fellow’s vineyard. Scripture refers to a laborer.

כנפשך. כַּמָּה שֶׁתִּרְצֶה:

As you desire. As much as you desire.

שבעך. וְלֹא אֲכִילָה גַסָּה (בבא מציעא פ"ז):

To your satisfaction. But not to gorge yourself.

ואל כליך לא תתן. מִכָּאן שֶׁלֹּא דִּבְּרָה תוֹרָה אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת הַבָּצִיר, בִּזְמַן שֶׁאַתָּה נוֹתֵן לְכֶלְיוֹ שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת (ספרי; בבא מציעא פ"ט), אֲבָל אִם בָּא לַעֲדֹר וּלְקַשְׁקֵשׁ אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל (שם פ"ז):

But you may not place it in your container. From here [we derive] that the Torah refers only to harvest time, when you place it into the owner’s receptacle. However, if he enters to till or to hoe, he may not eat.

23:26

כִּי תָבֹא בְּקָמַת רֵעֶךָ וְקָטַפְתָּ מְלִילֹת בְּיָדֶךָ וְחֶרְמֵשׁ לֹא תָנִיף עַל קָמַת רֵעֶֽךָ׃ {ס}        

When you enter your fellow’s standing grainstalks, you may cut off stalks by hand, but do not lift a sickle over your fellow’s standing grainstalks.

When you enter your fellow’s standing grainstalks, you may cut off stalks by hand, but do not lift a sickle over your fellow’s standing grainstalks.

Rashi

כי תבא בקמת רעך. אַף זוֹ בְּפוֹעֵל הַכָּתוּב מְדַבֵּר:

When you enter your fellow’s standing grainstalks. With this, as well, Scripture refers to the laborer.

Devarim 24

24:1

כִּֽי־יִקַּח אִישׁ אִשָּׁה וּבְעָלָהּ וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא תִמְצָא־חֵן בְּעֵינָיו כִּי־מָצָא בָהּ עֶרְוַת דָּבָר וְכָתַב לָהּ סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻת וְנָתַן בְּיָדָהּ וְשִׁלְּחָהּ מִבֵּיתֽוֹ׃

If a man marries a woman and consummates with her; should she not find favor in his eyes because he found in her something lecherous, he is to write for her a document of severance and place [it] in her hand and send her from his home.

If a man marries a woman and consummates with her; should she not find favor in his eyes because he found in her something lecherous, he is to write for her a document of severance and place [it] in her hand and send her from his home.

Rashi

כי מצא בה ערות דבר. מִצְוָה עָלָיו לְגָרְשָׁהּ, שֶׁלֹּא תִמְצָא חֵן בְּעֵינָיו (גיט' צ'):

For he found in her something lecherous. He is then commanded to divorce her, and that she should not find favor in his eyes.

24:2

וְיָצְאָה מִבֵּיתוֹ וְהָלְכָה וְהָיְתָה לְאִישׁ־אַחֵֽר׃

If she leaves his home and goes and becomes [wife] to another man.

If she leaves his home and goes and becomes [wife] to another man.

Rashi

לאיש אחר. אֵין זֶה בֶּן זוּגוֹ שֶׁל רִאשׁוֹן, הוּא הוֹצִיא רְשָׁעָה מִתּוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ וְזֶה הִכְנִיסָהּ (שם):

To another man. This one is not like the first, as he ousted the evil woman from his home, while this one brought her in.

24:3

וּשְׂנֵאָהּ הָאִישׁ הָאַחֲרוֹן וְכָתַב לָהּ סֵפֶר כְּרִיתֻת וְנָתַן בְּיָדָהּ וְשִׁלְּחָהּ מִבֵּיתוֹ אוֹ כִי יָמוּת הָאִישׁ הָאַחֲרוֹן אֲשֶׁר־לְקָחָהּ לוֹ לְאִשָּֽׁה׃

If her last husband hates her and writes for her a document of severance and places [it] in her hand and sends her from his house, or if the latter man dies, who had taken her as his wife;

If her last husband hates her and writes for her a document of severance and places [it] in her hand and sends her from his house, or if the latter man dies, who had taken her as his wife;

Rashi

ושנאה האיש האחרון. הַכָּתוּב מְבַשְּׂרוֹ שֶׁסּוֹפוֹ לִשְׂנֹאתָהּ, וְאִם לָאו קוֹבַרְתּוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר או כי ימות (ספרי):

If [lit. and] her last husband hates her. Scripture informs him that he will ultimately hate her. If not, then she will bury him, as it is said, “Or, if [the last husband] dies.”

24:4

לֹא־יוּכַל בַּעְלָהּ הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲשֶֽׁר־שִׁלְּחָהּ לָשׁוּב לְקַחְתָּהּ לִהְיוֹת לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר הֻטַּמָּאָה כִּֽי־תוֹעֵבָה הִוא לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה וְלֹא תַחֲטִיא אֶת־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָֽה׃ {ס}        

Her first husband who divorced her may not remarry her to be his wife after her having been defiled, for it is an abomination before Adonoy; and you are not to make liable the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory.

Her first husband who divorced her may not remarry her to be his wife after her having been defiled, for it is an abomination before Adonoy; and you are not to make liable the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory.

Rashi

אחרי אשר הטמאה. לְרַבּוֹת סוֹטָה שֶׁנִּסְתְּרָה (ספרי; יבמות י"א):

After having been defiled. This adds the adulteress who was secluded [with the adulterer].

24:5

כִּֽי־יִקַּח אִישׁ אִשָּׁה חֲדָשָׁה לֹא יֵצֵא בַּצָּבָא וְלֹא־יַעֲבֹר עָלָיו לְכׇל־דָּבָר נָקִי יִהְיֶה לְבֵיתוֹ שָׁנָה אֶחָת וְשִׂמַּח אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ אֲשֶׁר־לָקָֽח׃

When a man marries a new wife, he is not to be mobilized into the army, it shall not impose itself over him in any matter; he shall be free for his home one year and he shall bring joy to the wife he married.

When a man marries a new wife, he is not to be mobilized into the army, it shall not impose itself over him in any matter; he shall be free for his home one year and he shall bring joy to the wife he married.

Rashi

אשה חדשה. שֶׁהִיא חֲדָשָׁה לוֹ וַאֲפִלּוּ אַלְמָנָה, פְּרָט לְמַחֲזִיר גְּרוּשָׁתוֹ (ספרי; סוטה מ"ד):

A new wife. One that is new to him, even if she is a widow. This excludes someone who remarries his divorced wife.

ולא יעבור עליו. דְּבַר הַצָּבָא:

It shall not impose itself over him. The military command.

