Bamidbar 11 במדבר י״א

ויהי העם כמתאננים. אֵין הָעָם אֶלָּא רְשָׁעִים, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר "מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לָעָם הַזֶּה" (שמות י"ז), וְאוֹמֵר "הָעָם הַזֶּה הָרָע" (ירמיהו י"ג); וּכְשֶׁהֵם כְּשֵׁרִים קְרוּאִים "עַמִּי", שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "שַׁלַּח עַמִּי" (שמות ח׳:ט״ז), "עַמִּי מֶה עָשִׂיתִי לְךָ" (מיכה ו'):

The people were like complainers. ”The people” refers only to the wicked. Similarly, it says, “what shall I do for this people,” and it says, “this evil people.” But when they are righteous, they are called “My people,” as it says, “send out My people,” “My people, what have I done to you”

כמתאננים. אֵין מִתְאוֹנְנִים אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן עֲלִילָה — מְבַקְּשִׁים עֲלִילָה הֵיאַךְ לִפְרֹשׁ מֵאַחֲרֵי הַמָּקוֹם, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר בְּשִׁמְשׁוֹן (שופטים י"ד), "כִּי תֹאֲנָה הוּא מְבַקֵּשׁ" (ספרי):

Like complainers. מִתְאֹנְנִים is strictly a term referring to a pretext. They seek a pretext in order to turn away from [following] after the Omnipresent. Similarly, it says about Shimshon, “for he seeks a pretext.”

רע באזני ה'. תּוֹאֲנָה שֶׁהִיא רָעָה בְּאָזְנֵי ה', שֶׁמִּתְכַּוְּנִים שֶׁתָּבֹא בְּאָזְנָיו וְיַקְנִיט, אָמְרוּ: אוֹי לָנוּ, כַּמָּה לֻבַּטְנוּ בַּדֶּרֶךְ הַזֶּה, שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים שֶׁלֹּא נַחְנוּ מֵעִנּוּי הַדֶּרֶךְ:

Wicked in the ears of Adonoy. A complaint which is wicked in the ears of God, for they intended it to reach His ears and anger Him. They said, “Woe to us, how we have toiled on this journey. Three days [have passed] that we have not rested from the fatigue of travel.”

ויחר אפו. אֲנִי הָיִיתִי מִתְכַּוֵּן לְטוֹבַתְכֶם — שֶׁתִּכָּנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ מִיָּד:

And His anger flared. I meant for your benefit, so that you would enter the land immediately.

בקצה המחנה. בְּמֻּקְצִין שֶׁבָּהֶם לְשִׁפְלוּת, אֵלּוּ עֵרֶב רַב, רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן מְנַסְיָא אוֹמֵר, בַּקְּצִינִים שֶׁבָּהֶם וּבַגְּדוֹלִים (עי' ספרי):

The outcasts of the camp. Those among them who were outcasts, of low status, they were the great mixture. R’ Shimon ben Menasya says, the distinguished among them, and the great ones.

ויצעק העם אל משה. מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם שֶׁכָּעַס עַל בְּנוֹ, וְהָלַךְ הַבֵּן אֵצֶל אוֹהֲבוֹ שֶׁל אָבִיו וְאָמַר לוֹ צֵא וּבַקֵּשׁ עָלַי מֵאַבָּא:

The people cried out to Moshe. This is compared to a mortal king who was angry with his son. The son went to his father’s intimate friend, and said to him, ‘Go, ask [for forgiveness] for me from father.’

ותשקע האש. שָׁקְעָה בִּמְקוֹמָהּ, שֶׁאִלּוּ חָזְרָה לְאַחַת הָרוּחוֹת הָיְתָה מְקַפֶּלֶת וְהוֹלֶכֶת כָּל אוֹתוֹ הָרוּחַ (ספרי):

And the fire subsided. It subsided into its place, for if it had turned to any one direction, it would have gathered itself and proceeded in that entire direction.

והאספסף. אֵלּוּ עֵרֶב רַב שֶׁנֶּאֶסְפוּ עֲלֵיהֶם בְּצֵאתָם מִמִּצְרַיִם:

The collection [of nationalities]. These were [members of] the “great mixture” which gathered with them when they left Egypt.

וישבו גם בני ישראל ויבכו. עִמָּהֶם:

And [Bnei Yisroel] turned. Bnei Yisroel, also, and wept with them.

מי יאכלנו בשר. וְכִי לֹא הָיָה לָהֶם בָּשָׂר? וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר "וְגַם עֵרֶב רַב עָלָה אִתָּם וְצֹאן וּבָקָר" וְגוֹ' (שמות י"ב), וְאִ"תֹּ אֲכָלוּם, וַהֲלֹא בִּכְנִיסָתָן לָאָרֶץ נֶאֱמַר "וּמִקְנֶה רַב הָיָה לִבְנֵי רְאוּבֵן" וְגוֹ' (במדבר ל"ב)? אֶלָּא שֶׁמְּבַקְשִׁים עֲלִילָה (ספרי):

Who will feed us meat? Did they not have meat? Did it not say previously, “A great mixture also went up with them, with sheep and cattle, etc.”? Perhaps you will say they ate them, but does it not say, when they came into the land, “Much cattle belonged to the sons of Reuven, etc.” Evidently, they sought a pretext.

