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1:8

וַיָּקׇם מֶֽלֶךְ־חָדָשׁ עַל־מִצְרָיִם אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־יָדַע אֶת־יוֹסֵֽף׃

A new king came into power over Egypt, who did not know Yoseif.

A new king came into power over Egypt, who did not know Yoseif.

Rashi

ויקם מלך חדש. רב ושמואל, חד אמר חדש ממש, וחד אמר שנתחדשו גזירותיו (סוטה יא.):

A new king came into power. Rav and Shmuel [disagreed as to the meaning of מֶלֶךְ חָדָשׁ]. One said, literally a new king while the other said, [he was actually the same king] but his edicts were new.

אשר לא ידע. עשה עצמו כאלו לא ידע:

Who did not know. He acted as if he did not know [him].

1:9

וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־עַמּוֹ הִנֵּה עַם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל רַב וְעָצוּם מִמֶּֽנּוּ׃

He said to his people, “Behold, the people of the B’nei Yisrael are becoming too numerous and strong for us.

He said to his people, “Behold, the people of the B’nei Yisrael are becoming too numerous and strong for us.

1:10

הָבָה נִֽתְחַכְּמָה לוֹ פֶּן־יִרְבֶּה וְהָיָה כִּֽי־תִקְרֶאנָה מִלְחָמָה וְנוֹסַף גַּם־הוּא עַל־שֹׂנְאֵינוּ וְנִלְחַם־בָּנוּ וְעָלָה מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ׃

Come let us deal wisely with him. Lest he increase so much, that, if there is war, he will join our enemies and fight against us, driving us from the land.

Come let us deal wisely with him. Lest he increase so much, that, if there is war, he will join our enemies and fight against us, driving us from the land.

Rashi

הבה נתחכמה לו. כל הבה לשון הכנה והזמנה לְדָבָר הוא, כלומר הזמינו עצמיכם לכך:

Come let us deal wisely. Wherever הָבָה [appears in Scripture] it means “preparation and readiness” for a given matter; that is: “Prepare yourselves for this!”

נתחכמה לו. לעם, נתחכמה מה לעשות לו. ורבותינו דרשו, נתחכם למושיען של ישראל לדונם במים, שכבר נשבע שלא יביא מבול לעולם (שמו"ר א, יא). (והם לא הבינו שעל כל העולם אינו מביא, אבל הוא מביא על אומה אחת. ברש"י ישן):

Wisely with him. [לוֹ — to him — refers] to the nation [of Israel]. “Let us wisely determine what to do to him.” Our Sages [however] explained [the singular לוֹ] as: “Let us deal shrewdly with the Savior of Israel (God) by bringing about their fate through water for He has already sworn that he will never again bring a flood upon the world.” (They [the Egyptians] did not realize that [His promise was] not to flood the entire world but He might flood one nation. [From an old Rashi text]).

ועלה מן הארץ. על כרחנו. ורבותינו דרשו, כאדם שמקלל עצמו, ותולה קללתו באחרים, והרי הוא כאלו כתב וְעָלִינוּ מן הארץ והם יירשוה:

Driving us from the land — against our will. Our Sages, however, explained it: [Pharoah spoke] as a person who expresses a curse about himself but attaches his curse to others. It is as if it had been written: “And we will go up out of the land and they will inherit it.”

1:11

וַיָּשִׂימוּ עָלָיו שָׂרֵי מִסִּים לְמַעַן עַנֹּתוֹ בְּסִבְלֹתָם וַיִּבֶן עָרֵי מִסְכְּנוֹת לְפַרְעֹה אֶת־פִּתֹם וְאֶת־רַעַמְסֵֽס׃

They appointed conscription officers over him to oppress him with their burdens. He [B’nei Yisrael] built supply cities for Pharaoh, Pisom and Ramseis.

They appointed conscription officers over him to oppress him with their burdens. He [B’nei Yisrael] built supply cities for Pharaoh, Pisom and Ramseis.

Rashi

עליו. על העם:

Over him. [Meaning:] upon the nation.

מסים. לשון מס, שרים שגובין מהם המס. ומהו המס, שיבנו ערי מסכנות לפרעה:

Conscription officers. [מִסִּים] is derived from the word מַס — tribute. [Thus, שָׂרֵי מִסִּים are] officers who collect tribute from them. And what is the tribute? That they build warehouse [storage] cities for Pharaoh.

למען ענותו בסבלתם. של מצרים:

To oppress him with their burdens. I.e., [the burdens] of the Egyptians.