לכל דבר שֶׁהוּא צֹרֶךְ הַצָּבָא, לֹא לְסַפֵּק מַיִם וּמָזוֹן וְלֹא לְתַקֵּן הַדְּרָכִים, אֲבָל הַחוֹזְרִים מֵעוֹרְכֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה עַל פִּי כֹהֵן, כְּגוֹן בָּנָה בַיִת וְלֹא חֲנָכוֹ אוֹ אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ, מַסְפִּיקִין מַיִם וּמָזוֹן וּמְתַקְּנִין אֶת הַדְּרָכִים (שם):

In any matter. Which is needed by the army — not to supply water and food, or to repair the roads. However, those who return from the combat formations by declaration of the kohein — for example, one who built a home but did not inaugurate it, or betrothed a woman but did not marry her — supply water and food, and repair the roads.

יהיה לביתו. אַף בִּשְׁבִיל בֵּיתוֹ, אִם בָּנָה בַיִת וַחֲנָכוֹ וְאִם נָטַע כֶּרֶם וְחִלְּלוֹ אֵינוֹ זָז מִבֵּיתוֹ בִּשְׁבִיל צָרְכֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה:

He shall be . . . for his home. Even for the sake of his home. If he built a home and inaugurated it, or planted a vineyard and redeemed it, he need not budge from his home for the war effort.

יהיה. לְרַבּוֹת אֶת כַּרְמוֹ:

For his home. This refers to his [inaugurated] home.

לביתו. זֶה בֵיתוֹ:

He shall be. This adds his [redeemed] vineyard.

ושמח. יְשַׂמֵּחַ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ, וְתַרְגּוּמוֹ "וְיַחְדֵי יָת אִתְּתֵהּ", וְהַמְתַרְגֵּם וְיֶחְדֵּי עִם אִתְּתֵהּ טוֹעֶה הוּא, שֶׁאֵין זֶה תַּרְגּוּם שֶׁל וְשִׂמַּח אֶלָּא שֶׁל וְשָׂמַח:

He shall bring joy. He shall cause his wife to rejoice. Targum also renders “He shall bring joy to his wife.” But one who translates, “He shall rejoice with his wife” is mistaken, for this is not the translation of וְשִׂמַּח, but of וְשָׂמַח .

24:6

לֹא־יַחֲבֹל רֵחַיִם וָרָכֶב כִּי־נֶפֶשׁ הוּא חֹבֵֽל׃ {ס}        

He may not secure as collateral a mortar or pestle, for his is taking life as security.

He may not secure as collateral a mortar or pestle, for his is taking life as security.

Rashi

לא יחבל. אִם בָּא לְמַשְׁכְּנוֹ עַל חוֹבוֹ בְּבֵית דִּין, לֹא יְמַשְׁכְּנֶנּוּ בִּדְבָרִים שֶׁעוֹשִׂים בָּהֶן אֹכֶל נֶפֶשׁ (ב"מ קי"ג):

He may not secure as collateral. If he demands security from him for his debt in court, he may not secure implements of food preparation.

רחים. הִיא הַתַּחְתּוֹנָה:

A mortar. This refers to the lower [utensil].

ורכב. הִיא הָעֶלְיוֹנָה:

Or pestle. This refers to the upper [utensil].

24:7

כִּי־יִמָּצֵא אִישׁ גֹּנֵב נֶפֶשׁ מֵאֶחָיו מִבְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִתְעַמֶּר־בּוֹ וּמְכָרוֹ וּמֵת הַגַּנָּב הַהוּא וּבִֽעַרְתָּ הָרָע מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס}        

If a man is apprehended having kidnaped a person from his brothers, from the descendants of Yisroel, and he exploited him and sold him; that kidnaper is to be put to death and you will eliminate the evil within you.

If a man is apprehended having kidnaped a person from his brothers, from the descendants of Yisroel, and he exploited him and sold him; that kidnaper is to be put to death and you will eliminate the evil within you.

Rashi

כי ימצא. בְּעֵדִים וְהַתְרָאָה, וְכֵן כָּל "יִמָּצֵא" שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה:

If a man is apprehended. Through witnesses, and after a warning. Similarly, every “apprehended” in the Torah.

והתעמר בו. אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיִּשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בּוֹ:

And he exploited him. He is only liable if he uses him.

24:8

הִשָּׁמֶר בְּנֶֽגַע־הַצָּרַעַת לִשְׁמֹר מְאֹד וְלַעֲשׂוֹת כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־יוֹרוּ אֶתְכֶם הַכֹּהֲנִים הַלְוִיִּם כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִם תִּשְׁמְרוּ לַעֲשֽׂוֹת׃

Take precautions with the leprosy affliction to be extremely careful and to do—in accordance with everything that the kohanim the Levites shall instruct you; as I commanded them are you to make sure to do.

Take precautions with the leprosy affliction to be extremely careful and to do—in accordance with everything that the kohanim the Levites shall instruct you; as I commanded them are you to make sure to do.

Rashi

השמר בנגע הצרעת. שֶׁלֹּא תִתְלֹשׁ סִימָנֵי טֻמְאָה וְלֹא תָקֹץ אֶת הַבַּהֶרֶת (מכות כ"ב):

Take precautions with the leprosy affliction. So as not to pluck the symptoms of defilement, or remove the leprous ulcer.

ככל אשר יורו אתכם. אִם לְהַסְגִּיר אִם לְהַחֲלִיט אִם לְטַהֵר:

In accordance with everything that . . . shall instruct you. Whether to place in confinement, condemn, or purify.

24:9

זָכוֹר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְמִרְיָם בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃ {ס}        

Remember what Adonoy, your God, did to Miriam on the way when you were going out of Egypt.

Remember what Adonoy, your God, did to Miriam on the way when you were going out of Egypt.

Rashi

זכור את אשר עשה ה' אלהיך למרים. אִם בָּאתָ לְהִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא תִלְקֶה בְּצָרַעַת אַל תְּסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, זְכֹר הֶעָשׂוּי לְמִרְיָם שֶׁדִּבְּרָה בְאָחִיהָ וְלָקְתָה בִנְגָעִים (עי' ספרי):

Remember what the Adonoy, your God, did to Miriam. If you intend to take precautions to avoid suffering tzora’as, do not engage in slander. Remember what was done to Miriam, who spoke about her brother, and was afflicted with leprous ulcers.

24:10

כִּֽי־תַשֶּׁה בְרֵֽעֲךָ מַשַּׁאת מְאוּמָה לֹא־תָבֹא אֶל־בֵּיתוֹ לַעֲבֹט עֲבֹטֽוֹ׃

If you become your fellow’s creditor for any amount of debt, do not enter his house to take his pledge.