אשר נאכל במצרים חנם. אִ"תֹּ שֶׁמִּצְרִיִּים נוֹתְנִים לָהֶם דָּגִים חִנָּם, וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר "וְתֶבֶן לֹא יִנָּתֵן לָכֶם" (שמות ה'), אִם תֶּבֶן לֹא הָיוּ נוֹתְנִין לָהֶם חִנָּם, דָּגִים הָיוּ נוֹתְנִין לָהֶם חִנָּם? וּמַהוּ אוֹמֵר חִנָּם, חִנָּם מִן הַמִּצְוֹת (ספרי):

Which we ate in Egypt freely. Perhaps you will say that the Egyptians gave them fish freely. But did it not already say, “straw will not be given to you”? If they did not give them straw freely, would they have given them fish freely? Then what is meant by “freely”? Free of mitzvos.

את הקשאים. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מִפְּנֵי מָה הַמָּן מִשְׁתַּנֶּה לְכָל דָּבָר חוּץ מֵאֵלּוּ? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן קָשִׁים לַמְּנִיקוֹת, אוֹמְרִים לְאִשָּׁה אַל תֹּאכְלִי שׁוּם וּבָצָל מִפְּנֵי הַתִּינוֹק, מָשָׁל לְמֶלֶךְ וְכוּ', כִּדְאִיתָא בְּסִפְרֵי:

The cucumbers. R’ Shimon said: Why was the manna transformed into everything but these? Because they are harmful to nursing mothers. We tell a woman: “Do not eat garlic or onion for the baby’s sake.” This is compared to a king, etc., as stated by Sifri.

הקשאים. הֵם קוקומבר"שׂ בְּלַעַז:

The cucumbers. They are “cocombres” in Old French.

אבטיחים. בודיק"ש:

Melons. “Borekes” [in Old French].

החציר. כְּרֵישִׁין, פוריל"ש (תַּרְגּוּמוֹ יָת בּוֹצִינַיָּא וְכוּ'):

The leeks. Leeks, “porels” [in Old French]. (Targum [Onkelos] renders “the leeks, etc.”)

אל המן עינינו. מָן בַּשַּׁחַר, מָן בָּעֶרֶב:

The manna before our eyes. Manna in the morning, manna in the evening.

והמן כזרע גד. מִי שֶׁאָמַר זֶה לֹא אָמַר זֶה, יִשְֹרָאֵל אוֹמְרִים "בִּלְתִּי אֶל הַמָּן עֵינֵינוּ" וְהַקָּבָּ"ה הִכְתִּיב בַּתּוֹרָה "וְהַמָּן כִּזְרַע גַּד" וְגוֹ', כְּלוֹמַר רְאוּ בָּאֵי עוֹלָם עַל מָה מִתְלוֹנְנִים בָּנַי, וְהַמָּן כָּךְ וְכָךְ הוּא חָשׁוּב:

The manna is like coriander seed. The one who said this [verse] did not say the other. The Israelites said, ‘Nothing but the manna before our eyes.’ while the Holy One, Blessed is He, inscribed in the Torah, “But the manna was like coriander seed, etc.,” as if to say, ‘Look, those who walk the earth at the subject of My children’s complaint — the manna was precious for such and such a reason’.

כזרע גד. עָגֹל כְּגִידָּא — זֶרַע קוליינדר"ו:

Like coriander seed. Round like coriander. “Aliendre” seed in Old French.

הבדלח. שֵׁם אֶבֶן טוֹבָה קריסט"ל:

Crystal The name of a precious stone, “cristal” [in Old French].

שטו. אֵין שִׁיּוּט אֶלָּא לְשׁוֹן טִיּוּל, אישבנ"ייר — בְּלֹא עָמָל:

Strolled about. שִׁיוּט is interpreted strictly as strolling, “esbaneier” [in Old French], without exertion.

וטחנו ברחים וגו'. לֹא יָרַד בָּרֵחַיִם וְלֹא בַקְּדֵרָה וְלֹא בַמְּדוֹכָה, אֶלָּא מִשְׁתַּנֶּה הָיָה טַעֲמוֹ לַנִּטְחָנִין וְלַנְּדוֹכִין וְלַמְבֻשָּׁלִין (ספרי):

They ground [it] with a millstone, etc. It never descended into the millstone, or the pot, or the mortar; rather, its taste changed to ground, crushed, or cooked [foods].

בפרור. קְדֵרָה:

בַּפָּרוּר . Pot.

