Tanach
Melachim I 5 מלכים א ה׳
Part of: Petuchah, I Kings 5:2Petuchah, I Kings 5:26Setumah, I Kings 4:19Setumah, I Kings 5:6Setumah, I Kings 5:9Setumah, I Kings 5:15Setumah, I Kings 5:16Setumah, I Kings 5:29Setumah, I Kings 5:31
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וּשְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה מוֹשֵׁל בְּכׇל־הַמַּמְלָכוֹת מִן־הַנָּהָר אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים וְעַד גְּבוּל מִצְרָיִם מַגִּשִׁים מִנְחָה וְעֹבְדִים אֶת־שְׁלֹמֹה כׇּל־יְמֵי חַיָּֽיו׃ {פ}
Shlomo ruled over all the kingdoms, from the [Euphrates] river to the land of the Pelishtim, to the border of Mitzrayim. They brought gifts and served Shlomo all the days of his life.
Shlomo ruled over all the kingdoms, from the [Euphrates] river to the land of the Pelishtim, to the border of Mitzrayim. They brought gifts and served Shlomo all the days of his life.
וַיְהִי לֶֽחֶם־שְׁלֹמֹה לְיוֹם אֶחָד שְׁלֹשִׁים כֹּר סֹלֶת וְשִׁשִּׁים כֹּר קָֽמַח׃
The food for Shlomo’s table for one day consisted of: thirty kor of fine flour, and sixty kor of unrefined flour.
The food for Shlomo’s table for one day consisted of: thirty kor of fine flour, and sixty kor of unrefined flour.
עֲשָׂרָה בָקָר בְּרִאִים וְעֶשְׂרִים בָּקָר רְעִי וּמֵאָה צֹאן לְבַד מֵאַיָּל וּצְבִי וְיַחְמוּר וּבַרְבֻּרִים אֲבוּסִֽים׃
Ten fat oxen, twenty pastured oxen and one hundred sheep. In addition to gazelle, deer, antelope and fattened fowl.
Ten fat oxen, twenty pastured oxen and one hundred sheep. In addition to gazelle, deer, antelope and fattened fowl.
Rashi
רעי. מן האחו:
Pastured. [I.e.,] on the grass.
וברבורים אבוסים. יש מרבותינו אומרים: תרנגולים פטומין (בבא מציעא פו ב):
And fattened fowl. Among our Rabbis there are those who say [it refers to] roosters which were fattened.1See Maseches Bava Metzia 86b.
כִּי־הוּא רֹדֶה ׀ בְּכׇל־עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר מִתִּפְסַח וְעַד־עַזָּה בְּכׇל־מַלְכֵי עֵבֶר הַנָּהָר וְשָׁלוֹם הָיָה לוֹ מִכׇּל־עֲבָרָיו מִסָּבִֽיב׃
For he ruled over the entire side of the river, from Tifsach to Aza, over all the kings of this side of the river. He enjoyed peace on all sides all around.
For he ruled over the entire side of the river, from Tifsach to Aza, over all the kings of this side of the river. He enjoyed peace on all sides all around.
וַיֵּשֶׁב יְהוּדָה וְיִשְׂרָאֵל לָבֶטַח אִישׁ תַּחַת גַּפְנוֹ וְתַחַת תְּאֵנָתוֹ מִדָּן וְעַד־בְּאֵר שָׁבַע כֹּל יְמֵי שְׁלֹמֹֽה׃ {ס}
Yehudah and Yisroel lived securely, each man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Don to Ber-sheva; during all the days of Shlomo.
Yehudah and Yisroel lived securely, each man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Don to Ber-sheva; during all the days of Shlomo.
וַיְהִי לִשְׁלֹמֹה אַרְבָּעִים אֶלֶף אֻֽרְוֺת סוּסִים לְמֶרְכָּבוֹ וּשְׁנֵים־עָשָׂר אֶלֶף פָּרָשִֽׁים׃
Shlomo possessed forty thousand stables of horses for his chariots; and twelve thousand horsemen.
Shlomo possessed forty thousand stables of horses for his chariots; and twelve thousand horsemen.