If you become your fellow’s creditor for any amount of debt, do not enter his house to take his pledge.

Rashi

כי תשה ברעך. תָחֹב בַּחֲבֵרְךָ:

If you become your fellow’s creditor. You obligate your fellow.

משאת מאומה. חוֹב שֶׁל כְּלוּם:

For any amount of debt. The slightest debt.

24:11

בַּחוּץ תַּעֲמֹד וְהָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה נֹשֶׁה בוֹ יוֹצִיא אֵלֶיךָ אֶֽת־הַעֲבוֹט הַחֽוּצָה׃

Stand outside, and the man from whom you are claiming, will bring out the pledge to you outside.

Stand outside, and the man from whom you are claiming, will bring out the pledge to you outside.

24:12

וְאִם־אִישׁ עָנִי הוּא לֹא תִשְׁכַּב בַּעֲבֹטֽוֹ׃

And if he is a poor man, do not repose with his collateral [in your possession].

And if he is a poor man, do not repose with his collateral [in your possession].

Rashi

לא תשכב בעבטו. לֹא תִשְׁכַּב וַעֲבוֹטוֹ אֶצְלְךָ (ספרי; בבא מציעא קי"ד):

Do not repose with his collateral. Do not repose with his collateral in your possession.

24:13

הָשֵׁב תָּשִׁיב לוֹ אֶֽת־הַעֲבוֹט כְּבוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְשָׁכַב בְּשַׂלְמָתוֹ וּבֵֽרְכֶךָּ וּלְךָ תִּהְיֶה צְדָקָה לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶֽיךָ׃ {ס}        

Return are you to return the pledge to him at sunset, and he will sleep with his garment and bless you; and it will be to your credit before Adonoy, your God.

Return are you to return the pledge to him at sunset, and he will sleep with his garment and bless you; and it will be to your credit before Adonoy, your God.

Rashi

כבוא השמש. אִם כְּסוּת לַיְלָה הוּא, וְאִם כְּסוּת יוֹם — הַחֲזִירֵהוּ בַבֹּקֶר, וּכְבָר כָּתוּב בִּוְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים (כ"ב) "עַד בֹּא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לוֹ" — כָּל הַיּוֹם תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לוֹ, וּכְבֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תִּקָּחֶנּוּ:

At sunset. If it is a night garment. If it is a day garment, return it in the morning. That is already written in “These are the laws” — “Until sunset, return it to him.” Throughout the day, return it to him, at sunset, you may take it.

וברכך. וְאִם אֵינוֹ מְבָרֶכְךָ, מִכָּל מָקוֹם ולך תהיה צדקה (ספרי):

And bless you. And even if he does not bless you, still, “It will be to your credit.”

24:14

לֹא־תַעֲשֹׁק שָׂכִיר עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן מֵאַחֶיךָ אוֹ מִגֵּרְךָ אֲשֶׁר בְּאַרְצְךָ בִּשְׁעָרֶֽיךָ׃

Do not steal from the wage earner who is poor or destitute; from your brothers or your converts who are in your land in your cities.

Do not steal from the wage earner who is poor or destitute; from your brothers or your converts who are in your land in your cities.

Rashi

לא תעשק שכיר. וַהֲלֹא כְבָר כָּתוּב? אֶלָּא לַעֲבֹר עַל הָאֶבְיוֹן בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוין, "לֹא תַעֲשֹׁק שְׂכַר שָׂכִיר" שֶׁהוּא עָנִי וְאֶבְיוֹן, וְעַל הֶעָשִׁיר כְּבָר הֻזְהַר (ויקרא י"ט) "לֹא תַעֲשֹׁק אֶת רֵעֲךָ" (ב"מ ס"א):

Do not steal from the wage earner. But isn’t it already written? Evidently, to violate, against the destitute, two negative commandments: ‘Do not steal the pay of the wage earner who is poor or destitute;’ and, against the wealthy, he has already been warned, “Do not steal from your fellow.”

אביון. הַתָּאֵב לְכָל דָּבָר:

Destitute. In want of all things.

מגרך. זֶה גֵּר צֶדֶק:

Your converts. This refers to the righteous proselyte.

בשעריך. זֶה גֵּר תּוֹשָׁב הָאוֹכֵל נְבֵלוֹת:

In your cities. This refers to the alien settler, who eats meat which was not ritually slaughtered.

אשר בארצך. לְרַבּוֹת שְׂכַר בְּהֵמָה וְכֵלִים (בבא מציעא קי"א):

Who are in your land. This is added to include rental fees for animals and tools.

24:15

בְּיוֹמוֹ תִתֵּן שְׂכָרוֹ וְֽלֹא־תָבוֹא עָלָיו הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ כִּי עָנִי הוּא וְאֵלָיו הוּא נֹשֵׂא אֶת־נַפְשׁוֹ וְלֹֽא־יִקְרָא עָלֶיךָ אֶל־יְהֹוָה וְהָיָה בְךָ חֵֽטְא׃ {ס}        

On its day give his wage and let the sun not set upon it, for he is a poor man, and he places his life in jeopardy for it; [so that] he should not complain about you to Adonoy, and you will have a sin.

On its day give his wage and let the sun not set upon it, for he is a poor man, and he places his life in jeopardy for it; [so that] he should not complain about you to Adonoy, and you will have a sin.

Rashi

ואליו הוא נשא את נפשו. אֶל הַשָּׂכָר הַזֶּה הוּא נוֹשֵׂא אֶת נַפְשׁוֹ לָמוּת, עָלָה בַכֶּבֶשׁ וְנִתְלָה בְאִילָן (ספרי; ב"מ קי"ב):

And he places his life in jeopardy for it. For these wages, he places himself in mortal danger — he climbs a wall, or suspends himself from a tree.

והיה בך חטא. מִכָּל מָקוֹם, אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּמַהֲרִין לִפָּרֵעַ עַל יְדֵי הַקּוֹרֵא (ספרי):

And you will have a sin. Regardless, except that punishment is swiftly dispatched when someone cries out.

24:16

לֹֽא־יוּמְתוּ אָבוֹת עַל־בָּנִים וּבָנִים לֹא־יוּמְתוּ עַל־אָבוֹת אִישׁ בְּחֶטְאוֹ יוּמָֽתוּ׃ {ס}        

Fathers shall not be executed through sons, and sons shall not be executed through fathers; each to be executed for his sin.

Fathers shall not be executed through sons, and sons shall not be executed through fathers; each to be executed for his sin.