לשד השמן. לִחְלוּחַ שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן, כָּךְ פֵּרְשׁוֹ דּוּנָשׁ, וְדוֹמֶה לוֹ "נֶהְפַּךְ לְשַׁדִּי בְּחַרְבֹנֵי קַיִץ" (תהילים ל"ב), וְהַלָּמֶ"ד יְסוֹד, — נֶהְפַּךְ לִחְלוּחִי בְּחַרְבוֹנֵי קַיִץ. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ פֵרְשׁוּהוּ לְשׁוֹן שָׁדַיִם, אַךְ אֵין עִנְיַן שָׁדַיִם אֵצֶל שֶׁמֶן; וְאִאֶ"ל לְשַׁד הַשָּׁמֶן לְשׁוֹן "וַיִּשְׁמַן יְשֻׁרוּן" (דברים ל"ב), שֶׁאִם כֵּן הָיָה הַמֵּ"ם נָקוּד קָמָץ וְטַעְמוֹ לְמַטָּה תַּחַת הַמֵּ"ם, עַכְשָׁו שֶׁהַמֵּ"ם נָקוּד פַּתָּח קָטָן וְהַטַּעַם תַּחַת הַשִּׁי"ן, לְשׁוֹן שֶׁמֶן הוּא, וְהַשִּׁ"ין הַנְּקוּדָה בְּקָמָץ גָּדוֹל וְאֵינָהּ נְקוּדָה בְּפַתָּח קָטָן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא סוֹף פָּסוּק. דָּ"אַ: לְשַׁד לְשׁוֹן נוֹטָרִיקוֹן — לִישׁ שֶׁמֶן דְּבַשׁ, כְּעִסָּה הַנִּלּוֹשָׁה בְּשֶׁמֶן וּקְטוּפָה בִדְבַשׁ. וְתַרְגּוּם שֶׁל אֻנְקְלוֹס דִּמְתַרְגֵּם "דְּלִישׁ בְּמִשְׁחָא" נוֹטֶה לְפִתְרוֹנוֹ שֶׁל דּוּנָשׁ, שֶׁהָעִסָּה הַנִּלּוֹשָׁה בְשֶׁמֶן לַחְלוּחִית שֶׁמֶן יֵשׁ בָּהּ:

לְשַׁד הַשָׁמֶן . The moisture of oil. This is how Donash explained it. Similar to this, “ לְשַׁדִּי was overturned by the heat of summer.” The “lamed” is part of the root, “My moisture was overturned by the heat of summer.” The Rabbis, however, explain it as a term meaning שָׁדַיִם, “breasts.” But שָׁדַיִם have no relation to oil. One cannot say that לְשַׁד הַשָׁמֶן is translated like וַיִשְׁמַן יְשׁוּרוּן, “The righteous were fattened,” for, if so, the “ מ “ would be vocalized with a minor “kametz” (“tzeirei”) and the emphasis below, under the “ מ .” Now that the “ מ “ is vocalized with a minor “patach” (“segol”) and the emphasis is below the “ ש,” it is translated as “oil.” The “ ש “ is vocalized with a major “kametz” (”kametz”), but not with a minor “patach” (”segol”), because it closes the passge. Another interpretation: לְשַׁד is an acronym, [spelling] לִ'ישׁ, שֶׁ'מֶן, דְּ'בַשׁ, kneaded, oil, honey. [It was] like a loaf kneaded with oil and coated with honey. Onkelos’ translation, rendered “kneaded with oil,” leans toward Donash’s interpretation, since a loaf kneaded with oil contains the moisture of oil.

בכה למשפחתיו. מִשְׁפָּחוֹת מִשְׁפָּחוֹת נֶאֱסָפִים וּבוֹכִים לְפַרְסֵם תַּרְעֻמְתָּן בְּגָלוּי. וְרַבּוֹתֵינוּ אָמְרוּ (יומא ע"ה) לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָיו, עַל עִסְקֵי מִשְׁפָּחוֹת —עַל עֲרָיוֹת הַנֶּאֱסָרוֹת לָהֶם:

Weep according to their families. Every family gathered together and wept, to publicize their complaints openly. The Rabbis remark that לְמִשְׁפְּחוֹתָיו means “concerning family matters” — concerning the intimate relations forbidden to them.

כי תאמר אלי. שֶׁאַתָּה אוֹמֵר אֵלַי שָׂאֵהוּ בְחֵיקֶךָ; וְהֵיכָן אָמַר לוֹ כֵן? "לֵךְ נְחֵה אֶת הָעָם" (שמות ל"ב), וְאוֹמֵר "וַיְצַוֵּם אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (שם ו') — עַל מְנָת שֶׁיִּהְיוּ סוֹקְלִים אֶתְכֶם וּמְחָרְפִים אֶתְכֶם (ספרי):

That You say [lit. will say]. That You say to me, ‘carry it in your lap.’ Where did He say this to him? “Go, lead the people.” And it says, “He commanded them (Moshe and Aharon) to [lead] Bnei Yisroel” [even] on condition that they stone you and insult you.

על האדמה אשר נשבעת לאבתיו. אַתָּה אוֹמֵר לִי לְשֵׂאתָם בְּחֵיקִי:

To the land which You swore to their forefathers. You tell me to carry them in my lap.