Rashi
ארבעים אלף ארות סוסים. ובדברי הימים (ב ט כה) הוא אומר: ארבעת אלף, פירשו רבותינו (סנהדרין כא ב) ארבעים אלף ארוות היו, ובכל אחת ארבע אלף אצטבלאות. או ארבעת אלפים ארוות, ובכל אחת ארבעים אלף אצטבלאות:
Forty thousand stables of horses. In Divrei Hayomim it states, “four thousand [stables of horses].”2II Divrei Hayomim 9:25. Our Rabbis explained there were forty thousand stables and in each there were four thousand partitions, or there were four thousand stables and in each there were forty thousand partitions.3See Maseches Sanhedrin 21b.
וְכִלְכְּלוּ הַנִּצָּבִים הָאֵלֶּה אֶת־הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה וְאֵת כׇּל־הַקָּרֵב אֶל־שֻׁלְחַן הַמֶּלֶךְ־שְׁלֹמֹה אִישׁ חׇדְשׁוֹ לֹא יְעַדְּרוּ דָּבָֽר׃
These [twelve] officers supplied provisions for Shlomo Ha Melech, and for all who were near to the table of Shlomo Ha Melech. Each one of them was responsible for his month. They omitted nothing.
These [twelve] officers supplied provisions for Shlomo Ha Melech, and for all who were near to the table of Shlomo Ha Melech. Each one of them was responsible for his month. They omitted nothing.
Rashi
לא יעדרו דבר. אפילו של ימות החמה בימות הגשמים:
They omitted nothing. Even [fruits and vegetables] of the summer season, in the winter season.
וְהַשְּׂעֹרִים וְהַתֶּבֶן לַסּוּסִים וְלָרָכֶשׁ יָבִאוּ אֶל־הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יִֽהְיֶה־שָּׁם אִישׁ כְּמִשְׁפָּטֽוֹ׃ {ס}
And the barley and the straw for the horses and the fast horses, they brought to the place where he would be. Each of them according to his [monthly] quota.
And the barley and the straw for the horses and the fast horses, they brought to the place where he would be. Each of them according to his [monthly] quota.
Rashi
והשערים והתבן. היו נותנים אלו הנציבים, אל המקום אשר יהיה שם המלך:
And the barley and the straw. Were provided by these officers in the place where the king would be.
וַיִּתֵּן אֱלֹהִים חׇכְמָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה וּתְבוּנָה הַרְבֵּה מְאֹד וְרֹחַב לֵב כַּחוֹל אֲשֶׁר עַל־שְׂפַת הַיָּֽם׃
And God gave wisdom to Shlomo, also tremendous understanding and broadness of heart like the sand that is on the seashore.
And God gave wisdom to Shlomo, also tremendous understanding and broadness of heart like the sand that is on the seashore.
וַתֵּרֶב חׇכְמַת שְׁלֹמֹה מֵחׇכְמַת כׇּל־בְּנֵי־קֶדֶם וּמִכֹּל חׇכְמַת מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Shlomo’s wisdom was greater than the wisdom of all the Eastern people and all the wisdom of Mitzrayim.
Shlomo’s wisdom was greater than the wisdom of all the Eastern people and all the wisdom of Mitzrayim.
Rashi
מחכמת כל בני קדם. מה היא חכמת בני קדם, יודעים במזלות וכו' כדאיתא בפסיקתא דפרה אדומה, וכל הפרשה הזאת נדרשת שם לפי משמעה:
Than the wisdom of all the Eastern people. What was the wisdom of the children of the East? They were learned in the field of astronomy, etc. as it is [stated] in the Pesikta of Parah Adumah, and this entire chapter is expounded there according to its plain meaning.
וַיֶּחְכַּם מִכׇּל־הָאָדָם מֵאֵיתָן הָאֶזְרָחִי וְהֵימָן וְכַלְכֹּל וְדַרְדַּע בְּנֵי מָחוֹל וַיְהִֽי־שְׁמוֹ בְכׇֽל־הַגּוֹיִם סָבִֽיב׃
He was wiser than any man, [wiser] than Eison, the Ezrachite, and Heimon, Chalkol and Darda, the sons of Mochol. His name was known among all the nations around.
He was wiser than any man, [wiser] than Eison, the Ezrachite, and Heimon, Chalkol and Darda, the sons of Mochol. His name was known among all the nations around.
Rashi
ויחכם מכל האדם. כמשמעו:
He was wiser than any man. [To be understood] according to its plain meaning.4Alternatively, “he gained wisdom from every man,” as the Mishmah in Avos 4:1 states, “Who is wise? He who learns from every man.”
