23:1

וְאֵלֶּה דִּבְרֵי דָוִד הָאַחֲרֹנִים נְאֻם דָּוִד בֶּן־יִשַׁי וּנְאֻם הַגֶּבֶר הֻקַם עָל מְשִׁיחַ אֱלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹב וּנְעִים זְמִרוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

These are the last words of Dovid the sayings of Dovid, the son of Yeshai. and the sayings of the man raised on high the annointed of the God of Yakov and he who composed sweet songs for Yisroel.

These are the last words of Dovid the sayings of Dovid, the son of Yeshai. and the sayings of the man raised on high the annointed of the God of Yakov and he who composed sweet songs for Yisroel.

Rashi

ואלה דברי דוד. נבואת דוד אחרונים, ומי הם הראשונים, דברי השירה האמורים למעלה, אבל בכל שירות ותשבחות שאמר, אין נקראים דברים:

These are Dovid's words. Dovid's last prophecy. What were the first words? The words of the song that were said above.1 But all the songs and praises that he [Dovid] said are not called "words".2The use of the word דִּבְרֵי here denotes prophecy, not songs and praises.

הוקם על. הוקם למעלה:

Raised on high. Raised from Above.3The word עָל, is used to denote לְמַעְלָה, “Above.”

ונעים זמירות ישראל. אין ישראל משוררים במקדש, אלא שירותיו וזמירותיו:

Sweet songs for Yisroel. Yisroel does not sing any songs in the Beis Hamikdosh other then his [Dovid's] songs and hymns.

23:2

רוּחַ יְהֹוָה דִּבֶּר־בִּי וּמִלָּתוֹ עַל־לְשׁוֹנִֽי׃

The spirit of Adonoy speaks through me and His word is on my tongue.

The spirit of Adonoy speaks through me and His word is on my tongue.

Rashi

דבר בי. השרה בי רוח קדשו ונדבר בי, וכל לשון נבואה, נופל בו לשון דבר, כמו (במדבר יב ב): הרק אך במשה דבר הלא גם בנו דבר (שם פסוק ו): אדבר בו וטעמו של דבר לפי שהרוח נכנס בו בקרב הנביא, ומדבר בו:

Speaks through me. He bestowed His holy spirit on me and spoke through me. Whenever [the verse refers] to prophecy, the word דִּבֵּר is appropriate as [we find] "Did [Adonoy] only speak to Moshe, He also spoke to us."4Bamidbar 12:2. "I will speak through him."5Ibid 12:6. The reason for it is because the spirit enters into the prophet and speaks through him.

23:3

אָמַר אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לִי דִבֶּר צוּר יִשְׂרָאֵל מוֹשֵׁל בָּאָדָם צַדִּיק מוֹשֵׁל יִרְאַת אֱלֹהִֽים׃

The God of Yisroel spoke, the Rock of Yisroel said to me 'A ruler over men, will be a righteous person, that rules in the fear of God.

The God of Yisroel spoke, the Rock of Yisroel said to me 'A ruler over men, will be a righteous person, that rules in the fear of God.

Rashi

לי דבר צור ישראל. אלי דבר וצוה צור ישראל, שאהיה מושל באדם, בישראל שנקראו אדם, שנאמר (יחזקאל לד לא): אדם אתם (יבמות סא א), ואהיה צדיק מושל וירא אלהים. ורבותינו (מועד קטן טז ב) פירשוהו בלשון אחר: אמר דוד: אלהי ישראל לי דבר, אלי דבר צור ישראל, מושל באדם אני, ומי מושל בי, צדיק, שאני גוזר גזירה והוא מבטלה. אבל לפי ישוב המקראות, הראשון הוא פשוטו של מקרא:

The Rock of Yisroel spoke to me. The Rock of Yisroel spoke to and commanded me that I should be a ruler over men, over Yisroel who are called "men" as it is written, "You are men." [He also told me] that I will be a righteous person, a ruler and a God fearing person. Our Rabbis interpreted [this verse] with a different explanation:6Moed Koton 16b. Dovid said [as follows:] "The God of Yisroel spoke to me, the Rock of Yisroel spoke to me, I am ruler over men. And who rules over me? The righteous man, because I [may] issue a decree and he [can] annul it." But according to the flow of these verses it is the first explanation that is the simple interpretation of these verses.

