Devarim
Ki Tavo, Aliyah 2 כי תבוא, שני
Part of: Ki TavoKi Tavo, Aliyah 2Chapter 26
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Devarim 26
כִּי תְכַלֶּה לַעְשֵׂר אֶת־כׇּל־מַעְשַׂר תְּבוּאָתְךָ בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁת שְׁנַת הַֽמַּעֲשֵׂר וְנָתַתָּה לַלֵּוִי לַגֵּר לַיָּתוֹם וְלָֽאַלְמָנָה וְאָכְלוּ בִשְׁעָרֶיךָ וְשָׂבֵֽעוּ׃
When you finish tithing all the tithes of your produce in the third year, the year of the tithe; and you have given to the Levi, to the proselyte, to the orphan, and to the widow, so that they may eat within your portals to their satisfaction;
When you finish tithing all the tithes of your produce in the third year, the year of the tithe; and you have given to the Levi, to the proselyte, to the orphan, and to the widow, so that they may eat within your portals to their satisfaction;
Rashi
שנת המעשר. שָׁנָה שֶׁאֵין נוֹהֵג בָּהּ אֶלָּא מַעֲשֵׂר אֶחָד מִשְּׁנֵי מַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁנָּהֲגוּ בִשְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים שֶׁלְּפָנֶיהָ, שֶׁשָּׁנָה רִאשׁוֹנָה שֶׁל שְׁמִטָּה נוֹהֵג בָּה מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר י"ח) "כִּי תִקְחוּ מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַמַּעֲשֵׂר", וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י"ד) "וְאָכַלְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ … מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ תִּירֹשְׁךָ וְיִצְהָרֶךָ", הֲרֵי שְׁנֵי מַעַשְׂרוֹת, וּבָא וְלִמֶּדְךָ כָאן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית שֶׁאֵין נוֹהֵג מֵאוֹתָן שְׁנֵי מַעַשְׂרוֹת אֶלָּא הָאֶחָד, וְאֵי זֶה? זֶה מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן, וְתַחַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי יִתֵּן מַעְשַׂר עָנִי, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן ונתתה ללוי אֶת אֲשֶׁר לוֹ — הֲרֵי מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן, לגר ליתום ולאלמנה — זֶה מַעְשַׂר עָנִי (עי' ספרי):
The year of the tithe. The year when the tithing obligation is for only one of the two tithes which were applicable during the two preceding years; during the first and second years of the Shemittah cycle, the obligation is for the first tithe — as it is said, “. . .when you take, from the Israelites, the tithe...” — and the second tithe, as it is said, “You shall eat, before Adonoy your God, the tithe of your grain, wine, and oil.” Hence, there are two tithes. Here the teaching is that, during the third year, there is an obligation only for one of those two tithes — which one? The first tithe, and in place of the second tithe, he must give the tithe for the indigent. For it is said here, “You have given to the Levi,” his due — thus, the first tithe. “To the proselyte, orphan, and widow” — this is the tithe for the indigent.
ואכלו בשעריך ושבעו. תֵּן לָהֶם כְּדֵי שָׂבְעָן, מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ אֵין פּוֹחֲתִין לֶעָנִי בַּגֹּרֶן פָּחוֹת מֵחֲצִי קַב חִטִּים וְכוּ' (ספרי; תלמוד ירושלמי פאה פ"ח ה"ה):
So that they may eat within your portals to their satisfaction. Supply them with enough to satisfy them. We derive from here that one may not reduce the gift to the poor person at the threshing area to less than half a kav of wheat.
וְאָמַרְתָּ לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ בִּעַרְתִּי הַקֹּדֶשׁ מִן־הַבַּיִת וְגַם נְתַתִּיו לַלֵּוִי וְלַגֵּר לַיָּתוֹם וְלָאַלְמָנָה כְּכׇל־מִצְוָתְךָ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתָנִי לֹֽא־עָבַרְתִּי מִמִּצְוֺתֶיךָ וְלֹא שָׁכָֽחְתִּי׃
You shall declare before Adonoy, your God, ‘‘I have divested my estate of sacred material, and I have also presented it to the Levi and also to the proselyte, the orphan, and the widow, totally according to Your command that You commanded me; I did not transgress any of Your commandments nor did I forget.
You shall declare before Adonoy, your God, ‘‘I have divested my estate of sacred material, and I have also presented it to the Levi and also to the proselyte, the orphan, and the widow, totally according to Your command that You commanded me; I did not transgress any of Your commandments nor did I forget.
Rashi
ואמרת לפני ה' אלהיך. הִתְוַדֵּה שֶׁנָּתַתָּ מַעַשְׁרוֹתֶיךָ:
You shall declare before Adonoy, your God. Acknowledge that you gave your tithes.