Rashi

לא יומתו אבות על בנים. בְּעֵדוּת בָּנִים, וְאִם תֹּאמַר בַּעֲוֹן בָּנִים, כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר איש בחטאו יומתו (ספרי; סנהדרין כ"ז):

Fathers shall not be executed through sons. Through the testimony of the sons. Perhaps through the sin of the sons? It has already been said, “A man is executed by his own sin.” However, one who is not a man may die by his father’s sin — minors may die by their father’s sin, by Heavenly decree.

איש בחטאו יומתו. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ אִישׁ מֵת בַּעֲוֹן אָבִיו, וְהַקְּטַנִּים מֵתִים בַּעֲוֹן אֲבוֹתָם בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם (ספרי):

24:17

לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפַּט גֵּר יָתוֹם וְלֹא תַחֲבֹל בֶּגֶד אַלְמָנָֽה׃

Do not be devious in the judgment of the proselyte or orphan; and you may not secure as collateral, a widow’s garment.

Do not be devious in the judgment of the proselyte or orphan; and you may not secure as collateral, a widow’s garment.

Rashi

לא תטה משפט גר יתום. וְעַל הֶעָשִׁיר כְּבָר הֻזְהַר (דברים ט"ז) "לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפָּט", וְשָׁנָה בֶעָנִי לַעֲבֹר עָלָיו בִּשְׁנֵי לָאוין, לְפִי שֶׁנָּקֵל לְהַטּוֹת מִשְׁפַּט עָנִי יוֹתֵר מִשֶּׁל עָשִׁיר, לְכָךְ הִזְהִיר וְשָׁנָה עָלָיו (ספרי):

Do not be devious in the judgment of the proselyte or orphan. Concerning the wealthy, he has already been warned, “Do not judge deviously.” It is repeated with the poor so that he violates two prohibitions, since it is easier to distort the judgment of the poor than that of the wealthy. Thus, he warns, and repeats the warning.

ולא תחבל. שֶׁלֹּא בִשְׁעַת הַלְוָאָה:

You may not secure as collateral. Not at the time of the loan.

24:18

וְזָכַרְתָּ כִּי עֶבֶד הָיִיתָ בְּמִצְרַיִם וַֽיִּפְדְּךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ מִשָּׁם עַל־כֵּן אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּֽה׃ {ס}        

Remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and Adonoy, your God, redeemed you from there; that is why I am commanding you to do this thing.

Remember that you were a slave in Egypt, and Adonoy, your God, redeemed you from there; that is why I am commanding you to do this thing.

Rashi

וזכרת. עַל מְנָת כֵּן פְּדִיתִיךָ, לִשְׁמֹר חֻקּוֹתַי אֲפִלּוּ יֵשׁ חֶסְרוֹן כִּיס בַּדָּבָר:

Remember. On this condition I redeemed you — so that you keep my statutes even when the matter entails monetary loss.

24:19

כִּי תִקְצֹר קְצִֽירְךָ בְשָׂדֶךָ וְשָֽׁכַחְתָּ עֹמֶר בַּשָּׂדֶה לֹא תָשׁוּב לְקַחְתּוֹ לַגֵּר לַיָּתוֹם וְלָאַלְמָנָה יִהְיֶה לְמַעַן יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בְּכֹל מַעֲשֵׂה יָדֶֽיךָ׃ {ס}        

When you reap your reaping in your field, and you forget a sheaf in the field, you may not return to take it; for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be; in order that Adonoy, your God, will bless you in all your endeavors.

When you reap your reaping in your field, and you forget a sheaf in the field, you may not return to take it; for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be; in order that Adonoy, your God, will bless you in all your endeavors.

Rashi

ושכחת עמר. וְלֹא גָדִישׁ, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ, עֹמֶר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ סָאתַיִם וּשְׁכָחוֹ אֵינוֹ שִׁכְחָה (פאה ו' מ"ב):

And you forget a sheaf. But not a heap. From here we derive that a sheaf containing two seahs that was forgotten is not shikchah.

בשדה. לְרַבּוֹת שִׁכְחַת קָמָה שֶׁשָּׁכַח מִקְצָתָהּ מִלִּקְצֹר:

In the field. This is added to include forgotten standing grainstalks, some of which he forgot to reap.

לא תשוב לקחתו. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ, שֶׁלְּאַחֲרָיו שִׁכְחָה, שֶׁלְּפָנָיו אֵינוֹ שִׁכְחָה, שֶׁאֵינוֹ בְּבַל תָּשׁוּב (פאה מ"ד; בבא מציעא י"א):

You may not return to take it. From here we derive that what is behind him is shikchah, but what is before him is not shikchah, as it is not included in “you may not return.”

למען יברכך. וְאַעַ"פִּ שֶׁבָּאת לְיָדוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בְמִתְכַּוֵּן, קַ"וָ לָעוֹשֶׂה בְמִתְכַּוֵּן. אֱמֹר מֵעַתָּה נָפְלָה סֶלַע מִיָּדוֹ וּמְצָאָהּ עָנִי וְנִתְפַּרְנֵס בָּהּ — הֲרֵי הוּא מִתְבָּרֵךְ עָלֶיהָ (ספרי):

In order that . . . will bless you. Although it came into his possession unintentionally — certainly, with someone who acts intentionally. You may thus conclude that if a sela-coin dropped from his hand and was found by a pauper who gained sustenance from it — he is blessed for it.

24:20

כִּי תַחְבֹּט זֵֽיתְךָ לֹא תְפַאֵר אַחֲרֶיךָ לַגֵּר לַיָּתוֹם וְלָאַלְמָנָה יִהְיֶֽה׃

When you harvest your olive tree, you may not strip it of its glory behind you. for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be.

When you harvest your olive tree, you may not strip it of its glory behind you. for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be.

Rashi

לא תפאר. לֹא תִטֹּל תִּפְאַרְתּוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ (חולין קל"א), מִכָּאן שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין פֵּאָה לָאִילָן:

You may not strip it of its glory. Do not remove its glory from it. From here [we derive] that one must leave unharvested the outer edge of the tree.

אחריך. זוֹ שִׁכְחָה:

Behind you. This refers to shikchah.

24:21

כִּי תִבְצֹר כַּרְמְךָ לֹא תְעוֹלֵל אַחֲרֶיךָ לַגֵּר לַיָּתוֹם וְלָאַלְמָנָה יִהְיֶֽה׃

When you harvest your vineyard you may not harvest pygmy vines behind you; for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be.

When you harvest your vineyard you may not harvest pygmy vines behind you; for the proselyte, for the orphan, and for the widow let it be.