23:4

וּכְאוֹר בֹּקֶר יִזְרַח־שָׁמֶשׁ בֹּקֶר לֹא עָבוֹת מִנֹּגַהּ מִמָּטָר דֶּשֶׁא מֵאָֽרֶץ׃

As day breaks with the sun shining, on a cloudless morning. [Brighter] then the light that comes from rain [falling on] vegetated earth.

As day breaks with the sun shining, on a cloudless morning. [Brighter] then the light that comes from rain [falling on] vegetated earth.

Rashi

וכאור בוקר יזרח שמש. והבטיחני שתלך גדולתי הלוך וגדל, כאור נוגה אשר הולך ואור:

As day breaks with the sun shining. He promised me that my glory will continuously grow like the light at day break which gets brighter and brighter.

בוקר לא עבות. אור שאינו אפל:

A cloudless morning. A light that does not dim.

מנוגה ממטר דשא מארץ. מאיר בוקרי יותר מנוגה הבא ממטר, כחום צח עלי אור, כשהמטר יורד על הארץ מלאה דשאים, והשמש זורח עליו ומבהיק וכן פתרונו, יותר מנוגה הבא ממטר של דשא מארץ:

[Brighter] then the light that comes with the rain that nourishes the land. My morning is brighter then the light that comes with rain, which is a clear warmth [shining forth] rays of light. When the rain falls on vegetated earth and the sun shines on it and causes it to brighten. And this is how the verse is interpreted, More then the light that comes from rain [falling on] vegetated earth.

23:5

כִּי־לֹא־כֵן בֵּיתִי עִם־אֵל כִּי בְרִית עוֹלָם שָׂם לִי עֲרוּכָה בַכֹּל וּשְׁמֻרָה כִּי־כׇל־יִשְׁעִי וְכׇל־חֵפֶץ כִּי־לֹא יַצְמִֽיחַ׃

For is not my house with God? For He has made an eternal convenant with me, perfectly arranged and preserved. All my deliverance and desires [are before God] because [my kingdom] will never be outgrown.

For is not my house with God? For He has made an eternal convenant with me, perfectly arranged and preserved. All my deliverance and desires [are before God] because [my kingdom] will never be outgrown.

Rashi

כי לא כן ביתי עם אל. שיהא בוקרי עבות:

For is not my house with God. That I should have a cloudy morning.

כי ברית עולם. התורה אשר שם לי, ערוכה בכל ביתי ושמורה:

For an eternal convenant. [This refers to] the Torah that He placed for me, that He has arranged for all my household, and kept there.

כי כל ישעי וכל חפץ. צרכי מוכנים לפניו, והרי זה מקרא קצר:

All my hopes and desires [are before God]. My needs are set before Him. This is a shortened verse.7The verse itself mentions Dovid’s hopes and desires but does specify anything further about them.

כי לא יצמיח. עוד למלך אחר מלכותי דבר אחר: כי ברית עולם שם לביתי, להיות מלכותי קיימת, והברית ערוכה בכל, בפי כל הנביאים:

Because [my kingdom] will never be outgrown. There will be no other king after my kingdom.8As God promised Dovid earlier in 7:13 that his kingdom will be eternal. Another interpretation: He has made an eternal convenant for my House, that my kingdom shall be everlasting and this convenant is known to all, it is mentioned by all the prophets.

23:6

וּבְלִיַּעַל כְּקוֹץ מֻנָד כֻּלָּהַם כִּי־לֹא בְיָד יִקָּֽחוּ׃

The wicked's [kingdoms] are all like an itinerant thorn unable to be held in one's hand.

The wicked's [kingdoms] are all like an itinerant thorn unable to be held in one's hand.