איתן והימן וכלכל ודרדע. אחין היו, בני זרח בן יהודה, שנאמר (בדברי הימים א ב ו): ובני זרח זמרי ואיתן (היו לוים משוררים):
Eison the Ezrachite and Heimon, Chalkol and Darda. They were brothers, the sons of Zerach son of Yehudah, as it is stated, “And the children of Zerach were Zimri and Eison [and Heimon and Chalkol and Dora]”5I Divrei Hayomim 2:6. (who were Leviyim who played musical instruments).
בני מחול. היו יודעים ליסד מזמורים האמורים במחולות שיר, שהיו הלוים אומרים על דוכנם מזמורים שיסדו בספר תהלים (מזמורים פח פט): משכיל לאיתן האזרחי; ומשכיל להימן האזרחי. מדרש אגדה בפסיקתא: מכל האדם, זה אדם הראשון, איתן האזרחי, זה אברהם, הימן, זה משה, וכלכל, זה יוסף, ודרדע, זה דור המדבר, מחול, שנמחל להם על מעשה העגל:
The sons of Mochol. They knew how to compose psalms which are recited with the accompaniment of dance and song; the Leviyim recited on their platform psalms which were composed in the book of Tehillim, [e.g.,] “An instruction of Eison the Ezrachi,”6Tehillim 89:1. [and,] “An instruction to Heimon the Ezrachi.”7Ibid. 88:1. The Midrash Aggadah in the Pesikta [expounds]: “Than all men,” refers to Adam; “Eison Ha’ezrachi,” refers to Avrohom; “Heimon,” refers to Moshe; “Chalkol,” refers to Yoseif; “Darda,” refers to the generation of the wilderness; “Mochol,” who were forgiven for the act of the golden calf.
וַיְדַבֵּר שְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים מָשָׁל וַיְהִי שִׁירוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה וָאָֽלֶף׃
He articulated three thousand parables, and his songs numbered one thousand and five.
He articulated three thousand parables, and his songs numbered one thousand and five.
Rashi
שלשת אלפים משל. שלשת למודי משלות, שלש פעמים כתוב 'משלי שלמה' בספר משלי:
Three thousand parables. Three parabolical studies [=אלפים]. It is written three times, “the proverbs of Shlomo,” in the book of Mishlei.
ויהי שירו חמשה. שלשה אלה, ושיר השירים, וקהלת:
And his songs numbered [one thousand and] five. The above three, and Shir Hashirim and Koheles.
ואלף. בכל אחד כדי הוא ללמוד ומדרש אגדה (ערובין כא ב): שהיה אומר בכל פסוק שלשת אלפים משל, ועל כל משל, אלף וחמשה טעמים:
One thousand. Each on its own is worthy of studying [=ואלף]. The Midrash Aggadah [states that Shlomo’s wisdom] enabled him to say three thousand allegories for each verse, and for each of the allegories [he was able to say] one thousand and five reasons.8See Maseches Eruvin 21b.
וַיְדַבֵּר עַל־הָעֵצִים מִן־הָאֶרֶז אֲשֶׁר בַּלְּבָנוֹן וְעַד הָאֵזוֹב אֲשֶׁר יֹצֵא בַּקִּיר וַיְדַבֵּר עַל־הַבְּהֵמָה וְעַל־הָעוֹף וְעַל־הָרֶמֶשׂ וְעַל־הַדָּגִֽים׃
He spoke of trees, from the cedar tree of Levonon to the hyssop that grows out of the wall. He spoke of the animals and of the birds and of the creeping things and of the fish.
He spoke of trees, from the cedar tree of Levonon to the hyssop that grows out of the wall. He spoke of the animals and of the birds and of the creeping things and of the fish.
Rashi
וידבר על העצים. מה רפואת כל אחד, ועץ פלוני יפה לבנין פלוני, וליטע בקרקע פלונית וכן על הבהמה, מה רפואתה, ועיקר גדוליה ומאכלה ומדרש אגדה (ילקוט שמעוני רמז קעח): מה ראה מצורע ליטהר בגבוה שבגבוהים, ובנמוך שבנמוכים, ועל הבהמה ועל העוף, מה ראה זה להיות כשר בשחיטה בסימן אחד, וזה בשני סימנין, ודגים וחגבים בלא כלום:
He spoke of trees. Which medical remedy is derived from each [tree], and that a particular tree is best suited for that type of building or to be planted in a particular field. And similarly regarding to animals, what is its cure and the vital elements needed for its development and its food. The Midrash Aggadah [expounds]: Why did God see [fit] that a leper becomes ritually clean with the tallest of the tall [trees]9I.e., cedar tree. and the lowest of the low [trees]?10I.e., hyssop tree. “And of the animals and the fowl,” why did God see fit that this one11Fowl. should become permissible through Shechitah, by severing one organ,12The trachea or the esophagus. and this one,13E.g., cattle, etc. by [severing] both [organs],14The trachea and the esophagus. and fish and grasshoppers without anything [i.e., slaughtering].