ואם ככה את עושה לי. תָּשַׁשׁ כֹּחוֹ שֶׁל מֹשֶׁה כִּנְקֵבָה כְּשֶׁהֶרְאָהוּ הַקָּבָּ"ה הַפֻּרְעָנוּת שֶׁהוּא עָתִיד לְהָבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם עַל זֹאת, אָמַר לְפָנָיו, אִם כֵּן, הָרְגֵנִי תְּחִלָּה:

If this is the way You treat me. Moshe’s strength weakened like a female’s when the Holy One, Blessed is He, showed him the punishment He would visit upon them for this. He said before Him: ‘If so, kill me first.’

ואל אראה ברעתי. בְּרָעָתָם הָיָה לוֹ לִכְתֹּב, אֶלָּא שֶׁכִּנָּה הַכָּתוּב, וְזֶה אֶחָד מִתִּקּוּנֵי סוֹפְרִים בַּתּוֹרָה לְכִנּוּי וּלְתִקּוּן לָשׁוֹן:

So that I will not see my evil. It should have written “their evil,” but Scripture euphemizes. This is one of the “scribes’ adjustments” to the Torah, for the sake of euphemistic language adjustment.

אספה לי. הֲרֵי תְשׁוּבָה לִתְלוּנָתְךָ שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ לֹא אוּכַל אָנֹכִי לְבַדִּי; וְהַזְּקֵנִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הֵיכָן הָיוּ? וַהֲלֹא אַף בְּמִצְרַיִם יָשְׁבוּ עִמָּהֶם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות ג') "לֵךְ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל"? אֶלָּא בְּאֵשׁ תַּבְעֵרָה מֵתוּ; וּרְאוּיִים הָיוּ לְכָךְ מִסִּינַי, דִּכְתִיב "וַיֶּחֱזוּ אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים" (שם כ"ד) — שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ כְּנוֹשֵׁךְ פִּתּוֹ וּמְדַבֵּר בִּפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ, וְזֶהוּ "וַיֹּאכְלוּ וַיִּשְׁתּוּ", וְלֹא רָצָה הַקָּבָּ"ה לִתֵּן אֲבֵלוּת בְּמַתַּן תּוֹרָה וּפָרַע לָהֶם כָּאן (תנחומא):

Gather for Me. Here is the reply to your complaint when you said, “I am unable, alone . . .” But where were the original elders? Had they not sat with them even in Egypt, as it says: “Go, gather the elders of Israel”? Evidently, they died at the fire of “Tav’erah.” They deserved this at Sinai, as it is written, “they gazed at God.” Because they acted frivolously, like someone munching his loaf while speaking before the king. And this is [the meaning of] “They ate and drank.” But the Holy One, Blessed is He, did not want to cause grief during the giving of the Torah, so he punished them here.

אשר ידעת כי הם וגו'. אוֹתָן שֶׁאַתָּה מַכִּיר שֶׁנִּתְמַנּוּ עֲלֵיהֶם שׁוֹטְרִים בְּמִצְרַיִם בַּעֲבוֹדַת פֶּרֶךְ וְהָיוּ מְרַחֲמִים עֲלֵיהֶם וּמֻכִּים עַל יָדָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר "וַיֻּכּוּ שֹׁטְרֵי בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (שמות ה'), עַתָּה יִתְמַנּוּ בִגְדֻלָּתָן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁנִּצְטַעֲרוּ בְּצָרָתָן (עי' ספרי):

Whom you know to be, etc. Those whom you recognize, as they were appointed officers over them in Egypt for the body breaking labor. They took pity on them, and were beaten for their sake, as it says, “The Israelite officers were beaten.” Let them be appointed now, in their greatness, just as they suffered when they were oppressed.

ולקחת אתם. קָחֵם בִּדְבָרִים, "אַשְׁרֵיכֶם שֶׁנִּתְמַנִּיתֶם פַּרְנָסִים עַל בָּנָיו שֶׁל מָקוֹם":

You shall take them. Take them verbally. “How fortunate you are to have been appointed as leaders over the Omnipresent’s children.”

והתיצבו שם עמך. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּרְאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִנְהֲגוּ בָהֶם גְּדֻלָּה וְכָבוֹד, וְיֹאמְרוּ חֲבִיבִין אֵלּוּ שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ עִם מֹשֶׁה לִשְׁמֹעַ דִּבּוּר מִפִּי הַקָּבָּ"ה (שם):

And they shall stand there with you. So that the Israelites will see, and treat them as great men, reverently, saying: ‘How precious are those who entered with Moshe to hear the word from the mouth of the Holy One, Blessed is He.’

וירדתי. זוֹ אַחַת מֵעֶשֶׂר יְרִידוֹת הַכְּתוּבוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה (שם):

I will descend. This is one of the ten descents inscribed in the Torah.

ודברתי עמך. וְלֹא עִמָּהֶם (שם):

And I will speak with you. But not with them.

