Tanach
Shemot 22:13-14 שמות כ״ב:י״ג-י״ד
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וְכִֽי־יִשְׁאַל אִישׁ מֵעִם רֵעֵהוּ וְנִשְׁבַּר אוֹ־מֵת בְּעָלָיו אֵין־עִמּוֹ שַׁלֵּם יְשַׁלֵּֽם׃
If a man borrows something from his neighbor, and it becomes broken or dies; if the owner is not [involved] with him, he [the borrower] must make full restitution.
If a man borrows something from his neighbor, and it becomes broken or dies; if the owner is not [involved] with him, he [the borrower] must make full restitution.
Rashi
בעליו אין עמו. אם בעליו של שור אינו עם השואל במלאכתו (בבא מציעא שם):
If the owner is not with him. [Meaning:] if the owner of the ox is not employed by the borrower to do his work.
אִם־בְּעָלָיו עִמּוֹ לֹא יְשַׁלֵּם אִם־שָׂכִיר הוּא בָּא בִּשְׂכָרֽוֹ׃ {ס}
If the owner is [involved] with him, then he [the borrower] need not make restitution. If it was hired, it [the ox] comes in its rental price.
If the owner is [involved] with him, then he [the borrower] need not make restitution. If it was hired, it [the ox] comes in its rental price.
Rashi
אם בעליו עמו. בין שהוא באותה מלאכה בין שהוא במלאכה אחרת, היה עמו בשעת שאלה, אינו צריך להיות עמו בשעת שבורה ומתה (שם צה:):
If the owner is with him. [This teaches that] whether [he is employed] in that work (i.e., the same work as the animal) or whether he [is employed] in other work, as long as he was employed by him at the time he borrowed [the ox], he need not be employed by him at the time of the injury to, or the death [of, the animal].
אם שכיר הוא. אם השור אינו שאול אלא שכור, בא בשכרו ליד השוכר הזה ולא בשאלה, ואין כל הנאה שלו, שהרי על ידי שכרו נשתמש, ואין לו משפט שואל להתחייב באונסין. ולא פירש מה דינו אם כשומר חנם או כשומר שכר, לפיכך נחלקו בו חכמי ישראל, שוכר כיצד משלם, רבי מאיר אומר כשומר חנם, רבי יהודה אומר כשומר שכר:
If it was hired. [I.e.] if the ox was not borrowed but rather hired, then, since it (בָּא בִשְׂכָרוֹ) came for its rental fee into the hands of the lessee, and not through borrowing, and the benefit is not his entirely for it is in return for its rental fee that he uses it, the rule of the borrower does not apply to him — to make him liable even for accidents. The Torah does not make it clear what rule applies to him (the hirer), whether [he is considered] a שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם or a שׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר . Therefore the Sages of Yisrael disputed this matter: What manner of restitution does a hirer make? Rabbi Meir said: as a שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם . Rabbi Yehudah said: as a שׁוֹמֵר שָׂכָר .”
וכי ישאל. בא ללמדך על השואל שחייב באונסין:
If [a man] borrows. [This section] comes to teach you regarding the borrower that he is liable even for accidents.