וַיָּבֹאוּ מִכׇּל־הָעַמִּים לִשְׁמֹעַ אֵת חׇכְמַת שְׁלֹמֹה מֵאֵת כׇּל־מַלְכֵי הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר שָׁמְעוּ אֶת־חׇכְמָתֽוֹ׃ {ס}
From all the nations, they came to hear the wisdom of Shlomo, from all the kings of the earth, who heard about his wisdom.
From all the nations, they came to hear the wisdom of Shlomo, from all the kings of the earth, who heard about his wisdom.
וַיִּשְׁלַח חִירָם מֶלֶךְ־צוֹר אֶת־עֲבָדָיו אֶל־שְׁלֹמֹה כִּי שָׁמַע כִּי אֹתוֹ מָשְׁחוּ לְמֶלֶךְ תַּחַת אָבִיהוּ כִּי אֹהֵב הָיָה חִירָם לְדָוִד כׇּל־הַיָּמִֽים׃ {ס}
And Chirom, king of Tzor, sent his servants to Shlomo, for he heard that he was annointed as king in place of his father; for Chirom loved Dovid all the days.
And Chirom, king of Tzor, sent his servants to Shlomo, for he heard that he was annointed as king in place of his father; for Chirom loved Dovid all the days.
וַיִּשְׁלַח שְׁלֹמֹה אֶל־חִירָם לֵאמֹֽר׃
And Shlomo sent to Chirom saying.
And Shlomo sent to Chirom saying.
אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֶת־דָּוִד אָבִי כִּי לֹא יָכֹל לִבְנוֹת בַּיִת לְשֵׁם יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהָיו מִפְּנֵי הַמִּלְחָמָה אֲשֶׁר סְבָבֻהוּ עַד תֵּת־יְהֹוָה אֹתָם תַּחַת כַּפּוֹת (רגלו) [רַגְלָֽי]׃
“You knew that my father, Dovid, was unable to build a house for the Name of Adonoy his God, because of the war that engulfed him; until Adonoy put them [his enemies] under the soles of my feet.
“You knew that my father, Dovid, was unable to build a house for the Name of Adonoy his God, because of the war that engulfed him; until Adonoy put them [his enemies] under the soles of my feet.
Rashi
לא יכול לבנות בית וגו'. לא היה רשאי מפני המלחמה, והכתוב אומר (דברים יב י): והניח לכם מכל אויביכם מסביב, ואחר כך (פסוק יא): והיה המקום וגו' לשכנו תדרשו וגו' (פסוק ה):
Was unable to build a house, etc. He was not permitted because of the state of war and the Torah states, “And He will give you rest from all your enemies all around,”15Devarim 12:10. and afterwards, “It will be that the place, etc.16Ibid. v. 11. Will you seek His Presence, etc.”17Ibid. v. 5.
וְעַתָּה הֵנִיחַ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהַי לִי מִסָּבִיב אֵין שָׂטָן וְאֵין פֶּגַע רָֽע׃
And now, Adonoy, my God, had given me repose on every side. There is no challenger and no evil mishap.
And now, Adonoy, my God, had given me repose on every side. There is no challenger and no evil mishap.
וְהִנְנִי אֹמֵר לִבְנוֹת בַּיִת לְשֵׁם יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהָי כַּאֲשֶׁר ׀ דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־דָּוִד אָבִי לֵאמֹר בִּנְךָ אֲשֶׁר אֶתֵּן תַּחְתֶּיךָ עַל־כִּסְאֶךָ הוּא־יִבְנֶה הַבַּיִת לִשְׁמִֽי׃
And now I declare [my plan] to build a House for the Name of Adonoy, my God, just as Adonoy spoke to my father, Dovid, saying, ‘Your son, whom I will put in your place, upon your throne, he will build the House for My Name.’
And now I declare [my plan] to build a House for the Name of Adonoy, my God, just as Adonoy spoke to my father, Dovid, saying, ‘Your son, whom I will put in your place, upon your throne, he will build the House for My Name.’