ואצלתי. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ "וַאֲרַבֵּי", כְּמוֹ "וְאֶל אֲצִילֵי בְּנֵי יִשְֹרָאֵל" (שמות כ"ד):

I will make greater. As Targum [Onkelos] renders, וַאֲרַבֵּי, ”I will make greater,” like, “But to the great men of Bnei Yisroel.”

ושמתי עליהם. לְמָה מֹשֶׁה דוֹמֶה בְאוֹתָהּ שָׁעָה? לְנֵר שֶׁמּוּנַח עַל גַּבֵּי מְנוֹרָה וְהַכֹּל מַדְלִיקִין הֵימֶנּוּ וְאֵין אוֹרוֹ חָסֵר כְּלוּם (ספרי):

And place it on them. To what was Moshe compared at that time? To a lamp set in a candelabra. Everyone lights from it, but none of its own brightness is diminished.

ונשאו אתך. הַתְנֵה עִמָּהֶם עַל מְנָת שֶׁיְּקַבְּלוּ עֲלֵיהֶם טֹרַח בָּנַי, שֶׁהֵם טַרְחָנִים וְסַרְבָנִים (שם):

They will bear, along with you. Stipulate with them, on condition that they accept upon themselves the toil of my children, as they are troublesome and recalcitrant.

ולא תשא אתה לבדך. הֲרֵי תְשׁוּבָה לְמַה שֶּׁאָמַרְתָּ לֹא אוּכַל אָנֹכִי לְבַדִּי:

So that you need not bear it alone. Here is the reply to your statement, “I am unable, alone . . .”

התקדשו. הַזְמִינוּ עַצְמְכֶם לְפֻרְעָנוּת, וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (ירמיהו י"ב) "וְהַקְדִּשֵׁם לְיוֹם הֲרֵגָה" (ספרי):

Prepare yourselves. Prepare yourselves for punishment. Similarly, it says, “Prepare them for the day of killing.”

עד חדש ימים. זוֹ בַכְּשֵׁרִים, שֶׁמִּתְמַצִּין עַל מִטּוֹתֵיהֶן וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִשְׁמָתָן יוֹצְאָה, וּבָרְשָׁעִים הוּא אוֹמֵר "הַבָּשָׂר עוֹדֶנּוּ בֵּין שִׁנֵּיהֶם" (פסוק ל"ג), כָּךְ הִיא שְׁנוּיָה בְסִפְרֵי, אֲבָל בִּמְכִילְתָּא שְׁנוּיָה חִלּוּף, הָרְשָׁעִים אוֹכְלִים וּמִצְטַעֲרִין שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם, וְהַכְּשֵׁרִים הַבָּשָׂר עוֹדֶנּוּ בֵּין שִׁנֵּיהֶם (עי' יומא ע"ה):

For a month of days. This was with the [comparatively] virtuous ones, who fell ill in their beds and afterwards expired. But with the wicked ones it says, “the meat was still between their teeth.” This is how it is taught by Sifri. Mechilta, however, teaches the reverse. The wicked ones ate and suffered for thirty days, but with the decent ones — the meat was still between their teeth.

עד אשר יצא מאפכם. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ "דִי תְקוֹצוּן בֵּיהּ", יְהֵא דוֹמֶה לָכֶם כְּאִלּוּ אֲכַלְתֶּם מִמֶּנּוּ יוֹתֵר מִדַּאי עַד שֶׁיּוֹצֵא וְנִגְעָל לַחוּץ דֶּרֶךְ הָאָף:

Until it comes out of your nostrils. As Targum [Onkelos] translates, ”you are disgusted by it.” It will seem to you as if you gorged on it until it is expelled through the nose.

והיה לכם לזרא. שֶׁתִּהְיוּ מְרַחֲקִין אוֹתוֹ יוֹתֵר מִמַּה שֶּׁקֵּרַבְתֶּם, וּבְדִבְרֵי רַבִּי מֹשֶׁה הַדַּרְשָׁן רָאִיתִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָשׁוֹן שֶׁקּוֹרִין לַחֶרֶב זָרָא:

It will be repulsive to you. You will cast it away more readily than you welcomed. In R’ Moshe Hadarshan’s commentary I saw that, in a certain language, the sword is called “zara.”

את ה' אשר בקרבכם. אִם לֹא שֶׁנָּטַעְתִּי שְׁכִינָתִי בֵינֵיכֶם, לֹא גָבַהּ לְבַבְכֶם לִכָּנֵס לְכָל הַדְּבָרִים הַלָּלוּ (ספרי):

Adonoy Who is among you. If I had not planted My Presence among you, you would not have had the arrogance to enter into all these affairs.

שש מאות אלף רגלי. לֹא חָשׁ לִמְנוֹת אֶת הַפְּרָט שְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים הַיְתֵרִים; וְרַבִּי מֹשֶׁה הַדַּרְשָׁן פֵּרֵשׁ, שֶׁלֹּא בָכוּ אֶלָּא אוֹתָן שֶׁיָּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם:

Six hundred thousand on foot. He was not concerned with counting in detail the remaining three thousand. R’ Moshe Hadarshan explains that only those who went out of Egypt, wept.