Rashi

כקוץ מונד. קרדו"ן בלע"ז, שבקטנותו רך נע ונד, וסופו מתקשה, עד אשר לא ביד יקחוהו:

Like an itinerant thorn. Cordon in O.F. When [this thorn is] young it is soft. It then travels to and fro and eventually hardens until it is [so sharp that it is] unable to be held in one's hand.

23:7

וְאִישׁ יִגַּע בָּהֶם יִמָּלֵא בַרְזֶל וְעֵץ חֲנִית וּבָאֵשׁ שָׂרוֹף יִשָּׂרְפוּ בַּשָּֽׁבֶת׃ {פ}

Any man [wanting] to touch them must be armed with iron and with the handle of a spear. They will be completely burnt, totally consumed by the fire.

Any man [wanting] to touch them must be armed with iron and with the handle of a spear. They will be completely burnt, totally consumed by the fire.

Rashi

ואיש יגע בהם ימלא. צריך שילבש את בשרו ברזל, וימלא ידו בכלי זיין לקצצו:

Any man wanting to touch them should don. He must cover his body with armor and arm himself with a weapon to cut it down

ובאש שרוף ישרפו בשבת. ואין שם תקנה אלא שריפה, ולשבת ולהתחמם כנגדם, כך הרשעים אין להם תקנה, אלא שריפה בגיהנם:

They will be completely burnt totally consumed by fire. There is no solution other then burning [these thorns] and to sit and warm oneself by the fire. So too, for the wicked there is no solution other then burning in Gehennom.

בשבת. הקב"ה יושב על כסא הדין:

[While one] sits. [A reference to] God sitting on the throne of Judgement.

23:8

אֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת הַגִּבֹּרִים אֲשֶׁר לְדָוִד יֹשֵׁב בַּשֶּׁבֶת תַּחְכְּמֹנִי ׀ רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁלִשִׁי הוּא עֲדִינוֹ (העצנו) [הָֽעֶצְנִי] עַל־שְׁמֹנֶה מֵאוֹת חָלָל בְּפַעַם (אחד) [אֶחָֽת]׃ {ס}        

These are the names of the mighty men that were with Dovid. The man who sat in the council of wisdom, who was unique in three areas was Adino the Etzonite. He killed eight hundred men in one [battle].

These are the names of the mighty men that were with Dovid. The man who sat in the council of wisdom, who was unique in three areas was Adino the Etzonite. He killed eight hundred men in one [battle].

Rashi

אשר לדוד יושב בשבת. יושב בשבת סנהדרין, והוא תחכמוני, והוא ראש השלישי, אב בנוי בחכמה ובגבורה, בשלשה דברים הללו הוא ראש, כמו שנאמר (שמואל-א טז יח): ונבון דבר ואיש תואר וגבור חיל:

That were with Dovid, who sat in the council. Who sat in the Sanhedrin Court. That is [alluded to by the word] wisdom. "He was a leader in three [distinct areas]," He was first in beauty, wisdom and strength. He was the leader in these three categories as it is written "[A man] of understanding of attractive build and a strong soldier."9Shmuel I, 16:18. Rashi is not quoting this verse in its exact order.

עדינו העצני. כשעוסק בתורה, כורך ומקשר עצמו כתולעת, כמו (איוב לח לא): מעדנות כימה, וכשיוצא למלחמה, היה קשה כעץ, והורג שמונה מאות חלל במלחמה אחת (מועד קטן טז ב):

Adino the Etzonite. When he was studying Torah he would fold and bind himself up like a worm10Rashi is explaining the name עֲדִינוֹ as reffering to the word מַעֲדַנּוֹת which means bindings. as [we find, this word in the verse] "The bonds of Pleiades."11Eyuv 38:31. And when he went out to war he was as hard as wood12Here Rashi is explaining the עֶצְנִי part of his name which contains within it the word עֵץ which means wood. and would kill eight hundred men in one battle.13Tanchuma Masoei.

23:9

וְאַחֲרָו אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן־[דֹּדוֹ] (דדי) בֶּן־אֲחֹחִי בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה (גברים) [הַגִּבֹּרִים] עִם־דָּוִד בְּחָרְפָם בַּפְּלִשְׁתִּים נֶאֶסְפוּ־שָׁם לַמִּלְחָמָה וַֽיַּעֲלוּ אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

After him was Elozor, the son of Dodo, the son of Achochi, one of the three mighty men that were with Dovid when they humiliated the Pelishtim who had gathered there for war, and the men of Yisroel were gone away.

