Shemot
Ki Tisa, Aliyah 6 כי תשא, שישי
Part of: Ki TisaKi Tisa, Aliyah 6Chapter 34Petuchah, Exodus 34:1
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Shemot 34
וַיֹּאמֶר הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי כֹּרֵת בְּרִית נֶגֶד כׇּֽל־עַמְּךָ אֶעֱשֶׂה נִפְלָאֹת אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־נִבְרְאוּ בְכׇל־הָאָרֶץ וּבְכׇל־הַגּוֹיִם וְרָאָה כׇל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר־אַתָּה בְקִרְבּוֹ אֶת־מַעֲשֵׂה יְהֹוָה כִּֽי־נוֹרָא הוּא אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה עִמָּֽךְ׃
And He said, “I hereby make a covenant; before all your people I will perform wonders such as have not been created in all the earth or for any nation; and all the people in whose midst you are, will see how awesome is the deed of Adonoy which I will perform for you.
And He said, “I hereby make a covenant; before all your people I will perform wonders such as have not been created in all the earth or for any nation; and all the people in whose midst you are, will see how awesome is the deed of Adonoy which I will perform for you.
Rashi
אעשה נפלאות. לשון ונפלינו, שתהיו מובדלים בזו מכל האומות עובדי אלילים, שלא תשרה שכינתי עליהם:
I will perform wonders. [נִפְלָאוֹת] has a common derivation with וְנִפְלִינוּ, that is: that you will be set apart in this respect from all the nations of the world — that I will not rest My Shechinah on them.
שְׁמׇר־לְךָ אֵת אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם הִנְנִי גֹרֵשׁ מִפָּנֶיךָ אֶת־הָאֱמֹרִי וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃
Preserve for your own sake that which I command you today. I am driving out [from] before you the Emorites, the Canaanites, the Chitites, the Perizites, the Chivities, and the Yevusites.
Preserve for your own sake that which I command you today. I am driving out [from] before you the Emorites, the Canaanites, the Chitites, the Perizites, the Chivities, and the Yevusites.
Rashi
את האמורי וגו'. ו' אומות יש כאן, כי הגרגשי עמד ופנה מפניהם:
The Emorites, etc. There are six nations enumerated here because the Girgashites arose and cleared out from before them.
הִשָּׁמֶר לְךָ פֶּן־תִּכְרֹת בְּרִית לְיוֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה בָּא עָלֶיהָ פֶּן־יִהְיֶה לְמוֹקֵשׁ בְּקִרְבֶּֽךָ׃
For your own sake, be careful not to make a covenant with the people who live in the land to which you are coming, lest it be a trap in your midst.
For your own sake, be careful not to make a covenant with the people who live in the land to which you are coming, lest it be a trap in your midst.
כִּי אֶת־מִזְבְּחֹתָם תִּתֹּצוּן וְאֶת־מַצֵּבֹתָם תְּשַׁבֵּרוּן וְאֶת־אֲשֵׁרָיו תִּכְרֹתֽוּן׃
Rather you must shatter their altars, break down their monuments, and cut down their asherah-trees.
Rather you must shatter their altars, break down their monuments, and cut down their asherah-trees.
Rashi
אשריו. הוא אילן שעובדים אותו:
Their asherah-trees. [אֲשֵׁרָה] is a tree that is worshipped.
כִּי לֹא תִֽשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לְאֵל אַחֵר כִּי יְהֹוָה קַנָּא שְׁמוֹ אֵל קַנָּא הֽוּא׃
For you must not prostrate yourselves to another god, because Adonoy—Jealous is His Name—He is a Jealous Almighty [God].
For you must not prostrate yourselves to another god, because Adonoy—Jealous is His Name—He is a Jealous Almighty [God].
Rashi
קנא שמו. מקנא להפרע ואינו מוותר. וזהו כל לשון קנאה, אוחז בנצחונו ופורע מעוזביו:
Jealous is His Name. He is jealous to exact punishment and He is not indulgent. And this is the idea conveyed by “Jealously” — He is steadfast in His ascendancy and exacts punishment from His enemies.