הצאן ובקר ישחט. זֶה אֶחָד מֵאַרְבָּעָה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהָיָה רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא דּוֹרֵשׁ וְאֵין רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן דּוֹרֵשׁ כְּמוֹתוֹ, רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר שש מאות אלף רגלי ואתה אמרת בשר אתן להם ואכלו חדש ימים הצאן ובקר, הַכֹּל כְּמַשְׁמָעוֹ, מִי מַסְפִּיק לָהֶם? כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כ"ה) "וּמָצָא כְּדֵי גְאֻלָּתוֹ". וְאֵיזוֹ קָשָׁה, זוֹ אוֹ שִׁמְעוּ נָא הַמֹּרִים? אֶלָּא לְפִי שֶׁלֹּא אָמַר בָּרַבִּים, חִסֵּךְ לוֹ הַכָּתוּב וְלֹא נִפְרַע מִמֶּנּוּ, וְזוֹ שֶׁל מְרִיבָה הָיְתָה בְּגָלוּי, לְפִיכָךְ לֹא חִסֵּךְ לוֹ הַכָּתוּב; רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, לֹא עָלְתָה עַל דַּעְתּוֹ שֶׁל אוֹתוֹ צַדִיק כָּךְ, מִי שֶׁכָּתוּב בּוֹ "בְּכָל בֵּיתִי נֶאֱמָן הוּא" (במדבר י"ב) יֹאמַר אֵין הַמָּקוֹם מַסְפִּיק לָנוּ? אֶלָּא כָּךְ אָמַר, שש מאות אלף רגלי וגו' ואתה אמרת בשר אתן לְחֹדֶשׁ יָמִים, וְאַחַר כָּךְ תַּהֲרֹג אֻמָּה גְדוֹלָה כָּזוֹ, הצאן ובקר ישחט להם כְּדֵי שֶׁיֵּהָרְגוּ וּתְהִי אֲכִילָה זוֹ מַסְפַּקְתָּן עַד עוֹלָם? וְכִי שִׁבְחֲךָ הוּא זֶה? אוֹמְרִים לוֹ לַחֲמוֹר טֹל כֹּר שְׂעוֹרִים וְנַחְתֹּךְ רֹאשְׁךָ? הֱשִׁיבוֹ הַקָּבָּ"ה, וְאִם לֹא אֶתֵּן יֹאמְרוּ שֶׁקָּצְרָה יָדִי, הֲטוֹב בְּעֵינֶיךָ שֶׁיַּד ה' תִּקְצַר בְּעֵינֵיהֶם? יֹאבְדוּ הֵם וּמֵאָה כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶם וְאַל תְּהִי יָדִי קְצָרָה לִפְנֵיהֶם אֲפִלּוּ שָׁעָה אַחַת:

Will sheep and cattle be slaughtered. This is one of four instances expounded upon by R’ Akiva, which R’ Shimon did not expound as he did. R’ Akiva said, “Six hundred thousand on foot, etc. and You say ‘I will give them meat to eat for a month of days’? Will sheep and cattle . . . ?” Everything according to the straightforward interpretation, who will satisfy them? This is similar to what is said, “And he has sufficient means for its redemption.” Now which is worse, this, or, “listen, here, rebels!”? Yet, since he did not say it publicly, Scripture spared him and did not punish him; but the one during the dispute was public — Scripture, therefore, did not spare him. R’ Shimon said, Heaven forbid! Such a thought never occurred to that righteous man. Someone of whom it is written, “In all My houshold he is [most] faithful” would say, ‘The Omnipresent cannot satisfy us’? Rather, this is what he said: Six hundred thousand on foot, etc., and You said, ‘I will give them meat for a month,’ and then you will kill a nation as great as this? Will sheep and cattle be slaughered for them so that they should be killed, and this meal will [thus] satisfy them forever? Does this bring you praise, telling a donkey, ‘Eat a ton of barley and then we will chop your head off’? The Holy One, Blessed is He, answered him: But if I do not give it to them, they will say My power [lit. hand] is limited. Is it favorable, in your eyes, that God’s power be limited in their eyes? Let them, and a hundred like them, perish, but My power cannot seem limited to them even for a moment.