After him was Elozor, the son of Dodo, the son of Achochi, one of the three mighty men that were with Dovid when they humiliated the Pelishtim who had gathered there for war, and the men of Yisroel were gone away.

Rashi

בן דודו. כך שמו:

The son of Dodo. This was his name.

בשלשה הגבורים. המעולים שבגבורים:

One of the three mighty men. Of the best of the mighty men.14There were more then just three men involved in fighting the Pelishtim.

בחרפם בפלשתים. תקעו כף להלחם בהם ולנצחם:

When they humiliated the Pelishtim. They made an agreement with each other to fight them and to vanquish them.

23:10

הוּא קָם וַיַּךְ בַּפְּלִשְׁתִּים עַד ׀ כִּֽי־יָגְעָה יָדוֹ וַתִּדְבַּק יָדוֹ אֶל־הַחֶרֶב וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה תְּשׁוּעָה גְדוֹלָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וְהָעָם יָשֻׁבוּ אַחֲרָיו אַךְ־לְפַשֵּֽׁט׃ {ס}        

He got up and struck the Pelishtim until his hand tired and his hand stuck to the sword. Adonoy brought great salvation on that day. The [rest of the] people returned after him but only to strip [the corpses].

He got up and struck the Pelishtim until his hand tired and his hand stuck to the sword. Adonoy brought great salvation on that day. The [rest of the] people returned after him but only to strip [the corpses].

Rashi

אך לפשט. תרגם יונתן: לחלצא קטיליא, לא היה איש לעזרו להרוג, אלא כולם פושטים אחריו את החללים:

But only to strip [the corpses]. Yonoson translates: "To strip the dead." There was no one to help him kill [the Pelishtim] but they were all stripping the corpses after [he had killed them].

23:11

וְאַחֲרָיו שַׁמָּה בֶן־אָגֵא הָרָרִי וַיֵּאָסְפוּ פְלִשְׁתִּים לַחַיָּה וַתְּהִי־שָׁם חֶלְקַת הַשָּׂדֶה מְלֵאָה עֲדָשִׁים וְהָעָם נָס מִפְּנֵי פְלִשְׁתִּֽים׃

After him was Shamoh, the son of Ogaih from the mountain. The Pelishtim gathered and assembled in troops. There was a field there, which was full of lentils, and the people fled from before the Pelishtim.

After him was Shamoh, the son of Ogaih from the mountain. The Pelishtim gathered and assembled in troops. There was a field there, which was full of lentils, and the people fled from before the Pelishtim.

Rashi

הררי. מן ההר:

From the mountain. From the mountain.

לחיה. לגדוד כחיות השדה:

For [war like] beast in the wild. [Gathering] to become troops like the beasts gather in the wild.

23:12

וַיִּתְיַצֵּב בְּתוֹךְ־הַחֶלְקָה וַיַּצִּילֶהָ וַיַּךְ אֶת־פְּלִשְׁתִּים וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה תְּשׁוּעָה גְדוֹלָֽה׃ {ס}        

He [Shamoh] stood in this field and saved it. and he struck the Pelishtim. And Adonoy brought a great salvation.

He [Shamoh] stood in this field and saved it. and he struck the Pelishtim. And Adonoy brought a great salvation.

23:13

וַיֵּרְדוּ (שלשים) [שְׁלֹשָׁה] מֵהַשְּׁלֹשִׁים רֹאשׁ וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל־קָצִיר אֶל־דָּוִד אֶל־מְעָרַת עֲדֻלָּם וְחַיַּת פְּלִשְׁתִּים חֹנָה בְּעֵמֶק רְפָאִֽים׃

Three of the thirty leaders went down and came to Dovid at harvest time. at the Adulom cave The assembled Pelishtim were camped in the Rephoim valley.

