Tanach
Shemot 21:37-22:3 שמות כ״א:ל״ז-כ״ב:ג׳
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כִּי יִגְנֹֽב־אִישׁ שׁוֹר אוֹ־שֶׂה וּטְבָחוֹ אוֹ מְכָרוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה בָקָר יְשַׁלֵּם תַּחַת הַשּׁוֹר וְאַרְבַּע־צֹאן תַּחַת הַשֶּֽׂה׃
If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and then slaughters or sells it, he must pay five oxen for each ox, and four sheep for each sheep.
If a man steals an ox or a sheep, and then slaughters or sells it, he must pay five oxen for each ox, and four sheep for each sheep.
Rashi
תחת השור תחת השה. שנאן הכתוב לומר, שאין מדת תשלומי ד' וה' נוהגת אלא בשור ושה בלבד (שם סז:):
For each ox ... for each sheep. The Torah repeats them, (i.e., שׁוֹר and שֶׂה) to indicate that the payments of four or five fold apply only to an ox or a sheep.
אִם־בַּמַּחְתֶּרֶת יִמָּצֵא הַגַּנָּב וְהֻכָּה וָמֵת אֵין לוֹ דָּמִֽים׃
If the thief is found [caught] while breaking in, and is struck and killed, there is no liability for his blood.
If the thief is found [caught] while breaking in, and is struck and killed, there is no liability for his blood.
Rashi
אם במחתרת. כשהיה חותר את הבית:
If while breaking in. If he was actually in the act of breaking in.
אין לו דמים. אין זו רציחה, הרי הוא כמת מעיקרו. כאן למדתך תורה, אם בא להרגך השכם להרגו, וזה להרגך בא, שהרי יודע הוא שאין אדם מעמיד עצמו ורואה שנוטלין ממונו בפניו ושותק, לפיכך, על מנת כן בא, שאם יעמוד בעל הממון כנגדו, יהרגנו (סנהדרין עב.):
There is no liability for his blood. This is not considered murder. It is as if he (the thief) had already been dead. Here the Torah teaches: if someone comes to kill you, kill him first. This [thief] came with the intention of killing you for he knows full well that man cannot control himself while seeing his property being taken from him, and remain silent. Therefore it is with this intention that he came — that if the owner of the property will resist him he will kill him.
אִם־זָרְחָה הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ עָלָיו דָּמִים לוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּם אִם־אֵין לוֹ וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתֽוֹ׃
If the sun shone on him, there is liability for his blood. He must make full restitution. If he does not have [the means to do so], he shall be sold [as a slave to pay] for his theft.
If the sun shone on him, there is liability for his blood. He must make full restitution. If he does not have [the means to do so], he shall be sold [as a slave to pay] for his theft.
Rashi
אם זרחה השמש עליו. אין זה אלא כמין משל, אם ברור לך הדבר שיש לו שלום עמך, כשמש הזה שהוא שלום בעולם, כך פשוט לך שאינו בא להרוג אפילו יעמוד בעל הממון כנגדו, כגון אב החותר לגנוב ממון הבן, בידוע שרחמי האב על הבן ואינו בא על עסקי נפשות (מכילתא פי"ג, — סנהדרין עב.):
If the sun shone on him. This is nothing but an allegory: If the issue is clear to you that his intentions towards you are peaceful — just as this sun represents peace in the world so, too, if it is obvious to you that he has not come with the intention of killing, even should the owner of the property resist, for example: a father who breaks in to steal the property of the son, where it is known that a father has pity for his child and has not come with any intentions of taking a life —
דמים לו. כחי הוא חשוב, ורציחה היא אם יהרגנו בעל הבית:
[then] there is liability for his blood. [I.e.,] he is considered alive and it would be murder were the owner of the house to kill him.
שלם ישלם. הגנב ממון שגנב, ואינו חייב מיתה. ואונקלוס שתרגם אם עינא דסהדיא נפלת עלוהי, לקח לו שטה אחרת, לומר שאם מצאוהו עדים קודם שבא בעל הבית, וכשבא בעל הבית נגדו התרו בו שלא יהרגהו, דמים לו, חייב עליו אם הרגו, שמאחר שיש רואים לו, אין הגנב הזה בא על עסקי נפשות, ולא יהרוג את בעל הממון:
He must make full restitution. The thief [shall pay back] the money that he stole, but he is not liable to the death penalty. Onkelos, who translates (אִם זָרְחָה הַשֶׁמֶשׁ עָלָיו): “If witnesses saw him [break in],” chose for himself an alternate explanation: it tells us that if witnesses discovered him before the owner of the house arrived and when the owner of the house comes to attack him they warned him (the owner) not to kill him then he is responsible for his blood — [i.e.] he will be liable [to the death penalty] if he will kill him. For since there are people watching him, then this thief has not come with the intention of taking anyone’s life and will not kill the property owner.
אִֽם־הִמָּצֵא תִמָּצֵא בְיָדוֹ הַגְּנֵבָה מִשּׁוֹר עַד־חֲמוֹר עַד־שֶׂה חַיִּים שְׁנַיִם יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃ {ס}
If the stolen article is found in his hand [possession], whether it is an ox, donkey or sheep, he must pay two live animals.
If the stolen article is found in his hand [possession], whether it is an ox, donkey or sheep, he must pay two live animals.
Rashi
אם המצא תמצא בידו. ברשותו, שלא טבח ולא מכר:
If the stolen article was found in his hand. [Meaning:] in his possession, for he had not slaughtered it nor sold it.
משור עד חמור. כל דבר בכלל תשלומי כפל, בין שיש בו רוח חיים בין שאין בו רוח חיים, שהרי נאמר במקום אחר עַל שֶׂה עַל שַׁלְמָה עַל כָּל אֲבֵדָה וגו' יְשַׁלֵּם שְׁנַיִם לְרֵעֵהוּ:
Whether it is an ox or donkey. Any item [that is stolen] is included in the liability to pay twofold restitution, whether it is an animate object or whether it is an inanimate object, for elsewhere it is stated: “for a sheep, a garment, or any lost object, etc. he must pay two-fold to his fellow man.”
חיים שנים ישלם. ולא ישלם לו מתים, אלא חיים או דמי חיים:
He must pay two live animals. He may not pay him with dead ones, but only with live ones or with money that is equivalent to live ones.
חמשה בקר וגו'. אמר ר' יוחנן בן זכאי, חס המקום על כבודן של בריות, שור שהולך ברגליו, ולא נתבזה בו הגנב לנושאו על כתפו, משלם חמשה, שה שנושאו על כתפו, משלם ארבעה, הואיל ונתבזה בו. אמר רבי מאיר, בא וראה כמה גדולה כחה של מלאכה, שור שבטלו ממלאכתו, חמשה, שה שלא בטלו ממלאכתו, ארבעה:
Five oxen, etc. Said Rabbon Yochanan ben Zakkai: God respects the honor of his creatures: An ox, which walks on its own legs, [when it is stolen] and the thief was not demeaned by having to carry it on his shoulders, he must pay back fivefold. [Whereas, if he steals] a sheep, which he has to carry on his shoulders, he must pay [only] fourfold, since he was demeaned in the process. Said Rabbi Meir: Come and see how great is the power of work: [The thief, who by stealing] an ox, kept it from its work, must pay five fold. [whereas, if he steals] a sheep, whereby he did not keep it from its work, [he pays only] fourfold.