Rashi

לא תעולל. אִם מָצָאתָ בוֹ עוֹלֵלוֹת, לֹא תִקָּחֶנָּה. וְאֵי זוֹ הִיא עוֹלֵלוֹת? כָּל שֶׁאֵין לָהּ לֹא כָּתֵף וְלֹא נָטֵף. יֵשׁ לָהּ אֶחָד מֵהֶם — הֲרֵי הִיא לְבַעַל הַבַּיִת (ספרא); וְרָאִיתִי בְתַלְמוּד יְרוּשַׁלְמִי אֵי זוֹ הִיא כָּתֵף? פְּסִיגִין זֶה עַל גַּב זֶה, נָטֵף — אֵלּוּ הַתְּלוּיוֹת בַּשִּׁדְרָה וְיוֹרְדוֹת:

You may not harvest pygmy vines. If you discover pygmy vines, you may not take them. What are pygmy vines? Anything lacking the shoulder and the droplets. If it has either of them, then it belongs to the owner. I have seen in the Jerusalem Talmud, ‘What is the shoulder? clusters atop one another. The droplets? Those hanging down from the main stem.’

24:22

וְזָכַרְתָּ כִּי־עֶבֶד הָיִיתָ בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם עַל־כֵּן אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּֽה׃ {ס}        

Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; that is why I am commanding you to do this thing.

Remember that you were a slave in the land of Egypt; that is why I am commanding you to do this thing.

Devarim 25

25:1

כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה רִיב בֵּין אֲנָשִׁים וְנִגְּשׁוּ אֶל־הַמִּשְׁפָּט וּשְׁפָטוּם וְהִצְדִּיקוּ אֶת־הַצַּדִּיק וְהִרְשִׁיעוּ אֶת־הָרָשָֽׁע׃

If a quarrel should occur among men and they bring it to court and they judge them and they determine who is righteous and they convict the villain.

If a quarrel should occur among men and they bring it to court and they judge them and they determine who is righteous and they convict the villain.

Rashi

כי יהיה ריב. סוֹפָם לִהְיוֹת נִגָּשִׁים אֶל הַמִּשְׁפָּט. אֱמֹר מֵעַתָּה אֵין שָׁלוֹם יוֹצֵא מִתּוֹךְ מְרִיבָה, מִי גָּרַם לְלוֹט לִפְרֹשׁ מִן הַצַּדִּיק? הֱוֵי אוֹמֵר זוֹ מְרִיבָה:

If a quarrel should occur. They will ultimately approach the court of justice. You may thus conclude that tranquility does not evolve from quarreling. What caused Lot to take leave of the saint? You may say, it was quarreling.

והרשיעו את הרשע. יָכוֹל כָּל הַמִּתְחַיְּבִין בַּדִּין לוֹקִין, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר — והיה אם בן הכות הרשע. פְּעָמִים לוֹקֶה וּפְעָמִים אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. וּמִי הוּא הַלּוֹקֶה? לְמֹד מִן הָעִנְיָן, "לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישׁוֹ" — לָאו שֶׁלֹּא נִתַּק לַעֲשֵׂה (עי' ספרי; מכות י"ג):

And they convict the villain. Perhaps everyone found liable in court is subject to flogging? The Torah therefore teaches, ”Should, the wicked one deserve flogging.” At times he is flogged, and at times he is not flogged. Who, then is liable to flogging? Learn from the context, “You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes” — a negative commandment unattached to a positive commandment.

25:2

וְהָיָה אִם־בִּן הַכּוֹת הָרָשָׁע וְהִפִּילוֹ הַשֹּׁפֵט וְהִכָּהוּ לְפָנָיו כְּדֵי רִשְׁעָתוֹ בְּמִסְפָּֽר׃

Should the wicked one deserve flogging, the judge shall incline him and have him flogged before him in the amount befitting his crime, with the number near.

Should the wicked one deserve flogging, the judge shall incline him and have him flogged before him in the amount befitting his crime, with the number near.

Rashi

והפילו השפט. מְלַמֵּד שֶׁאֵין מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ לֹא עוֹמֵד וְלֹא יוֹשֵׁב אֶלָּא מֻטֶּה (מכות כ"ב):

The judge shall incline him. This teaches that he is not flogged standing or sitting, but inclined.

לפניו כדי רשעתו. וּלְאַחֲרָיו כְּדֵי שְׁתַּיִם, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ שְׁתֵּי יָדוֹת מִלְּאַחֲרָיו וּשְׁלִישׁ מִלְּפָנָיו (ספרי; מכות כ"ב):

Before him in the amount befitting his crime. And behind him, in the amount befitting a double crime. From here it is derived that he is flogged two thirds from behind, and one third at the front.

במספר. וְאֵינוֹ נָקוּד בַּמִּסְפָּר, לִמֵּד שֶׁהִיא דְבוּקָה, לוֹמַר בְּמִסְפַּר אַרְבָּעִים וְלֹא אַרְבָּעִים שְׁלֵמִים, אֶלָּא מִנְיָן שֶׁהוּא סוֹכֵם וּמַשְׁלִים לְאַרְבָּעִים וְהֵם אַרְבָּעִים חָסֵר אַחַת (שם):

With the number near. This is not vocalized בַּמִסְפָּר, indicating that it is attached, so that we read “With the number near forty,” but not with the total of forty. Rather, the number which concludes and completes up to forty, meaning forty minus one.

25:3

אַרְבָּעִים יַכֶּנּוּ לֹא יֹסִיף פֶּן־יֹסִיף לְהַכֹּתוֹ עַל־אֵלֶּה מַכָּה רַבָּה וְנִקְלָה אָחִיךָ לְעֵינֶֽיךָ׃

Forty is he to have him flogged, he may not add; lest he additionally flog him over these, a great flogging, when your brother will be slighted before you.

Forty is he to have him flogged, he may not add; lest he additionally flog him over these, a great flogging, when your brother will be slighted before you.

Rashi

לא יסיף. מִכָּאן אַזְהָרָה לַמַּכֶּה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ (עי' כתובות ל"ג):

He may not add. From here we derive that one is forbidden to strike one’s fellow.

ונקלה אחיך. כָּל הַיּוֹם קוֹרְאוֹ רָשָׁע, וּמִשֶּׁלָּקָה קְרָאוֹ אָחִיךָ:

When your brother will be slighted. He is constantly described as a criminal, but after the flogging, he is entitled “your brother.”

25:4

לֹא־תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר בְּדִישֽׁוֹ׃ {ס}        

You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes.

You may not muzzle an ox while it threshes.