Three of the thirty leaders went down and came to Dovid at harvest time. at the Adulom cave The assembled Pelishtim were camped in the Rephoim valley.

Rashi

מהשלשים ראש. תרגם יונתן: מגברי רישי משריתא:

Of the thirty leaders. Yonoson translates: From the men who were leaders within the army.

23:14

וְדָוִד אָז בַּמְּצוּדָה וּמַצַּב פְּלִשְׁתִּים אָז בֵּית לָֽחֶם׃

Dovid was then in the fortress and a contingent of Pelishtim was then in Beis Lechem.

Dovid was then in the fortress and a contingent of Pelishtim was then in Beis Lechem.

Rashi

ומצב פלשתים אז בית לחם. החיל היה חונה בעמק רפאים, ושלחו מצב שלהם לבית לחם:

And a contingent of Pesishtim was then in Beis Lechem. The [Pelishtim] army was camped in the Rephoim valley and they had sent a contingent to Beis Lechem.

23:15

וַיִּתְאַוֶּה דָוִד וַיֹּאמַר מִי יַשְׁקֵנִי מַיִם מִבֹּאר בֵּֽית־לֶחֶם אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּֽׁעַר׃ {ס}        

Dovid desired [something] and said, "Who will give me water to drink from the well of Beis Lechem that is at the gate?"

Dovid desired [something] and said, "Who will give me water to drink from the well of Beis Lechem that is at the gate?"

Rashi

מי ישקני מים. אמרו רבותינו (בבא קמא ס ב): הוצרך לשאול שאלה מסנהדרין היושבים בשער בית לחם:

Who will give me water to drink. Our Rabbis said,15Baba Kama 60b. See Rashi there. he [Dovid] needed to ask a [halachic] question from the Sanhedrin court that sat at the gate of Beis Lechem.16The “water” of our verse is referring to Torah which is compared to water. See Devorim Raboh 7:3.

23:16

וַיִּבְקְעוּ שְׁלֹשֶׁת הַגִּבֹּרִים בְּמַחֲנֵה פְלִשְׁתִּים וַיִּֽשְׁאֲבוּ־מַיִם מִבֹּאר בֵּֽית־לֶחֶם אֲשֶׁר בַּשַּׁעַר וַיִּשְׂאוּ וַיָּבִאוּ אֶל־דָּוִד וְלֹא אָבָה לִשְׁתּוֹתָם וַיַּסֵּךְ אֹתָם לַיהֹוָֽה׃

The three warriors broke into the Pelishtim camp and drew water from the well of Beis Lechem that is at the gate. They took it and brought it to Dovid but he did not want to drink and [instead] he offered it as a libation to Adonoy.

The three warriors broke into the Pelishtim camp and drew water from the well of Beis Lechem that is at the gate. They took it and brought it to Dovid but he did not want to drink and [instead] he offered it as a libation to Adonoy.

Rashi

ויסך אותם לה'. כך אמר: מקובלני מבית דינו של שמואל הרמתי, כל המוסר עצמו למיתה על דברי תורה, אין אומרין שמועה מפיו, ומאי ויסך אותם לה', דאמרינהו משמיה דגמרא (שם סא א):

He offered it as a libation to Adonoy. He said, "This is what I learned at Shmuel the Romosi's court: If anyone risks his life for words of Torah,17Rashi is continuing with the interpretation of the verse that the water is a reference to words of Torah. we should not recite the halachah in his name." If so, what is meant by "And instead he offerred it as a libation to Adonoy",18This sounds as if Dovid has accepted the halachic ruling. he [only] recited it in the name of the Gemorah.19The ruling is not to be said over in their name.

23:17

וַיֹּאמֶר חָלִילָה לִּי יְהֹוָה מֵעֲשֹׂתִי זֹאת הֲדַם הָאֲנָשִׁים הַהֹלְכִים בְּנַפְשׁוֹתָם וְלֹא אָבָה לִשְׁתּוֹתָם אֵלֶּה עָשׂוּ שְׁלֹשֶׁת הַגִּבֹּרִֽים׃ {ס}        

he said, "Far be it from me, Adonoy, to do this. [Do I want] the blood of [these] who risked their lives?" therefore he did not drink [the water]. This is what these three warriors did.

he said, "Far be it from me, Adonoy, to do this. [Do I want] the blood of [these] who risked their lives?" therefore he did not drink [the water]. This is what these three warriors did.

