Tanach
Shemot 22:24-26 שמות כ״ב:כ״ד-כ״ו
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אִם־כֶּסֶף ׀ תַּלְוֶה אֶת־עַמִּי אֶת־הֶֽעָנִי עִמָּךְ לֹא־תִהְיֶה לוֹ כְּנֹשֶׁה לֹֽא־תְשִׂימוּן עָלָיו נֶֽשֶׁךְ׃
When you lend money to My people, to the poor person who is with [among] you, do not act toward him as a [demanding] creditor. Do not place the burden of interest upon him.
When you lend money to My people, to the poor person who is with [among] you, do not act toward him as a [demanding] creditor. Do not place the burden of interest upon him.
Rashi
את עמי. עמי ונכרי, עמי קודם. עני ועשיר, עני קודם. עניי עירך ועניי עיר אחרת, עניי עירך קודמין (בבא מציעא עא.). וזה משמעו, אם כסף תלוה, את עמי תלוהו קודם לעובד גילולים, ולאיזה מעמי, את העני, ולאיזה עני, לאותו שעמך. (ד"א את העני, שלא תנהוג בו מנהג בזיון בהלואה שהוא עמי.
My people. [I.e. if you are faced with a choice of lending money to] one of My people or to a gentile, then “one of My people” has priority. [If the choice is between] a poor person and a rich one, then the poor person has priority. [If the choice is between] the poor of your city and the poor of another city, then the poor of your city have priority. And this is the way it is implied [in the text]: “When you lend money, [then,] lend it “to one of My people” and not to the gentile. And to which particular one of My people? “The poor one.” And to which particular poor one? To the one that is “with you.” (An alternate explanation of אֶת עַמִּי: “Do not act disrespectfully towards him when lending him money, for he is one of My people” —
את העני עמך, הוי מסתכל בעצמך כאילו אתה עני):
the poor that is with you — [saying, in effect:] “Look at yourself as if you were the poor person.”)
לא תהיה לו כנשה. לא תתבענו בחזקה, אם אתה יודע שאין לו, אל תהי דומה עליו כאילו הלויתו, אלא כאילו לא הלויתו, כלומר, לא תכלימהו:
Do not act toward him as a creditor. [I.e.] do not forcibly demand payment from him. If you know that he has no money do not appear towards him as if you have lent him money but, rather, as if you have not lent him, in other words: Do not embarrass him!
נשך. רבית, שהוא כנשיכת נחש, שנחש נושך חבורה קטנה ברגלו ואינו מרגיש, ופתאום הוא מבצבץ ונופח עד קדקדו, כך רבית, אינו מרגיש ואינו ניכר עד שהרבית עולה ומחסרו ממון הרבה:
Interest. [נֶשֶׁךְ has the meaning of:] “interest” because it is (כִנְשִׁיכַת) like the bite of a snake which bites [inflicting] a small wound in his foot which he does not feel and, suddenly, it burgeons and swells [his entire body] till his head. So it is with interest: He (the borrower) feels nothing and it is not noticeable [at first] until the interest accumulates and causes him a great loss of money.
אִם־חָבֹל תַּחְבֹּל שַׂלְמַת רֵעֶךָ עַד־בֹּא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לֽוֹ׃
If you take your neighbor’s garment as security, you must return it to him till sunset;
If you take your neighbor’s garment as security, you must return it to him till sunset;
Rashi
אם חבול תחבל. כל לשון חבלה אינו משכון בשעת הלואה, אלא שממשכנין את הלוה כשמגיע הזמן ואינו פורע. (חבול תחבול כפל לך בחבלה עד כמה פעמים, אמר הקב"ה, כמה אתה חייב לי, והרי נפשך עולה אצלי כל אמש ואמש ונותנת דין וחשבון ומתחייבת לפני, ואני מחזירה לך, אף אתה טול והשב טול והשב):
If you take security. Wherever the term חֲבָלָה appears it does not refer to security [taken] at the time the loan is made but rather the security that is taken from the borrower when the loan comes due and he does not pay. (חָבוֹל תַּחְבֹּל: [The Torah asks] that you repeat taking the security even many times over. God [in effect] says: “How much do you owe Me? and see for yourself that your soul ascends to Me each and every night and gives an accounting of itself and thereby becomes beholden to Me, and yet I return it to you [every morning]. So shall you, too, take the security and return it, take it [again] and return it.)
עד בא השמש תשיבנו לו. כל היום תשיבנו לו עד בא השמש, וכבוא השמש תחזור ותטלנו עד שיבא בקר של מחר, ובכסות יום הכתוב מדבר שאין צריך לה בלילה (מכילתא פי"ט):
You must return it till sunset. Return it to him [for] the entire day [so that he may have it] till sunset. And when the sun sets take it again until the morning of the following day. This verse deals with a garment worn by day which he (the borrower) does not need at night.
כִּי הִוא כְסוּתֹה לְבַדָּהּ הִוא שִׂמְלָתוֹ לְעֹרוֹ בַּמֶּה יִשְׁכָּב וְהָיָה כִּֽי־יִצְעַק אֵלַי וְשָׁמַעְתִּי כִּֽי־חַנּוּן אָֽנִי׃ {ס}
For this alone is his covering, the garment [to cover] his skin. With what shall he lie down [to sleep]? If it happens that he cries out to Me, I will hear [his cry] for I am gracious.
For this alone is his covering, the garment [to cover] his skin. With what shall he lie down [to sleep]? If it happens that he cries out to Me, I will hear [his cry] for I am gracious.
Rashi
כי הוא כסותה. זו טלית:
For this is his covering. This refers to the outer-garment.
שמלתו. זו חלוק:
His garment. This refers to the shirt [worn on the flesh].
במה ישכב. לרבות את המצע:
With what shall he lie down? This includes the bed-covering.
אם כסף תלוה את עמי. רבי ישמעאל אומר, כל אם ואם שבתורה רשות, חוץ מג', וזה אחד מהן:
When you lend money. Rabbi Yishmael said: Each and every time אִם appears in the Torah [it refers to] something optional except in three instances of which this is one.