Rashi

לא תחסם שור. דִּבֵּר הַכָּתוּב בַּהֹוֶה, וְהוּא הַדִּין לְכָל בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף הָעוֹשִׂים בִּמְלָאכָה שֶׁהִיא בִּדְבַר מַאֲכָל; אִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר שׁוֹר? לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הָאָדָם (ספרי; בבא מציעא פ"ח):

You may not muzzle an ox. Scripture speaks in commonplace situations, but this applies as well to all domesticated animals, wild animals and fowl, engaged in work involving food. If so, why is the ox mentioned? To exclude man.

בדישו. יָכוֹל יַחְסְמֶנּוּ מִבַּחוּץ? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר "לֹא תַחְסֹם שׁוֹר" — מִכָּל מָקוֹם; וְלָמָּה נֶאֱמַר דַּיִשׁ? לוֹמַר לְךָ מַה דַּיִשׁ מְיֻחָד דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ וְגִדּוּלוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ, אַף כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בוֹ, יָצָא הַחוֹלֵב וְהַמְגַבֵּן וְהַמְחַבֵּץ שֶׁאֵין גִּדּוּלוֹ מִן הָאָרֶץ, יָצָא הַלָּשׁ וְהַמְקַטֵּף שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתּוֹ לְחַלָּה, יָצָא הַבּוֹדֵל בִּתְמָרִים וּבִגְרוֹגְרוֹת שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּן לַמַּעֲשֵׂר (ספרי; ב"מ פ"ט):

While it threshes. Perhaps one may muzzle it while outside? The Torah therefore teaches, “You may not muzzle an ox,” anywhere. Then why is threshing said? To teach you: Just as threshing is, specifically, something done when the work was not complete, and with produce of the earth; so, with everything similar. This excludes milking, and cheese and butter making, since they are not products of the earth. It excludes kneading and shaping, since its work was completed for the challah obligation. It excludes prying apart dates and figs, since their work was completed for tithing.

25:5

כִּֽי־יֵשְׁבוּ אַחִים יַחְדָּו וּמֵת אַחַד מֵהֶם וּבֵן אֵֽין־לוֹ לֹֽא־תִהְיֶה אֵֽשֶׁת־הַמֵּת הַחוּצָה לְאִישׁ זָר יְבָמָהּ יָבֹא עָלֶיהָ וּלְקָחָהּ לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וְיִבְּמָֽהּ׃

If brothers reside together, and one of them dies having no son, let the wife of the dead man not marry outside [the family] to a strange man; her brother-in-law will consummate with her thus marrying her to be his wife, and perform levirate marriage with her.

If brothers reside together, and one of them dies having no son, let the wife of the dead man not marry outside [the family] to a strange man; her brother-in-law will consummate with her thus marrying her to be his wife, and perform levirate marriage with her.

Rashi

כי ישבו אחים יחדו. שֶׁהָיְתָה לָהֶם יְשִׁיבָה אַחַת בָּעוֹלָם, פְּרָט לְאֵשֶׁת אָחִיו שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה בְעוֹלָמוֹ (ספרי; יבמות י"ז):

If brothers reside together. Provided they shared a concurrent residence in this world — this excludes the wife of his brother who did not share his world.

יחדו. הַמְיֻחָדִים בַּנַּחֲלָה, פְּרָט לְאָחִיו מִן הָאֵם (שם):

Together. Together in their inheritance. This excludes maternal brothers.

ובן אין לו. עַיֵּן עָלָיו, בֵּן אוֹ בַת אוֹ בֵן הַבֵּן אוֹ בַת הַבֵּן אוֹ בֵן הַבַּת אוֹ בַת הַבַּת (עי' יבמות כ"ב):

Having no son. Scrutinize him — a son or daughter, a son’s son or daughter, or a daughter’s son or daughter.

25:6

וְהָיָה הַבְּכוֹר אֲשֶׁר תֵּלֵד יָקוּם עַל־שֵׁם אָחִיו הַמֵּת וְלֹֽא־יִמָּחֶה שְׁמוֹ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

It shall be that the firstborn, when she is capable of bearing children, shall be established in place of his deceased brother, so that his name may not be obliterated from Yisroel.

It shall be that the firstborn, when she is capable of bearing children, shall be established in place of his deceased brother, so that his name may not be obliterated from Yisroel.

Rashi

והיה הבכור. גְּדוֹל הָאַחִים הוּא מְיַבֵּם אוֹתָהּ (ספרי; יבמות כ"ד):

It shall be that the firstborn. The oldest brother shall perform levirate marriage with her.

אשר תלד. פְּרָט לְאַיְלוֹנִית שֶׁאֵינָהּ יוֹלֶדֶת:

When she is capable of bearing children. This excludes the eilonis, who cannot bear children.

יקום על שם אחיו. זֶה שֶׁיִּבֵּם אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ יִטֹּל נַחֲלַת הַמֵּת בְּנִכְסֵי אָבִיו:

Shall be established in place of his deceased brother. The one who performed levirate marriage with his wife, shall receive the deceased’s share in his father’s estate.

ולא ימחה שמו. פְּרָט לְאֵשֶׁת סָרִיס שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ מָחוּי (יבמות כ"ד):

So that his name may not be obliterated. This excludes the wife of a eunuch, whose name is already obliterated.

25:7

וְאִם־לֹא יַחְפֹּץ הָאִישׁ לָקַחַת אֶת־יְבִמְתּוֹ וְעָלְתָה יְבִמְתּוֹ הַשַּׁעְרָה אֶל־הַזְּקֵנִים וְאָֽמְרָה מֵאֵן יְבָמִי לְהָקִים לְאָחִיו שֵׁם בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא אָבָה יַבְּמִֽי׃

But if the man will not want to marry his sister-in-law; his sister-in-law must go up to the portal, to the judges, and say, ‘‘My brother-in-law refuses to establish for his brother a name in Yisroel; he is unwilling to do perform levirate marriage with me.’’

But if the man will not want to marry his sister-in-law; his sister-in-law must go up to the portal, to the judges, and say, ‘‘My brother-in-law refuses to establish for his brother a name in Yisroel; he is unwilling to do perform levirate marriage with me.’’

Rashi

השערה. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ — לִתְרַע בֵּית דִּינָא:

To the portal. As Targum [Onkelos] translates, “To the portal of the court of law.”

25:8

וְקָֽרְאוּ־לוֹ זִקְנֵי־עִירוֹ וְדִבְּרוּ אֵלָיו וְעָמַד וְאָמַר לֹא חָפַצְתִּי לְקַחְתָּֽהּ׃

The judges of his city will call him and converse with him. He shall stand and say, ‘‘I do not want to marry her.’’