Rashi

הדם האנשים. לשון תמיהה:

[Do I want] the blood of [these] men. Language denoting astonishment.

23:18

וַאֲבִישַׁי אֲחִי ׀ יוֹאָב בֶּן־צְרוּיָה הוּא רֹאשׁ (השלשי) [הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה] וְהוּא עוֹרֵר אֶת־חֲנִיתוֹ עַל־שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת חָלָל וְלוֹ־שֵׁם בַּשְּׁלֹשָֽׁה׃

And Avishai, the brother of Yoav, the son of Tsruyoh was the leader of the three. He swung his spear and killed three hundred men. His name was best known of the three.

And Avishai, the brother of Yoav, the son of Tsruyoh was the leader of the three. He swung his spear and killed three hundred men. His name was best known of the three.

23:19

מִן־הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה הֲכִי נִכְבָּד וַיְהִי לָהֶם לְשָׂר וְעַד־הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה לֹא־בָֽא׃ {ס}        

Of the three, he was most honored and was their leader but he did not reach [the status] of the first three.

Of the three, he was most honored and was their leader but he did not reach [the status] of the first three.

Rashi

ועד השלשה לא בא. (תרגום:) ולתלת גברין לא מטא:

He did not reach the status of the first three. [Yonoson translates:] He did not reach [the status] of the [first] three men.20i.e. Adino the Etzonite, Elozor, the son of Dodo and Shamoh, the son of Ogaih from the mountain who were enumerated earlier in verses 8, 9 and 11 respectively.

23:20

וּבְנָיָהוּ בֶן־יְהוֹיָדָע בֶּן־אִֽישׁ־[חַיִל] (חי) רַב־פְּעָלִים מִֽקַּבְצְאֵל הוּא הִכָּה אֵת שְׁנֵי אֲרִאֵל מוֹאָב וְהוּא יָרַד וְהִכָּה אֶֽת־[הָאֲרִי] (האריה) בְּתוֹךְ הַבֹּאר בְּיוֹם הַשָּֽׁלֶג׃

And Venoyohu, the son of Yehoyodoh the son of a warrior, a man of mighty deeds from Kabtzel. He struck down the two Moabite giants and he went down and struck the lion in the well on [that] snowy day:

And Venoyohu, the son of Yehoyodoh the son of a warrior, a man of mighty deeds from Kabtzel. He struck down the two Moabite giants and he went down and struck the lion in the well on [that] snowy day:

Rashi

את שני אראל מואב. (תרגום:) ית תרין רברבי מואב. ורבותינו אמרו (ברכות יח ב): שלא הניח כמותו, לא במקדש ראשון, ולא במקדש שני:

The two Moabite giants. [Yonoson translates:] "The two Moabite giants." And our Rabbis said, There was no one like him not during the first [Beis] Mikdosh nor during the second [Beis] Mikdosh.21Berochos 18b. Rashi there explains that אֲרִיאֵל is a name used for the Beis Hamikdash.

אריאל מואב. על שם שבנאו שלמה, שבא מרות המואביה:

Moabite giants. Because Shlomo who built it came from Rus the Moabite.22Rashi is explaining the connection that אֲרִיאֵל, a reference to the Beis Hamikdash, has to Moav.

23:21

וְהֽוּא־הִכָּה אֶת־אִישׁ מִצְרִי (אשר) [אִישׁ] מַרְאֶה וּבְיַד הַמִּצְרִי חֲנִית וַיֵּרֶד אֵלָיו בַּשָּׁבֶט וַיִּגְזֹל אֶֽת־הַחֲנִית מִיַּד הַמִּצְרִי וַיַּהַרְגֵהוּ בַּחֲנִיתֽוֹ׃

He struck the Egyptian man, a man of [frightening] countenance, and there was a spear in the Egyptian's hand. He [Venoyohu] went down to him [armed] with a stick and stole the spear out of the Egyptian's hand and killed him with his own spear.