עתה תראה היקרך דברי. רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל בְּנוֹ שֶׁל רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הַנָּשִׂיא אוֹמֵר, אִי אֶפְשָׁר לַעֲמֹד עַל הַטָּפֵל, מֵאַחַר שֶׁאֵינָן מְבַקְשִׁים אֶלָּא עֲלִילָה, לֹא תַסְפִּיק לָהֶם, סוֹפָן לָדוּן אַחֲרֶיךָ: אִם אַתָּה נוֹתֵן לָהֶם בְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה גַסָּה, יֹאמְרוּ דַּקָּה בִקַּשְׁנוּ, וְאִם אַתָּה נוֹתֵן לָהֶם דַּקָּה, יֹאמְרוּ גַּסָּה בִקַּשְׁנוּ, חַיָּה וָעוֹף בִּקַּשְׁנוּ, דָּגִים וַחֲגָבִים בִּקַּשְׁנוּ, אָמַר לוֹ, אִם כֵּן יֹאמְרוּ שֶׁקָּצְרָה יָדִי, אָמַר לְפָנָיו, הֲרֵינִי הוֹלֵךְ וּמְפַיְּסָן, אָמַר לוֹ עתה תראה היקרך דברי — שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁמְעוּ לְךָ. הָלַךְ מֹשֶׁה לְפַיְּסָן, אָמַר לָהֶם היד ה' תקצר, "הֵן הִכָּה צוּר וַיָּזוּבוּ מַיִם וְגוֹ' הֲגַם לֶחֶם יוּכַל תֵּת" (תהלים ע"ח), אָמְרוּ, פְּשָׁרָה הִיא זוֹ, אֵין בּוֹ כֹּחַ לְמַלֹּאות שְׁאֵלָתֵנוּ; וְזֶהוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ויצא משה וידבר אל העם, כֵּיוָן שֶׁלֹּא שָׁמְעוּ לוֹ, ויאסף שבעים איש וגו' (עי' ספרי):

Now you will see if My words will occur. Raban Gamliel, son of R’ Yehudah Hanasi said: (Moshe said:) “It is impossible to maintain one’s position in [such] a dispute. Since they only seek a pretext, You cannot satisfy them, in the end they will judge You critically. If You give them beef, they will say ‘we wanted mutton,’ if You give them mutton, they will say ‘we wanted beef, we wanted wild game or fowl, we wanted fish or locusts.’ He (God) said to him: ‘If so, they will say My power is limited.’ He (Moshe) said before Him: ‘Here, I will go and appease them.’ He (God) said: ‘Now you will see if My word occurs — they will not listen to you.’ Moshe went to appease them. He said to them: ‘Is God’s power limited? Behold, He struck the rock and water flowed, etc., then He can also provide bread.’ They said: ‘This is a compromise — He does not have the power to fulfill our request.”’ This is what is meant when it says, “Moshe went out and spoke to the people.” When they didn’t listen to him — “He gathered seventy men, etc.”

ולא יספו. לֹא נִתְנַבְּאוּ אֶלָּא אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם לְבַדּוֹ, כָּךְ מְפֹרָשׁ בְּסִפְרֵי, וְאֻנְקְלוֹס תִּרְגֵּם "וְלָא פָסְקִין", שֶׁלֹּא פָסְקָה נְבוּאָה מֵהֶם:

And did not cease. They did not prophesy, except for that day alone — this is clearly stated by Sifri. But Onkelos renders “and did not cease” — prophesy did not cease from them.

וישארו שני אנשים. מֵאוֹתָן שֶׁנִּבְחֲרוּ, אָמְרוּ אֵין אָנוּ כְּדַאי לִגְדֻלָּה זוֹ (עי' סנהדרין י"ז):

Two people remained. Of those chosen. They said, ‘We are not worthy of such greatness.’

והמה בכתבים. בַּמְבֹרָרִים שֶׁבָּהֶם לְסַנְהֶדְרִין, וְנִכְתְּבוּ כֻלָּם נְקוּבִים בְּשֵׁמוֹת וְעַ"יְ גּוֹרָל, לְפִי שֶׁהַחֶשְׁבּוֹן עוֹלֶה לְי"ב שְׁבָטִים שִׁשָּׁה שִׁשָּׁה לְכָל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט, חוּץ מִשְּׁנֵי שְׁבָטִים שֶׁאֵין מַגִּיעַ אֲלֵיהֶם אֶלָּא חֲמִשָּׁה חֲמִשָּׁה, אָמַר מֹשֶׁה אֵין שֵׁבֶט שׁוֹמֵעַ לִי לִפְחוֹת מִשִּׁבְטוֹ זָקֵן אֶחָד, מֶה עָשָׂה, נָטַל ע"ב פְתָקִין וְכָתַב עַל שִׁבְעִים "זָקֵן" וְעַל שְׁנַיִם חָלָק וּבֵרֵר מִכָּל שֵׁבֶט וָשֵׁבֶט שִׁשָּה, וְהָיוּ ע"ב, אָמַר לָהֶם, טְלוּ פִתְקֵיכֶם מִתּוֹךְ קַלְפִּי, מִי שֶׁעָלָה בְיָדוֹ "זָקֵן" נִתְקַדֵּשׁ, מִי שֶׁעָלָה בְיָדוֹ חָלָק אָמַר לוֹ, הַמָּקוֹם לֹא חָפֵץ בָּךְ (ספרי; סנהדרין י"ז):

They were among those inscribed. Among those chosen for the Sanhedrin. They were all inscribed specifically by names, and by drawing lots. Since the appropriate amount for twelve tribes was six for each tribe, except for two tribes, each of whom received only five, Moshe said: No tribe will listen to me to subtract one elder from its tribe. What did he do? He took seventy two notes, wrote “elder” on seventy and left two blank. He then chose six from each tribe, totaling seventy two. He told them, ‘Take your notes from the container.’ Whoever chose “elder” was sanctified; to those who chose the empty ones, he said, “The Omnipresent does not want you.”