The judges of his city will call him and converse with him. He shall stand and say, ‘‘I do not want to marry her.’’

Rashi

ועמד. בַּעֲמִידָה (ספרי):

He shall stand. While standing.

ואמר. בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ, וְאַף הִיא דְּבָרֶיהָ בִּלְשׁוֹן הַקֹּדֶשׁ (יבמות ק"ו; ספרי):

And declare. In the sacred language. She, too, must speak in the sacred language.

25:9

וְנִגְּשָׁה יְבִמְתּוֹ אֵלָיו לְעֵינֵי הַזְּקֵנִים וְחָלְצָה נַעֲלוֹ מֵעַל רַגְלוֹ וְיָרְקָה בְּפָנָיו וְעָֽנְתָה וְאָמְרָה כָּכָה יֵעָשֶׂה לָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר לֹא־יִבְנֶה אֶת־בֵּית אָחִֽיו׃

And his sister-in-law will approach him in the sight of the judges, and she will remove his shoe from upon his foot, and spit before him; and she will say aloud, ‘‘This is done to the man who will not build his brother’s family.’’

And his sister-in-law will approach him in the sight of the judges, and she will remove his shoe from upon his foot, and spit before him; and she will say aloud, ‘‘This is done to the man who will not build his brother’s family.’’

Rashi

וירקה בפניו. עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע (שם):

And spit before him. On the ground.

אשר לא יבנה. מִכָּאן לְמִי שֶׁחָלַץ שֶׁלֹּא יַחֲזֹר וִייַבֵּם, דְּלָא כְתִיב "אֲשֶׁר לֹא בָנָה", אֶלָּא "אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִבְנֶה", כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא בָנָה — שׁוּב לֹא יִבְנֶה (יבמות י'; עי' ספרי):

Who will not build. From here we derive that someone who performed chalitzah may not retract and perform levirate marriage, as it does not say, “Who did not build,” but “Who will not build.” Since he did not build, he may no longer build.

25:10

וְנִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל בֵּית חֲלוּץ הַנָּֽעַל׃ {ס}        

And it will be entitled in Yisroel, the house of the divestiture of the shoe.

And it will be entitled in Yisroel, the house of the divestiture of the shoe.

Rashi

ונקרא שמו וגו'. מִצְוָה עַל כָּל הָעוֹמְדִים שָׁם לוֹמַר "חֲלוּץ הַנַּעַל" (ספרי; יבמות ק"ו):

It will be entitled, etc. It is a mitzvah incumbent on all those standing there to proclaim, “The divesture of the shoe.”

25:11

כִּֽי־יִנָּצוּ אֲנָשִׁים יַחְדָּו אִישׁ וְאָחִיו וְקָֽרְבָה אֵשֶׁת הָֽאֶחָד לְהַצִּיל אֶת־אִישָׁהּ מִיַּד מַכֵּהוּ וְשָׁלְחָה יָדָהּ וְהֶחֱזִיקָה בִּמְבֻשָֽׁיו׃

If men engage in an altercation—a man and his brother—and the wife of one approaches to save her husband from his assailant, and she puts out her hand and grasps his genitals,

If men engage in an altercation—a man and his brother—and the wife of one approaches to save her husband from his assailant, and she puts out her hand and grasps his genitals,

Rashi

כי ינצו אנשים. סוֹפוֹ לָבֹא לִידֵי מַכּוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר מיד מכהו, אֵין שָׁלוֹם יוֹצֵא מִתּוֹךְ יְדֵי מַצּוּת (ספרי):

If men engage in an altercation. Ultimately, they will come to blows, as it is said, “From his assailant.” No peace can result from altercation.

25:12

וְקַצֹּתָה אֶת־כַּפָּהּ לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶֽךָ׃ {ס}        

You shall sever her hand; you are not to have compassion.

You shall sever her hand; you are not to have compassion.

Rashi

וקצתה את כפה. מָמוֹן דְּמֵי בָשְׁתּוֹ, הַכֹּל לְפִי הַמְבַיֵּשׁ וְהַמִּתְבַּיֵּשׁ; אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא יָדָהּ מַמָּשׁ? נֶאֱמַר כָּאן "לֹא תָחוֹס", וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן בְּעֵדִים זוֹמְמִים (דברים י"ט) "לֹא תָחוֹס", מַה לְּהַלָן מָמוֹן אַף כָּאן מָמוֹן (ספרי; עי' בבא קמא כ"ח):

You shall sever her hand. Monetary payment for his humiliation, varying according to the one who caused the humiliation, and the one who suffered it. But perhaps this refers literally to her hand? It is said here, “have no compassion,” and it is said elsewhere, concerning scheming witnesses, “Have no compassion.” Just as there, the reference is to monetary payment, here, too, the reference is to monetary payment.

25:13

לֹֽא־יִהְיֶה לְךָ בְּכִֽיסְךָ אֶבֶן וָאָבֶן גְּדוֹלָה וּקְטַנָּֽה׃

You are not to have for yourself in your pouch varying weight-stones, large and small.

You are not to have for yourself in your pouch varying weight-stones, large and small.

Rashi

אבן ואבן. מִשְׁקָלוֹת:

Varying weight-stones. [lit. stones] Weights.

גדולה וקטנה. גְּדוֹלָה שֶׁמַּכְחֶשֶׁת אֶת הַקְּטַנָּה, שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵי נוֹטֵל בַּגְּדוֹלָה וּמַחֲזִיר בַּקְּטַנָּה (ספרי):

Large and small. Where the larger contradicts the smaller, so that he will not receive with the larger, and return with the smaller.

25:14

לֹא־יִהְיֶה לְךָ בְּבֵיתְךָ אֵיפָה וְאֵיפָה גְּדוֹלָה וּקְטַנָּֽה׃

You shall not have in your house varying measures, large and small.

You shall not have in your house varying measures, large and small.

Rashi

לא יהיה לך. אִם עָשִׂיתָ כֵּן, לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ כְּלוּם (עי' שם):

You shall not have. If you do this, you shall not have anything.

25:15

אֶבֶן שְׁלֵמָה וָצֶדֶק יִֽהְיֶה־לָּךְ אֵיפָה שְׁלֵמָה וָצֶדֶק יִֽהְיֶה־לָּךְ לְמַעַן יַאֲרִיכוּ יָמֶיךָ עַל הָֽאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר־יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לָֽךְ׃

A fully accurate, just weight, you shall have, you are to have whole and honest measures; in order that you live long on the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you.

A fully accurate, just weight, you shall have, you are to have whole and honest measures; in order that you live long on the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you.