He struck the Egyptian man, a man of [frightening] countenance, and there was a spear in the Egyptian's hand. He [Venoyohu] went down to him [armed] with a stick and stole the spear out of the Egyptian's hand and killed him with his own spear.

23:22

אֵלֶּה עָשָׂה בְּנָיָהוּ בֶּן־יְהוֹיָדָע וְלוֹ־שֵׁם בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה הַגִּבֹּרִֽים׃

These things did Benoyohu, the son of Yehoydoh do, his name was best known of the three warriors.

These things did Benoyohu, the son of Yehoydoh do, his name was best known of the three warriors.

23:23

מִן־הַשְּׁלֹשִׁים נִכְבָּד וְאֶל־הַשְּׁלֹשָׁה לֹא־בָא וַיְשִׂמֵהוּ דָוִד אֶל־מִשְׁמַעְתּֽוֹ׃ {ס}        

Most honoured of the thirty but he did not reach [the status] of the first three. Dovid made him his aide.

Most honoured of the thirty but he did not reach [the status] of the first three. Dovid made him his aide.

Rashi

מן השלשים. כל שלשים שבפרשה זו תירגם יונתן: גבריא:

Of the thirty. Of all thirty in this section. Yonoson translates: "mighty men".23This is how he translates the word שְׁלשִׁים.

23:24

עֲשָׂהאֵל אֲחִֽי־יוֹאָב בַּשְּׁלֹשִׁים אֶלְחָנָן בֶּן־דֹּדוֹ בֵּית לָֽחֶם׃ {ס}        

Asoel, Yoav's brother [was one] of the thirty [as was] Elchonon, the son of Dodo [from] Beis Lochem.

Asoel, Yoav's brother [was one] of the thirty [as was] Elchonon, the son of Dodo [from] Beis Lochem.

23:25

שַׁמָּה הַחֲרֹדִי {ס}        אֱלִיקָא הַחֲרֹדִֽי׃ {ס}        

Shamoh the Charodite, Elikoh the Charodite.

Shamoh the Charodite, Elikoh the Charodite.

23:26

חֶלֶץ הַפַּלְטִי {ס}        עִירָא בֶן־עִקֵּשׁ {ס}        הַתְּקוֹעִֽי׃ {ס}        

Cheletz the Paltite, Iroh, the son of Ikeish, the Tokite

Cheletz the Paltite, Iroh, the son of Ikeish, the Tokite

23:27

אֲבִיעֶזֶר הָעַנְּתֹתִי {ס}        מְבֻנַּי הַחֻשָׁתִֽי׃ {ס}        

Aviezer the Ansosite, Mevunai the Chushosite.

Aviezer the Ansosite, Mevunai the Chushosite.

23:28

צַלְמוֹן הָאֲחֹחִי {ס}        מַהְרַי הַנְּטֹפָתִֽי׃ {ס}        

Tsalmon the Achochite Mahary the Netophosite.

Tsalmon the Achochite Mahary the Netophosite.

23:29

חֵלֶב בֶּֽן־בַּעֲנָה הַנְּטֹפָתִי {ס}        אִתַּי בֶּן־רִיבַי מִגִּבְעַת בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִֽן׃ {ס}        

Cheilev, the son Ba'anoh the Netophosite, Itai, the son of Rivai from the valley of Bnai Binyomin.

Cheilev, the son Ba'anoh the Netophosite, Itai, the son of Rivai from the valley of Bnai Binyomin.

23:30

בְּנָיָהוּ פִּרְעָתֹנִי {ס}        הִדַּי מִנַּחֲלֵי גָֽעַשׁ׃ {ס}        

Benoyohu the Pirosonite, Hidai from Nachalei Goash.

Benoyohu the Pirosonite, Hidai from Nachalei Goash.