בערתי הקדש מן הבית. זֶה מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְנֶטַע רְבָעִי (ספרי; מע"ש ה"י) וְלִמֶּדְךָ שֶׁאִם שִׁהָה מַעַשְׂרוֹתָיו שֶׁל שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים וְלֹא הֶעֱלָם לִירוּשָׁלַיִם שֶׁצָּרִיךְ לְהַעֲלוֹתָם עַכְשָׁו:
I have divested my estate of sacred material. This refers to the second tithe and the fourth-year fruit, and teaches you that if one tarried with his two year tithes, and did not bring them up to Jerusalem, he must bring them up now.
וגם נתתיו ללוי. מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן: וגם. לְרַבּוֹת תְּרוּמָה וּבִכּוּרִים:
And have also presented it to the Levi. This refers to the first tithe. Also. This includes the terumah-gift, and the first fruits.
ולגר ליתום ולאלמנה. זֶה מַעְשַׂר עָנִי (שם):
The proselyte, the orphan, and the widow. This refers to the indigent tithe.
ככל מצותך. נְתַתִּים כְּסִדְרָם, לֹא הִקְדַּמְתִּי תְרוּמָה לְבִכּוּרִים וְלֹא מַעֲשֵׂר לִתְרוּמָה וְלֹא שֵׁנִי לָרִאשׁוֹן, שֶׁהַתְּרוּמָה קְרוּיָה רֵאשִׁית, שֶׁהִיא רִאשׁוֹנָה מִשֶּׁנַעֲשָׂה דָגָן, וּכְתִיב (שמות כ"ב) "מְלֵאָתְךָ וְדִמְעֲךָ לֹא תְאַחֵר" — לֹא תְשַׁנֶּה אֶת הַסֵּדֶר (ספרי):
Totally according to Your command. I gave them in their proper order — I did not give precedence to the terumah-gift over the first fruits, or to the tithe over the terumah, or to the second [tithe] over the first; for terumah is entitled “the first,” as it is first after becoming grain. And it is written, “Your fully ripened produce and your terumah gift, do not delay” — do not change the order.
לא עברתי ממצותיך. לֹא הִפְרַשְׁתִּי מִמִּין עַל שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִינוֹ וּמִן הֶחָדָשׁ עַל הַיָּשָׁן (שם):
I did not transgress Your commandments. I did not set aside the tithe of one species for another, nor of the new crop for the old (or of detached fruits for those still growing, or of growing fruits for those detached).
ולא שכחתי. מִלְּבָרֶכְךָ עַל הַפְרָשַׁת מַעַשְׂרוֹת (ברכות מ'):
Nor did I forget. To bless you for the setting aside of tithes.
לֹא־אָכַלְתִּי בְאֹנִי מִמֶּנּוּ וְלֹא־בִעַרְתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ בְּטָמֵא וְלֹא־נָתַתִּי מִמֶּנּוּ לְמֵת שָׁמַעְתִּי בְּקוֹל יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהָי עָשִׂיתִי כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתָֽנִי׃
I did not eat of it when grieving, nor did I devour it when ritually defiled, nor did I make use of it for the dead; I have heeded the voice of Adonoy, my God; I have fulfilled everything that You commanded me.
I did not eat of it when grieving, nor did I devour it when ritually defiled, nor did I make use of it for the dead; I have heeded the voice of Adonoy, my God; I have fulfilled everything that You commanded me.
Rashi
לא אכלתי באוני ממנו. מִכָּאן שֶׁאָסוּר לְאוֹנֵן (עי' ביכורים פ"ב משנה ב'):
I did not eat of it when grieving. From here we derive that it is forbidden during grief.
ולא בערתי ממנו בטמא. בֵּין שֶׁאֲנִי טָמֵא וְהוּא טָהוֹר, בֵּין שֶׁאֲנִי טָהוֹר וְהוּא טָמֵא (ספרי); וְהֵיכָן הֻזְהַר עַל כָּךְ? "לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ" (דברים י"ב) זוֹ אֲכִילַת טֻמְאָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּפְסוּלֵי הַמֻּקְדָּשִׁים (שם ט"ו) "בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ תֹּאכְלֶנּוּ הַטָּמֵא וְהַטָּהוֹר וְגוֹ'", אֲבָל זֶה לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל דֶּרֶךְ אֲכִילַת שְׁעָרֶיךָ הָאָמוּר בְּמָקוֹם אַחֵר (יבמות ע"ג):
Nor did I devour it when ritually defiled. Whether I was defiled and it was clean, or I was clean and it was defiled. Where is the admonition concerning this? “You may not eat in your cities” — this refers to eating during defilement, as it is said concerning disqualified sacred offerings, “You may eat it in your cities, the defiled and the clean, etc.” But this, you may not eat after the manner of the eating in your cities mentioned elsewhere.