פֶּן־תִּכְרֹת בְּרִית לְיוֹשֵׁב הָאָרֶץ וְזָנוּ ׀ אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹֽהֵיהֶם וְזָבְחוּ לֵאלֹהֵיהֶם וְקָרָא לְךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ מִזִּבְחֽוֹ׃
[Take care] not to make a covenant with the people who live in the land, and go astray after their gods [religions], and sacrifice to their gods, [for he] will then call you and you will eat of his sacrifice.
[Take care] not to make a covenant with the people who live in the land, and go astray after their gods [religions], and sacrifice to their gods, [for he] will then call you and you will eat of his sacrifice.
Rashi
ואכלת מזבחו. כסבור אתה שאין עונש באכילתו, ואני מעלה עליך כמודה בעבודתו, שמתוך כך אתה בא ולוקח מבנותיו לבניך (עבודה זרה ח.):
And you will eat of his sacrifice. You might think that there is no punishment for eating it. Yet I will consider it for you as if you concur in his [idol] worship. For as a result of this (i.e., your participation in his feast) you will come to take of his daughters for your sons.
וְלָקַחְתָּ מִבְּנֹתָיו לְבָנֶיךָ וְזָנוּ בְנֹתָיו אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶן וְהִזְנוּ אֶת־בָּנֶיךָ אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶֽן׃
You will [then] accept his daughters [as wives] for your sons. His daughters will stray after their gods, and they will lead your sons to stray after their gods.
You will [then] accept his daughters [as wives] for your sons. His daughters will stray after their gods, and they will lead your sons to stray after their gods.
אֱלֹהֵי מַסֵּכָה לֹא תַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽךְ׃
You must not make molten gods for yourselves.
You must not make molten gods for yourselves.
אֶת־חַג הַמַּצּוֹת תִּשְׁמֹר שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצּוֹת אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ לְמוֹעֵד חֹדֶשׁ הָאָבִיב כִּי בְּחֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב יָצָאתָ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃
Preserve the Festival of Matzos. Eat matzos for seven days as I commanded you, at the appointed time in the month of ripening [grain]; for in the month of ripening [grain] you went out of Egypt.
Preserve the Festival of Matzos. Eat matzos for seven days as I commanded you, at the appointed time in the month of ripening [grain]; for in the month of ripening [grain] you went out of Egypt.
Rashi
חדש האביב. חדש הַבִּכּוּר, שהתבואה מתבכרת בבישולה:
The month of ripening [grain]. [Meaning:] the month of ripening, when the grain first begins to ripen.
כׇּל־פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם לִי וְכׇֽל־מִקְנְךָ תִּזָּכָר פֶּטֶר שׁוֹר וָשֶֽׂה׃
All that opens the womb [the first-born] is Mine, and of all your livestock that is male, that open [the womb] both cattle and sheep.
All that opens the womb [the first-born] is Mine, and of all your livestock that is male, that open [the womb] both cattle and sheep.
Rashi
כל פטר רחם לי. באדם:
All that opens the womb is Mine — among human beings.
וכל מקנך תזכר וגו'. וכל מקנך אשר תזכר בפטר שור ושה, אשר יפטור זכר את רחמה.
And all of your livestock that is male, etc. [Meaning:] and all of your livestock that is male of the first-born of the cattle and sheep [פֶּטֶר — “opens,” meaning:] that a male opens its womb.
פטר. לשון פתיחה, וכן פֹּוטֵר מַיִם רֵאשִׁית מָדֹון (משלי יז, יד). תי"ו של תזכר לשון נקבה היא, מוסב על היולדת:
That opens. A term meaning “opening.” Similarly: “As water (פּוֹטֵר) is opened so is the start of conflict.” The letter ת' of תִּזָּכָר denotes the feminine referring to the birthing animal.
וּפֶטֶר חֲמוֹר תִּפְדֶּה בְשֶׂה וְאִם־לֹא תִפְדֶּה וַעֲרַפְתּוֹ כֹּל בְּכוֹר בָּנֶיךָ תִּפְדֶּה וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָֽם׃
The donkey that opens the womb shall be redeemed with a sheep, and if it is not redeemed, you must break its neck. [You must] redeem all first-born of your sons, and you must not appear before Me empty-handed.