וְעַתָּה צַוֵּה וְיִכְרְתוּ־לִי אֲרָזִים מִן־הַלְּבָנוֹן וַעֲבָדַי יִהְיוּ עִם־עֲבָדֶיךָ וּשְׂכַר עֲבָדֶיךָ אֶתֵּן לְךָ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תֹּאמֵר כִּי ׀ אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ כִּי אֵין בָּנוּ אִישׁ יֹדֵעַ לִכְרׇת־עֵצִים כַּצִּדֹנִֽים׃
And now, command, and have them cut for me cedar trees from Levonon. My servants will be with your servants, and the wages of your servants, I will give to you, according to your word; for you know that there is no one among us who knows how to cut down trees as the Tzedonim.”
And now, command, and have them cut for me cedar trees from Levonon. My servants will be with your servants, and the wages of your servants, I will give to you, according to your word; for you know that there is no one among us who knows how to cut down trees as the Tzedonim.”
Rashi
כצדנים. שכנים ליער לצד אחד היו, ובממשלתו של חירם:
As the Tzedonim. They18Tzidon and Tzur. were neighboring with the forest on one side, and under the kingdom of Chirom.
וַיְהִי כִּשְׁמֹעַ חִירָם אֶת־דִּבְרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה וַיִּשְׂמַח מְאֹד וַיֹּאמֶר בָּרוּךְ יְהֹוָה הַיּוֹם אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לְדָוִד בֵּן חָכָם עַל־הָעָם הָרָב הַזֶּֽה׃
When Chirom heard the words of Shlomo, he was very happy, and he said, “Blessed is Adonoy this day who has given to Dovid a wise son [to rule] over this great nation.”
When Chirom heard the words of Shlomo, he was very happy, and he said, “Blessed is Adonoy this day who has given to Dovid a wise son [to rule] over this great nation.”
וַיִּשְׁלַח חִירָם אֶל־שְׁלֹמֹה לֵאמֹר שָׁמַעְתִּי אֵת אֲשֶׁר־שָׁלַחְתָּ אֵלָי אֲנִי אֶֽעֱשֶׂה אֶת־כׇּל־חֶפְצְךָ בַּעֲצֵי אֲרָזִים וּבַעֲצֵי בְרוֹשִֽׁים׃
And Chirom sent [a message] to Shlomo saying, “I have heard what you dispatched to me. I will fulfil all that you desire regarding cedar trees and cypress trees.
And Chirom sent [a message] to Shlomo saying, “I have heard what you dispatched to me. I will fulfil all that you desire regarding cedar trees and cypress trees.
עֲבָדַי יֹרִדוּ מִן־הַלְּבָנוֹן יָמָּה וַאֲנִי אֲשִׂימֵם דֹּבְרוֹת בַּיָּם עַֽד־הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר־תִּשְׁלַח אֵלַי וְנִפַּצְתִּים שָׁם וְאַתָּה תִשָּׂא וְאַתָּה תַּעֲשֶׂה אֶת־חֶפְצִי לָתֵת לֶחֶם בֵּיתִֽי׃
My servants will bring them down from Levonon to the sea, and I will make them into rafts [to be transported] by sea to the destination that you designate to me. We will detach them there and you will take them. And you will fulfill my desire to provide bread for my household.”
My servants will bring them down from Levonon to the sea, and I will make them into rafts [to be transported] by sea to the destination that you designate to me. We will detach them there and you will take them. And you will fulfill my desire to provide bread for my household.”
Rashi
אשימם דברות. 'רפסודות' קורא להם בדברי הימים (ב ב טו), ובלשון אשכנז פליצי"ן, ובלע"ז רי"ץ, קושרין העצים זה עם זה, ומציפין אותן על פני המים, ומוליכין אותן כמו שמוליכין הספינות:
I will make them into rafts. They are referred to as רפסודות in Divrei Hayomim.19II Divrei Hayomim 2:15. And in German, flots, and in O.F., res. They would tie logs together and float them on the water, and sail them [in the same manner] as ships are sailed.
עד המקום אשר תשלח אלי. אשר תודיעני להביאם שם:
To the designation that you designated to me. That you will notify me to bring them there.