23:31

אֲבִֽי־עַלְבוֹן הָעַרְבָתִי {ס}        עַזְמָוֶת הַבַּרְחֻמִֽי׃ {ס}        

Avi Alvon the Arvosite, Azmoves, the Barchumite.

Avi Alvon the Arvosite, Azmoves, the Barchumite.

23:32

אֶלְיַחְבָּא הַשַּׁעַלְבֹנִי {ס}        בְּנֵי יָשֵׁן יְהוֹנָתָֽן׃ {ס}        

Elyachboh the Sha'alvonite, Yoshain's son, Yehonoson.

Elyachboh the Sha'alvonite, Yoshain's son, Yehonoson.

23:33

שַׁמָּה הַהֲרָרִי {ס}        אֲחִיאָם בֶּן־שָׁרָר הָארָרִֽי׃ {ס}        

Shamoh the Havorite, Achiom, the son of Shoror the Arorite.

Shamoh the Havorite, Achiom, the son of Shoror the Arorite.

23:34

אֱלִיפֶלֶט בֶּן־אֲחַסְבַּי בֶּן־הַמַּעֲכָתִי {ס}        אֱלִיעָם בֶּן־אֲחִיתֹפֶל הַגִּלֹנִֽי׃ {ס}        

Eliphelet, the son of Achasbuy the son of the Machosite, Eliom, the son of Achitophel the Gilonite.

Eliphelet, the son of Achasbuy the son of the Machosite, Eliom, the son of Achitophel the Gilonite.

23:35

(חצרו) [חֶצְרַי] הַֽכַּרְמְלִי {ס}        פַּעֲרַי הָאַרְבִּֽי׃ {ס}        

Chetzry the Carmelite, Pa'ary the Arbite.

Chetzry the Carmelite, Pa'ary the Arbite.

23:36

יִגְאָל בֶּן־נָתָן מִצֹּבָה {ס}        בָּנִי הַגָּדִֽי׃ {ס}        

Yigol, the son of Noson from Tzovoh, Boni the Godite.

Yigol, the son of Noson from Tzovoh, Boni the Godite.

23:37

צֶלֶק הָעַמֹּנִי {ס}        נַחְרַי הַבְּאֵרֹתִי (נשאי) [נֹשֵׂא] כְּלֵי יוֹאָב בֶּן־צְרֻיָֽה׃ {ס}        

Tzelek the Amonite [and] Nachrai the Be'erosite the weapons carriers of Yoav, the son of Tsruyoh.

Tzelek the Amonite [and] Nachrai the Be'erosite the weapons carriers of Yoav, the son of Tsruyoh.

23:38

עִירָא הַיִּתְרִי {ס}        גָּרֵב הַיִּתְרִֽי׃ {ס}        

Iroh the Yisrite, Goreiv the Yirite.

Iroh the Yisrite, Goreiv the Yirite.

23:39

אֽוּרִיָּה הַחִתִּי כֹּל שְׁלֹשִׁים וְשִׁבְעָֽה׃ {פ}

Urioh the Chitite, [these are] all thirty-seven.

Urioh the Chitite, [these are] all thirty-seven.

Rashi

שלשים ושבעה. ואינן מנוין כאן, ואני אומר: יואב לא הוצרך להזכיר, שהוא שר הצבא, ושאר שחסרו, שמא בני (ישי) [ צ"ל ישן ] שלשה או ארבעה היו:

Thirty-seven. They are not [all] mentioned here24Rashi seems to hold that only thirty-three of the thirty-seven are accounted for, the three first warriors, Adino, Elozor and Ahamoh. Then the thirty that are enumerated starting from verse 24 but not including Asoel, see the Metsudos Dovid on that verse. and I say Yoav did not have to be mentioned because he was the general [commanding] the army and the rest that are missing it is possible that they are three or four sons of Yeshai.25Having accounted for thirty-three out of thirty-seven, four are missing. Rashi seems to be offering two distinct possible answers, either the four are Yoav and three of Yeshai’s sons or Yoav is not being counted here as part of the group of thirty-seven and the four missing are all sons of Yeshai.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: The Metsudah Tanach series, Lakewood, N.J · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: On Your Way · License: PD

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