ולא נתתי ממנו למת. לַעֲשׂוֹת לוֹ אָרוֹן וְתַכְרִיכִין:
Nor did I make use of it for the dead. To make a casket or shrouds.
שמעתי בקול ה' אלהי. הֲבִיאוֹתִיו לְבֵית הַבְּחִירָה:
I have heeded the voice of Adonoy my God. I have brought it to the Temple.
עשיתי ככל אשר צויתני. שָׂמַחְתִּי וְשִׂמַּחְתִּי בוֹ (ספרי; מעש"ש פ"ה י"ב):
I have fulfilled everything that You commanded me. I rejoiced, and brought joy with it.
הַשְׁקִיפָה מִמְּעוֹן קׇדְשְׁךָ מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם וּבָרֵךְ אֶֽת־עַמְּךָ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֵת הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר נָתַתָּה לָנוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתָּ לַאֲבֹתֵינוּ אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָֽשׁ׃ {ס}
View, from Your sacred residence, from the heavens, and bless Your people, Yisroel and the soil which You have given us, as You swore to our forefathers, a land flowing with milk and honey.’’
View, from Your sacred residence, from the heavens, and bless Your people, Yisroel and the soil which You have given us, as You swore to our forefathers, a land flowing with milk and honey.’’
Rashi
השקיפה ממעון קדשך. עָשִׂינוּ מַה שֶּׁגָּזַרְתָּ עָלֵינוּ, עֲשֵׂה אַתָּה מַה שֶּׁעָלֶיךָ לַעֲשׂוֹת (ספרי), שֶׁאָמַרְתָּ (ויקרא כ"ו) "אִם בְּחֻקֹּתַי תֵּלֵכוּ … וְנָתַתִּי גִשְׁמֵיכֶם בְּעִתָּם":
View, from Your sacred residence. We have fulfilled what You decreed for us — now You fulfill what is incumbent upon You to do, as You said, “If you follow My decrees, etc., I shall give you rain at the proper time.”
אשר נתתה לנו כאשר נשבעת לאבותינו. לָתֵת לָנוּ וְקִיַּמְתָּ — ארץ זבת חלב ודבש:
Which You have given us, as You swore to our forefathers. To give to us, and You fulfilled — a land flowing with milk and honey.
כי תכלה לעשר את כל מעשר תבואתך בשנה השלישת. כְּשֶׁתִּגְמֹר לְהַפְרִישׁ מַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁל שָׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית; קָבַע זְמַן הַבִּעוּר וְהַוִּדּוּי בְּעֶרֶב הַפֶּסַח שֶׁל שָׁנָה הָרְבִיעִית, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים י"ד) "מִקְצֵה שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים תּוֹצִיא וְגוֹ'", נֶאֱמַר כָּאן "מִקֵּץ", וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן "מִקֵּץ שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים" לְעִנְיַן הַקְהֵל (דברים ל"א) מַה לְּהַלָן רֶגֶל אַף כָּאן רֶגֶל, אִי מַה לְּהַלָּן חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת אַף כָּאן חַג הַסֻּכּוֹת, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר כי תכלה לעשר מַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁל שָׁנָה הַשְּׁלִישִׁית, רֶגֶל שֶׁהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת כָּלִין בּוֹ וְזֶהוּ פֶּסַח, שֶׁהַרְבֵּה אִילָנוֹת יֵשׁ שֶׁנִּלְקָטִין אַחַר הַסֻּכּוֹת; נִמְצְאוּ מַעְשְׂרוֹת שֶׁל שְׁלִישִׁית כָּלִין בְּפֶסַח שֶׁל רְבִיעִית, וְכָל מִי שֶׁשִּׁהָה מַעַשְׂרוֹתָיו הִצְרִיכוֹ הַכָּתוּב לְבַעֲרוֹ מִן הַבַּיִת (שם ה"ו):
When you finish tithing all the tithes of your produce in the third year. When you finish setting aside the tithes of the third year, designate the time for the divesture and the recitation on the eve of Pesach of the fourth year, as it is said, “At the end of three years you shall remove, etc.” Here, “at the end of” is said, and below, “at the end of seven years” is said, concerning Hakhel. Just as, there, [it refers to] a festival, so here, [it refers to] a festival. Perhaps, just as there [it refers to] the Succos festival, so here, [it refers to] the Succos festival? The Torah therefore teaches, ‘When you complete tithing the tithes of the third year’ — the festival during which the tithes are completed, which is Pesach, since there are many trees which are harvested after Succos. Thus, the tithes of the third [year] are completed at Pesach of the fourth [year], and if anyone delayed his tithes, Scripture requires that he divest his property of them.