The donkey that opens the womb shall be redeemed with a sheep, and if it is not redeemed, you must break its neck. [You must] redeem all first-born of your sons, and you must not appear before Me empty-handed.
Rashi
ופטר חמור. ולא שאר בהמה טמאה:
The donkey that opens the womb. But not of any other unclean animal.
תפדה בשה. נותן שה לכהן, והוא חולין ביד כהן, ופטר חמור מותר בעבודה לבעלים:
You shall redeem with a sheep. He must give a sheep to the kohein and it remains non-sacred in the hands of the kohein. The first-born of the donkey then is permitted to be used for work by the owner.
וערפתו. עורפו בקופיץ, הוא הפסיד ממון כהן, לפיכך יופסד ממונו:
You must break its neck. He breaks its neck with a large knife. He caused the kohein a monetary loss, therefore, he shall suffer a monetary loss.
כל בכור בניך תפדה. חמשה סלעים פדיונו קצוב, שנאמר וּפְדוּיָו מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ תִּפְדֶּה (במדבר יח, טז):
All the first-born among your sons you must redeem. His redemption is set at five sela’im, as it is said: “Those that are to be redeemed you shall redeem from a month old.”
ולא יראו פני ריקם. לפי פשוטו של מקרא, דבר בפני עצמו הוא, ואינו מוסב על הבכור, שאין במצות בכור ראיית פנים, אלא אזהרה אחרת היא, וכשתעלו לרגל לראות, לא יראו פני ריקם, מצוה עליכם להביא עולת ראיית פנים. ולפי מדרש ברייתא, מקרא יתר הוא, ומופנה לגזרה שוה, ללמד על הענקתו של עבד עברי שהוא חמשה סלעים מכל מין ומין, כפדיון בכור, במסכת קדושין (יז.):
And you must not appear before Me empty-handed. According to the plain meaning of the verse this is independent [of the first part of the verse] and does not refer back to the first-born, for there is no requirement in the mitzvah of בְּכוֹר to appear before God, but, rather, it is an admonition concerning something else: “And when you go up for the festival to appear [before God], you shall not appear before Me empty-handed; [but] it is a mitzvah upon you to bring the burnt-offering designated when appearing before God.” According to the midrashic explanation in the Beraisa it is a redundant verse and is “free” to be used in a gezeirah shavah, to teach about the severance pay to a Hebrew slave that it must be five sela’im worth of each kind, as is [the amount for] the redemption of a first-born. (This is found) in meseches Kiddushin.
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת בֶּחָרִישׁ וּבַקָּצִיר תִּשְׁבֹּֽת׃
Six days you shall work but on the Seventh day you must cease; you must cease plowing and harvesting.
Six days you shall work but on the Seventh day you must cease; you must cease plowing and harvesting.
Rashi
בחריש ובקציר תשבות. למה נזכר חריש וקציר, יש מרבותינו אומרים (ראש השנה ט.), על חריש של ערב שביעית הנכנס לשביעית וקציר של שביעית היוצא למוצאי שביעית, ללמדך שמוסיפין מחול על הקדש, וכך משמעו, ששת ימים תעבוד וביום השביעי תשבות, ועבודת ו' הימים שהתרתי לך, יש שנה שהחריש והקציר אסור, ואין צריך לומר חריש וקציר של שביעית, שהרי כבר נאמר שָׂדְךָ לֹא תִזְרָע וגו' (ויקרא כה, ד). ויש אומרים שאינו מדבר אלא בשבת, וחריש וקציר שהוזכר בו לומר לך, מה חריש רשות אף קציר רשות, יצא קציר העומר שהוא מצוה, ודוחה את השבת:
You must cease plowing and harvesting. Why are plowing and harvesting [the only ones] mentioned? Some of our Sages say [that this refers] to the plowing of the year before the sheviis year which leads into the sheviis year, and the harvest of the sheviis year which extends into the post-sheviis year, so as to teach you that a part of the secular [year] must be added to the holy [year] (i.e., the sheviis year). Accordingly this is the meaning of the verse: “Six days you shall work but on the Seventh Day you must cease. But, of the six days’ work which I permitted to you there is a year in which plowing and harvesting are prohibited. There is no need to state [the prohibition of] plowing and harvesting of the Seventh Year for it has already been stated: “Your field you may not sow, etc.” However others [of the Sages] say that this [verse] speaks only of Shabbos, and [the fact that only] plowing and harvesting are mentioned [is] to teach you that just as the [prohibited] plowing is optional plowing so too is the [prohibited] harvesting optional harvesting, which excludes the harvesting of the omer which is obligatory and takes precedence over Shabbos.