ונפצתים שם. כשמתיר אגדן ומוציאן אל היבשה כל עץ ועץ לעצמו, היא קרויה ניפוץ (כל דבר שלם שמחלקים אותו לפרקים, קרוי ניפוץ), דיפצי"ר בלע"ז:
We will detach them there. As their binding is untied and they are brought unto dry land each log individually, is called ניפוץ. (Any whole object when it is taken apart, is called ניפוץ.) Depced, in O.F.
וַיְהִי חִירוֹם נֹתֵן לִשְׁלֹמֹה עֲצֵי אֲרָזִים וַעֲצֵי בְרוֹשִׁים כׇּל־חֶפְצֽוֹ׃
And so Chirom provided Shlomo with cedar trees and cypress trees all that he desired.
And so Chirom provided Shlomo with cedar trees and cypress trees all that he desired.
וּשְׁלֹמֹה נָתַן לְחִירָם עֶשְׂרִים אֶלֶף כֹּר חִטִּים מַכֹּלֶת לְבֵיתוֹ וְעֶשְׂרִים כֹּר שֶׁמֶן כָּתִית כֹּֽה־יִתֵּן שְׁלֹמֹה לְחִירָם שָׁנָה בְשָׁנָֽה׃ {פ}
And Shlomo gave Chirom twenty thousand kor of of wheat for food for his household, and twenty kor of crushed oil. This is what Shlomo sent to Chirom each year.
And Shlomo gave Chirom twenty thousand kor of of wheat for food for his household, and twenty kor of crushed oil. This is what Shlomo sent to Chirom each year.
Rashi
מכלת לביתו. לשון מאכל:
Food for his household. אלפים is an expression of food [מאכל].
שמן כתית. שמן נקי, שאין זיתים נטחנים בריחים, אלא כותש במכתשת, ואין מעלה שמרים כל כך כמו הטחון:
Crushed oil. Pure oil, because the olives were not ground in a mill but were crushed with a mortar, and this does not stir up as much dregs as ground [olives].
וַֽיהֹוָה נָתַן חׇכְמָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר־לוֹ וַיְהִי שָׁלֹם בֵּין חִירָם וּבֵין שְׁלֹמֹה וַיִּכְרְתוּ בְרִית שְׁנֵיהֶֽם׃
Adonoy gave wisdom to Shlomo as He had told him. And there was peace between Chirom and Shlomo. A covenant was confirmed by the two of them.
Adonoy gave wisdom to Shlomo as He had told him. And there was peace between Chirom and Shlomo. A covenant was confirmed by the two of them.
וַיַּעַל הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה מַס מִכׇּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְהִי הַמַּס שְׁלֹשִׁים אֶלֶף אִֽישׁ׃
Shlomo Ha Melech raised a tax from all of Yisroel. The tax consisted of thirty thousand men.
Shlomo Ha Melech raised a tax from all of Yisroel. The tax consisted of thirty thousand men.
Rashi
ויהי המס. עולה לשכר של שלשים אלף איש:
The tax consisted of. Which amounted to the wages of thirty thousand men.
וַיִּשְׁלָחֵם לְבָנוֹנָה עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים בַּחֹדֶשׁ חֲלִיפוֹת חֹדֶשׁ יִהְיוּ בַלְּבָנוֹן שְׁנַיִם חֳדָשִׁים בְּבֵיתוֹ וַאֲדֹנִירָם עַל־הַמַּֽס׃ {ס}
He sent them to Lebanon [at the rate of] ten thousand a month in shifts. Each shift would be in Lebanon for a month, and two months in their home. Adonirom was in charge of the tax.
He sent them to Lebanon [at the rate of] ten thousand a month in shifts. Each shift would be in Lebanon for a month, and two months in their home. Adonirom was in charge of the tax.
Rashi
חליפות. כמו שמסיים ואומר: חדש יהיו בלבנון, כשהיו עשרת אלפים איש בתשרי בלבנון, והעשרים אלף איש בביתו, במרחשון מתחלפים עשרת האלפים השניים ויוצאים ללבנון, ואלו חוזרים לביתם, ובכסליו יוצאים עשרת אלפים השלישים ויוצאים ללבנון, ואלו חוזרים לביתם, ובטבת יוצאים הראשונים וחוזרים ללבנון, וכן חוזרים חלילה, נמצאו כל עשרת אלפים שבהם, חדש בלבנון, ושני חדשים בביתם:
In shifts. As he concludes and says, “they will be a month in Levanon.” When the ten thousand men were in Levanon in Tishrei and the twenty thousand men were at home in Mar Cheshvan, the second ten thousand would alternate and go out to Levanon and these would return to their home[s]. And in Kislev the third ten thousand would go out to Levanon, and these [second ones] would return to their home[s]. And in Teiveis the first ones go out and return to Levanon, and thus they would continue the cycle, which resulted that each ten thousand among them spent one month in Levanon and two months at home.