Rashi

אבן שלמה וצדק יהיה לך. אִם עָשִׂיתָ כֵּן, יִהְיֶה לְךָ הַרְבֵּה:

A fully accurate, just weight, you shall have. If you fulfill this, you shall have abundance.

25:16

כִּי תוֹעֲבַת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ כׇּל־עֹשֵׂה אֵלֶּה כֹּל עֹשֵׂה עָֽוֶל׃ {פ}

Because Adonoy, your God’s abomination, are all who do these [things]; all who do falsehood.

Because Adonoy, your God’s abomination, are all who do these [things]; all who do falsehood.

25:17

זָכוֹר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה לְךָ עֲמָלֵק בַּדֶּרֶךְ בְּצֵאתְכֶם מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃

Remember what Amalek perpetrated against you on the way when you were going out of Egypt.

Remember what Amalek perpetrated against you on the way when you were going out of Egypt.

Rashi

זכור את אשר עשה לך. אִם שִׁקַּרְתָּ בְמִדּוֹת וּבְמִשְׁקָלוֹת הֱוֵי דוֹאֵג מִגֵּרוּי הָאוֹיֵב, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי י"א) "מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה תּוֹעֲבַת ה'", וּכְתִיב בַּתְרֵיהּ "בָּא זָדוֹן וַיָּבֹא קָלוֹן" (תנחומא):

Remember what . . . perpetrated against you. If you were deceitful with your measures and weights, you should dread harrassment by the enemy, as it is said, “Deceitful scales are abhorred by Adonoy,” and it is written afterward, “The malicious arrive, then comes mortification.”

25:18

אֲשֶׁר קָֽרְךָ בַּדֶּרֶךְ וַיְזַנֵּב בְּךָ כׇּל־הַנֶּחֱשָׁלִים אַֽחֲרֶיךָ וְאַתָּה עָיֵף וְיָגֵעַ וְלֹא יָרֵא אֱלֹהִֽים׃

When they chanced upon you en route struck down your appendage—all the feeble ones behind you—and you were exhausted and wearied, and they had no fear of God.

When they chanced upon you en route struck down your appendage—all the feeble ones behind you—and you were exhausted and wearied, and they had no fear of God.

Rashi

אשר קרך בדרך. לְשׁוֹן מִקְרֶה; דָּבָר אַחֵר — לְשׁוֹן קֶרִי וְטֻמְאָה שֶׁהָיָה מְטַמְּאָן בְּמִשְׁכַּב זְכוּר; דָּ"אַ — לְשׁוֹן קֹר וְחֹם, צִנֶּנְךָ וְהִפְשִׁירְךָ מֵרְתִיחָתְךָ, שֶׁהָיוּ כָל הָאֻמּוֹת יְרֵאִים לְהִלָּחֵם בָּכֶם וּבָא זֶה וְהִתְחִיל וְהֶרְאָה מָקוֹם לַאֲחֵרִים; מָשָׁל לְאַמְבָּטִי רוֹתַחַת שֶׁאֵין כָּל בְּרִיָּה יְכוֹלָה לֵירֵד בְּתוֹכָהּ, בָּא בֶן בְּלִיַּעַל אֶחָד קָפַץ וְיָרַד לְתוֹכָהּ, אַעַ"פִּ שֶׁנִּכְוָה הֵקֵרָהּ אוֹתָהּ בִּפְנֵי אֲחֵרִים (תנחומא):

When they chanced upon you en route. This connotes a chance occurrence. Another interpretation: The connotation is semen and ritual defilement — they defiled them with homosexual relations. Another interpretation: The meaning is “cold,” as opposed to heat. They cooled you, moderated you to tepidness from seething heat. For all the nations were afraid of waging war against you, until they commenced, preparing the way for others. This is compared with a boiling bath into which no creature could enter. One villain came and leaped into it. Although he was scalded, he cooled it for the others.

ויזנב בך. מַכַּת זָנָב, חוֹתֵךְ מִילוֹת וְזוֹרֵק כְּלַפֵּי מַעְלָה (תנחומא):

They struck down your appendage. Striking at the appendage — they severed the circumcision, and flung it heavenward.

כל הנחשלים אחריך. חַסְרֵי כֹחַ מֵחֲמַת חֶטְאָם, שֶׁהָיָה הֶעָנָן פּוֹלְטָן (תנחומא):

All the feeble ones behind you. Enfeebled because of their sins, as the cloud ejected them.

ואתה עיף ויגע. עָיֵף בַּצָּמָא, דִּכְתִיב "וַיִּצְמָא שָׁם הָעָם לַמַּיִם" (שמות י"ז) וּכְתִיב אַחֲרָיו "וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק":

And You were exhausted and wearied. Exhausted by thirst, as it is written, “The people thirsted there for water,” and afterward it is written, “Amalek came.”

ויגע. בַּדֶּרֶךְ:

And wearied. By travel.

ולא ירא. עֲמָלֵק אלהים מִלְּהָרַע לְךָ:

They had no fear. Amalek, of God, so as not to harm you.

25:19

וְהָיָה בְּהָנִיחַ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ ׀ לְךָ מִכׇּל־אֹיְבֶיךָ מִסָּבִיב בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר יְהֹוָה־אֱלֹהֶיךָ נֹתֵן לְךָ נַחֲלָה לְרִשְׁתָּהּ תִּמְחֶה אֶת־זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָיִם לֹא תִּשְׁכָּֽח׃ {פ}

When Adonoy, your God, has given you repose from all your enemies around, in the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory to inherit, you shall obliterate the memory of Amalek from beneath the sky; do not forget.

When Adonoy, your God, has given you repose from all your enemies around, in the land that Adonoy, your God, is giving you as territory to inherit, you shall obliterate the memory of Amalek from beneath the sky; do not forget.

Rashi

תמחה את זכר עמלק. מֵאִישׁ עַד אִשָּׁה מֵעוֹלֵל וְעַד יוֹנֵק מִשּׁוֹר וְעַד שֶׂה (שמואל א ט"ו), שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא שֵׁם עֲמָלֵק נִזְכָּר אֲפִלּוּ עַל הַבְּהֵמָה, לוֹמַר בְּהֵמָה זוֹ מִשֶּׁל עֲמָלֵק הָיְתָה (פסיק' זוטר'):

You shall obliterate the memory of Amalek. Man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, so that the name “Amalek” will never be remembered, even with regard to an animal, by saying, ‘This animal belonged to Amalek.’

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Pentateuch with Rashi's commentary by M. Rosenbaum and A.M. Silbermann, 1929-1934 · License: PD
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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