וְחַג שָׁבֻעֹת תַּעֲשֶׂה לְךָ בִּכּוּרֵי קְצִיר חִטִּים וְחַג הָֽאָסִיף תְּקוּפַת הַשָּׁנָֽה׃
Make the Festival of Shavuos, [with bringing] the first crops of the wheat harvest; [also] the Festival of the Harvest at the turn of the year.
Make the Festival of Shavuos, [with bringing] the first crops of the wheat harvest; [also] the Festival of the Harvest at the turn of the year.
Rashi
בכורי קציר חטים. שאתה מביא בו שתי הלחם מן החטים.
The first crops of the wheat harvest. When you bring the “two breads” made from the wheat.
בכורם שהיא מנחה ראשונה הבאה מן החדש של חטים למקדש, כי מנחת העומר הבאה בפסח, מן השעורים היא:
The first crops. So-called because it is the first minchah — “meal offering” which is brought to the sanctuary from the new wheat for the omer-minchah which is brought on Pesach [comes] from the barley.
וחג האסיף. בזמן שאתה אוסף תבואתך מן השדה לבית. אסיפה זו לשון הכנסה לבית, כמו וַאֲסַפְתֹּו אֶל תֹּוךְ בֵּיתֶךָ (דברים כב, ב):
The Festival of the Harvest — which falls at the time that you gather in your crop from the field into the house. The term אֲסִיפָה here denotes bringing it into the house, as in: “(וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ) bring it into your house.”
תקופת השנה. שהיא בחזרת השנה, בתחלת השנה הבאה:
At the turn of the year — which is when the year “returns,” [i.e.] at the beginning of the following year.
תקופת. לשון מסיבה והקפה:
At the turn. A term meaning going around and making a circuit
שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כׇּל־זְכוּרְךָ אֶת־פְּנֵי הָֽאָדֹן ׀ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Three times a year all your males shall appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy, God of Yisrael.
Three times a year all your males shall appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy, God of Yisrael.
Rashi
כל זכורך. כל הזכרים שבך. הרבה מצות בתורה נאמרו ונכפלו, ויש מהם שלש פעמים וארבע, לחייב ולענוש על מנין לאוין שבהם, ועל מנין עשה שבהם:
All your males. [Meaning:] all the males among you. [Some of the mitzvos mentioned here appear elsewhere!] Many of the mitzvos in the Torah are said and repeated. There are even some mentioned three or four times. This is to hold responsible and to punish [the transgressors] according to the number of negative precepts that they contain and according to the number of positive precepts which they contain.
כִּֽי־אוֹרִישׁ גּוֹיִם מִפָּנֶיךָ וְהִרְחַבְתִּי אֶת־גְּבֻלֶךָ וְלֹא־יַחְמֹד אִישׁ אֶֽת־אַרְצְךָ בַּעֲלֹֽתְךָ לֵרָאוֹת אֶת־פְּנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָֽה׃
For I will drive out the nations before you, and I will expand your boundaries; and no man will covet your land when you go up to appear before Adonoy, your God, three times a year.
For I will drive out the nations before you, and I will expand your boundaries; and no man will covet your land when you go up to appear before Adonoy, your God, three times a year.
Rashi
אוריש. כתרגומו אֲתָרֵךְ, וכן הָחֵל רָשׁ (דברים ב, לא), וכן וַיֹּורֶשׁ אֶת הָאֱמֹרִי (במדבר כא, לב), לשון גירושין:
I will drive out. As Onkelos translates it: “I will drive out.” Similarly: “Begin (רָשׁ) to drive out,” and similarly: “(וַיּוֹרֶשׁ) He drove out the Emorites.” All these being terms for “driving out.”