על המס. לגבותו:
In charge of the tax. To collect it.
וַיְהִי לִשְׁלֹמֹה שִׁבְעִים אֶלֶף נֹשֵׂא סַבָּל וּשְׁמֹנִים אֶלֶף חֹצֵב בָּהָֽר׃
And Shlomo had seventy thousand men who carried loads [of stone] and eighty thousand stone cutters in the mountain.
And Shlomo had seventy thousand men who carried loads [of stone] and eighty thousand stone cutters in the mountain.
Rashi
שבעים אלף נשא סבל. להביא האבנים מן ההר לעיר, ושמונים אלף החוצבים אותם בהר, הרי מאה וחמשים אלף, וכולם גרים גרורים היו, שנתגיירו מחמת גדולת שלמה ושלחנו, וכן כתוב בדברי הימים ב (ב טז): ויספר שלמה את כל הגרים וימצאם מאה וחמשים אלף ויעש מהם שבעים אלף וגו':
Seventy thousand men who carried loads. To bring the stones from the mountain to the city, and there were [an additional] eighty thousand who quarried them from the mountain, totaling one hundred fifty thousand [workers]. And they were all proselytes who were drawn, [i.e.,] they converted because of Shlomo’s greatness and his hospitality. And it is likewise written in Divrei Hayomim, “And Shlomo counted all the proselytes and they were found a hundred and fifty thousand. And he made seventy thousand, etc.”20II Divrei Hayomim 2:17.
לְבַד מִשָּׂרֵי הַנִּצָּבִים לִשְׁלֹמֹה אֲשֶׁר עַל־הַמְּלָאכָה שְׁלֹשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וּשְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת הָרֹדִים בָּעָם הָעֹשִׂים בַּמְּלָאכָֽה׃ {ס}
These were in addition to Shlomo’s chief officers who supervised the work. There were three thousand three hundred [officers] who controlled the people that did the work.
These were in addition to Shlomo’s chief officers who supervised the work. There were three thousand three hundred [officers] who controlled the people that did the work.
Rashi
משרי הנצבים. נוגשים ונציבים על עושי המלאכה:
Chief officers. The oppressors and overseers over those who did the work.
שלשת אלפים ושלש מאות. ובדברי הימים ב (ב יז) הוא אומר: ושש מאות, אומר אני, שלשת אלפים ושלש מאות היו ממונים על מאה וחמשים אלף, שכל אחד ממונה על ארבעים וחמשה ויותר, והשלוש מאות שנוספים בדברי הימים, היו ממונים על כולם, שכל אחד ממונה על חמש מאות ויותר. ותדע, שהרי יש עוד שני כתובים בדבר זה, ומכחישין זה את זה, שנאמר בו בספר זה (לקמן ט כג): אלה שרי הנצבים אשר לשלמה חמשים וחמש מאות, ובדברי הימים (ב ח י) הוא אומר: מאתים וחמשים, הרי ארבע מקראות מכחישין זה את זה. אבל יש לנו לפרש, שבמקראות האחרונים ממונים על כולן, ולשלמה היו אלו הגרים להיות לנושא סבל ולחצוב אבנים בהר, ויהיו לו שאר עושי המלאכה לערי המסכנות, שהם אזרחיים, שאלו הכתובים אמורים שם ובספר מלכים מנה את הנציבים הגרים שני מנינים, שרי הארבעים והחמשה לבדם, והשלש מאות החשובים צירף עם מאתים וחמשים שהיו ממונים על עושי ערי המסכנות, ומנה חמש מאות וחמשים שרים, ובדברי הימים מנה כל נציבי הגרים לעצמם, הגדולים עם הקטנים שלשת אלפים ושש מאות, וכולן גרים. ונציבי ערי המסכנות שהיו ישראל מאתים וחמשים, מנה לעצמן:
Three thousand three hundred [officers]. And in II Divrei Hayomim it says, “[three thousand] and six hundred.”21Ibid. It is my opinion that three thousand three hundred men were in charge of one hundred fifty thousand, so that each one was in charge of slightly over forty-five, and the three hundred that were added in Divrei Hayomim were in charge of all of them, so that each was in charge of a little more than five hundred. And you should know that there are two additional passages regarding this matter, that contradict each other. For [further on] in this book it states, “These were the supervising officers that oversaw the work for Shlomo, [there were] five hundred and fifty [of them],”22I Melochim 9:23. and in Divrei Hayomim it says, “two hundred and fifty.”23II Divrei Hayomim 8:10. These are four verses