וירץ הנער. יֵ"א גֵּרְשׁוֹם בֶּן מֹשֶׁה הָיָה (עי' ילקוט):

The youth ran. Some say this was Gershom, the son of Moshe.

כלאם. הַטֵּל עֲלֵיהֶם צָרְכֵי צִבּוּר וְהֵם כָּלִים מֵאֲלֵיהֶם; דָּ"אַ, תְּנֵם אֶל בֵּית הַכֶּלֶא, לְפִי שֶׁהָיוּ מִתְנַבְּאִים מֹשֶׁה מֵת וִיהוֹשֻׁעַ מַכְנִיס אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל לָאָרֶץ (עי' ספרי):

Destroy them. Burden them with communal responsibility, and they will destroy themselves. Another interpretation: Detain them in prison, because they prophesied that Moshe would die and Yehoshua would bring the Israelites into the land.

המקנא אתה לי. הֲקִנְאָתִי אַתָּה מְקַנֵּא:

Are you vengeful for me? Are you my avenger? Do you take my vengeance for me?

לי. כְּמוֹ בִּשְׁבִילִי; כָּל לְשׁוֹן קִנְאָה אָדָם הַנּוֹתֵן לֵב עַל הַדָּבָר, אוֹ לִנְקֹם, אוֹ לַעֲזֹר, אנפר"מנט בְּלַעַז, אוֹחֵז בְּעֹבִי הַמַּשָּׂא:

לִי meaning the same as בִּשְׁבִילִי, “for my sake.” קִנְאָה always denotes a person who takes something to heart, whether to avenge or to assist. “enprenment” in Old French, one who grasps the bulk of the burden.

ויאסף משה. מִפֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד:

Moshe entered From the entrance to the Tent of Meeting.

אל המחנה. נִכְנְסוּ אִישׁ לְאָהֳלוֹ:

Into the camp. Everyone entered his [own] tent.

ויאסף. לְשׁוֹן כְּנִיסָה אֶל הַבַּיִת, כְּמוֹ "וַאֲסַפְתּוֹ אֶל תּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ" (דברים כב, ב), וְאָב לְכֻלָּם "יִצְבֹּר וְלֹא יֵדַע מִי אֹסְפָם" (תהלים לט, ז), מְלַמֵּד שֶׁלֹא הֵבִיא עֲלֵיהֶם פֻּרְעָנוּת עַד שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ הַצַּדִּיקִים אִישׁ לְאָהֳלוֹ (ספרי):

Entered. The connotation is to enter a house, as in, “Bring it into your house.” The source for this general connotation is, “He gathers, but does not know who will bring it in.” This teaches that he did not visit punishment upon them until each of the righteous had entered his tent.

ויגז. וַיַּפְרִיחַ, וְכֵן "כִּי גָז חִישׁ" (תהילים צ'), וְכֵן "נָגוֹזּוּ וְעָבָר" (נחום א'):

And He caused to fly. Caused to fly. Similarly, “for it flies by quickly,” Also, “they flew by and passed through.”

ויטש. וַיַּפְשֵׁט, כְּמוֹ "וְהִנֵּה נְטֻשִׁים עַל פְּנֵי כָל הָאָרֶץ" (שמואל א ל'), "וּנְטַשְׁתִּיךָ הַמִּדְבָּרָה" (יחזקאל כ"ט):

And spread them. It spread, as in, “Behold, they are spread over the face of all the land,” “I will spread you into the wilderness.”

וכאמתים. פּוֹרְחוֹת בַּגֹּבַהּ, עַד שֶׁהֵן כְּנֶגֶד לִבּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא טוֹרֵחַ בַּאֲסִיפָתָן לֹא לְהַגְבִּיהַּ וְלֹא לִשְׁחוֹת (ספרי):

About two amos. They flew to a height which corresponded with a person’s heart, so that it would not be tedious to gather them, neither to rise nor to bend.

הממעיט. מִי שֶׁאוֹסֵף פָּחוֹת מִכֻּלָּם, הָעֲצֵלִים וְהַחִגְּרִים, אסף עשרה חמרים (שם):

He who gathered the least. The one who gathered least of all — the lazy and the lame — gathered ten heaps.

וישטחו. עָשׂוּ אוֹתָן מַשְׁטִיחִין מַשְׁטִיחִין (שם):

They spread them. They spread them into numerous piles.

טרם יכרת. כְּתַרְגּוּמוֹ "עַד לָא פְסַק"; דָּ"אַ, אֵינוֹ מַסְפִּיק לְפָסְקוֹ בְּשִׁנָּיו עַד שֶׁנִּשְׁמָתוֹ יוֹצְאָה:

Before it was finished. As Targum [Onkelos] renders, עַד לָא פְסַק, (before it was finished). Another interpretation: There was no opportunity to cut it with his teeth, when he expired.