והרחבתי את גבלך. ואתה רחוק מבית הבחירה, ואינך יכול לראות לפני תמיד, לכך אני קובע לך שלשה רגלים הללו:
I will expand your boundaries — and, consequently, you will be far from the Temple and will be unable to appear before Me constantly. Therefore I establish for you these three festivals.
לֹֽא־תִשְׁחַט עַל־חָמֵץ דַּם־זִבְחִי וְלֹא־יָלִין לַבֹּקֶר זֶבַח חַג הַפָּֽסַח׃
Do not slaughter [the Pesach-offering to offer] the blood of My sacrifice while there is chometz; and do not allow to remain overnight until morning any of the offering of the Pesach Festival.
Do not slaughter [the Pesach-offering to offer] the blood of My sacrifice while there is chometz; and do not allow to remain overnight until morning any of the offering of the Pesach Festival.
Rashi
לא תשחט וגו'. לא תשחט את הפסח ועדיין חמץ קיים, אזהרה לשוחט, או לזורק, או לאחד מבני חבורה (פסחים סג.):
Do not slaughter, etc. Do not slaughter the korban Pesach while chometz still remains [in your possession]. This is an admonition to one who slaughters or to one who sprinkles [the blood] or to any member of the group.
ולא ילין. כתרגומו, אין לינה מועלת בראש המזבח, ואין לינה אלא בעמוד השחר:
Do not allow to remain overnight. As Onkelos translates: [וְלָא יְבִיתוּן לְצַפְרָא — Do not allow it to remain overnight until morning. — בַּר מִמַּדְבְּחָא — away from the altar — תַּרְבֵּי נִכְסַת חַגָּא דְפִסְחָא — the fat of the korbon Pesach]. Remaining overnight does not render it unfit if it has been on top of the altar, and the infringement of לִינָה — “remaining overnight” applies only [if left off the altar] till dawn.
זבח חג הפסח. אמוריו, ומכאן אתה למד לכל הקטר חלבים ואברים:
The offering of the Pesach festival. [This refers to] the parts to be burnt on the altar. From here you may learn the laws of all fats and limbs that require burning.
רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
The first fruits of your land, you shall bring to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.
The first fruits of your land, you shall bring to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a kid in its mother’s milk.
Rashi
ראשית בכורי אדמתך. משבעת המינין האמורים בשבח ארצך, אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשְׂעֹרָה וְגֶפֶן וגו' (דברים ח, ח), וּדְבָשׁ, הוא דבש תמרים:
The first fruits of your land — of the seven species which are listed in praise of your land, “a land of wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, etc.” the “honey” [in the list] referring to date-honey.
לא תבשל גדי. אזהרה לבשר וחלב, ושלשה פעמים כתוב בתורה, אחד לאכילה, ואחד להנאה, ואחד לאיסור בישול (חולין קטו:):
You must not cook a kid. This is an admonition against mixing meat with milk. It is repeated three times in the Torah: once regarding eating, once regarding benefit from it, and once prohibiting the cooking of it.
גדי. כל ולד רך במשמע, ואף עגל וכבש, ממה שהוצרך לפרש בכמה מקומות גדי עזים, למדת שגדי סתם כל יונקים במשמע:
A kid. Any tender young animal is included, even a calf or a sheep. From that which it is necessary [for the Torah] to explain in many places: “a goat’s kid” you may derive that a גְּדִי by itself includes all sucklings (i.e., any animal).
בחלב אמו. פרט לעוף, שאין לו חלב אם, שאין איסורו מן התורה אלא מדברי סופרים:
In its mother’s milk — to the exclusion of a fowl that has no mother’s milk, whose prohibition [against cooking it or eating it with milk] is not a Scriptural prohibition, but rather a Rabbinic decree.
כורת ברית. על זאת:
I hereby make a covenant — on this [request of וְנִפְלִּינוּ אֲנִי וְעַמְךָ].