contradicting each other. But we may explain that those that are in the latter verses24I Melochim 9:23 and II Divrei Hayomim 8:10. are referring to those who were in charge of all of them. And Shlomo had employed these proselytes to be bearers of burdens to hew stones in the mountain. He had the remaining workers for the store cities who were native born [Jews], because these passages are stated there.25In II Divrei Hayomim the passages discuss the store cities. However, in the book of Melochim he counted the proselyte officers in two separate totals. [First was the total of] the officers who were in charge of forty-five men each, separately, and he combined26In I Melochim 9:23. the three hundred superior officers with the two hundred and fifty men who were in charge of the builders of the store cities and total together five hundred and fifty officers. And in II Divrei Hayomim he counted all the proselyte officers separately, the more important together with the less important, three thousand six hundred [men], all were proselytes. And the officers [in charge of the workers] in the store cities who totaled two hundred and fifty Jews, he counted separately.
הרדים בעם העושים במלאכה. הנוגשים את העם עושי המלאכה:
Who controlled the people that did the work. The taskmasters over the people who did the work.
וַיְצַו הַמֶּלֶךְ וַיַּסִּעוּ אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת אֲבָנִים יְקָרוֹת לְיַסֵּד הַבָּיִת אַבְנֵי גָזִֽית׃
The king commanded and they brought great stones, heavy stones to make the foundation of the Beis Hamikdosh with hewn stone.
The king commanded and they brought great stones, heavy stones to make the foundation of the Beis Hamikdosh with hewn stone.
Rashi
ויסעו. מן ההר, לשון עקירה:
And they brought. From the mountains; an expression of uprooting.
אבנים יקרות. כבדות:
Heavy stones. Heavy.
אבני גזית. נפסלות ומסותתות ואם תאמר והרי כבר נאמר (לקמן ו ז): ומקבות והגרזן לא נשמע בבית בהבנותו, פירוש שכל ברזל לא נשמע בבית בהבנותו, אלא שהיה מסתת מבחוץ, ומכניס ובונה מבפנים, (כך נדרש בסוטה מח ב):
Hewn stone. Carved and chiseled. And if you ask, it has already been stated, “Neither hammer nor axe [nor any iron tool] was heard in the Beis Hamikdosh, during its construction.”27Below 6:7. The explanation is, that no iron was heard in the Beis [Hamikdosh], while it was being built, but they would chisel on the outside, and bring in and build [it] inside. Thus is this expounded in the Maseches Sotah.28See 48b.
וַֽיִּפְסְלוּ בֹּנֵי שְׁלֹמֹה וּבֹנֵי חִירוֹם וְהַגִּבְלִים וַיָּכִינוּ הָעֵצִים וְהָאֲבָנִים לִבְנוֹת הַבָּֽיִת׃ {פ}
Shlomo’s builders and Chirom’s builders and the Givlim carved the stones and they prepared the wood and the stones to build the Beis Hamikdosh.
Shlomo’s builders and Chirom’s builders and the Givlim carved the stones and they prepared the wood and the stones to build the Beis Hamikdosh.
Rashi
ויפסלו. בהרים:
[And they] carved. In the mountains.
והגבלים. אומה ששמה גבל, ובקיאים לסתת אבנים ולבנות, כמה שנאמר (ביחזקאל כז ט) בצור: זקני גבל וחכמיה היו בך מחזיקי בדקך:
And the Givlim. A nation whose name was Geval, and they were skilled in chiseling stones and in building,29Geval comes from the word גבול [=boundary]. The Givlim knew how to mark the boundaries of the stone before they cut it, and were thus able to cut stone to exact dimensions. as it is stated in reference to Tzur, “The elders of Geval and its wise men, were within you, caulkers of your cracks.”30Yechezkeil 27:9.
ויכינו. לשון הזמנה:
And they prepared. An expression of designating.31The stones and wood to their exact position.
בראים. פטומים על האבוס:
Fat. Fattened in the stall.