ערי מסכנות. כתרגומו, וכן לֶךְ בֹּא אֶל הַסֹּכֵן הַזֶה (ישעי' כב, טו), גזבר הממונה על האוצרות (שמו"ר א, יד):

Supply cities. Should be translated as Onkelos does. Similarly: “Go to this (הַסֹּכֵן) treasurer.” [הַסֹּכֵן refers to] the treasurer who is in charge of the warehouses.

את פתום ואת רעמסס. שלא היו ראויות מתחלה לכך, ועשאום חזקות ובצורות לאוצר:

Pisom and Ramseis. For they were originally not fit for this purpose so they strengthened and fortified them for warehousing.

1:12

וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְעַנּוּ אֹתוֹ כֵּן יִרְבֶּה וְכֵן יִפְרֹץ וַיָּקֻצוּ מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

But the more [the Egyptians] oppressed him, the more [the B’nei Yisrael] increased and spread. [The Egyptians] came to loathe the B’nei Yisrael.

But the more [the Egyptians] oppressed him, the more [the B’nei Yisrael] increased and spread. [The Egyptians] came to loathe the B’nei Yisrael.

Rashi

וכאשר יענו אותו. בכל מה שהם נותנין לב לענות, כן לב הקב"ה להרבות ולהפריץ.

The more [the Egyptians] oppressed him. To the extent that they set their hearts to oppress [them], God set His heart to increase and strengthen them.

כן ירבה, כן רבה וכן פרץ. ומדרשו, רוח הקודש אומרת כן, אתם אומרים פן ירבה, ואני אומר כן ירבה:

The more [the B’nei Yisrael] increased. [Meaning:] so did they increase and become strong. That is the plain interpretation. [However,] the Midrashic explanation is: the Holy Spirit is saying this, i.e., “You say, ‘lest he increase’, but, I say, ‘yes, they will increase’.”

ויקצו. קצו בחייהם. (ויש מפרשים המצרים בעיני עצמם וק"ל). ורבותינו דרשו, כקוצים היו בעיניהם:

[The Egyptians] came to loathe. Their lives became abhorent to them. Our Sages explained: They were as thorns (קוֹצִים) in their eyes.

1:13

וַיַּעֲבִדוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃

The Egyptians enslaved the B’nei Yisrael, with body-breaking labor.

The Egyptians enslaved the B’nei Yisrael, with body-breaking labor.

Rashi

בפרך. בעבודה קשה המפרכת את הגוף ומשברתו:

With body-breaking labor. [Meaning:] with work that is so hard that it crushes (מְפַּרֶכֶת) the body and breaks it.

1:14

וַיְמָרְרוּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶם בַּעֲבֹדָה קָשָׁה בְּחֹמֶר וּבִלְבֵנִים וּבְכׇל־עֲבֹדָה בַּשָּׂדֶה אֵת כׇּל־עֲבֹדָתָם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְדוּ בָהֶם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃

They made their lives bitter with harsh labor involving mortar and bricks, and all kinds of work in the fields. All the work they made them do [was intended] to break them.

They made their lives bitter with harsh labor involving mortar and bricks, and all kinds of work in the fields. All the work they made them do [was intended] to break them.

1:15

וַיֹּאמֶר מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַֽמְיַלְּדֹת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּת אֲשֶׁר שֵׁם הָֽאַחַת שִׁפְרָה וְשֵׁם הַשֵּׁנִית פּוּעָֽה׃

The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives. The name of one of them was Shifrah, and the name of the other was Puah.

The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives. The name of one of them was Shifrah, and the name of the other was Puah.

Rashi

למילדות. הוא לשון מולידות, אלא שיש לשון קל ויש לשון כבד, כמו שובר ומשבר, דובר ומדבר, כך מוליד וּמְיַלֵּד:

Midwives. מְיַלְּדוֹת has the same meaning as מוֹלִידוֹת, but it sometimes comes in the קַל (light) conjugation and sometimes in the “heavy” פִּעֵל conjugation as in שׁוֹבֵר (קַל) or מְשַׁבֵּר (פִּעֵל) or דוֹבֵר (speak) [in the קַל conjugation] and מְדַבֵּר (speak) [in the פִּעֵל conjugation]. Similarly מוֹלִיד [קַל] and מְיַלֵּד — [פִּעֵל].

שפרה. זו יוכבד, על שם שֶׁמְשַׁפֶּרֶת את הולד:

Shifrah. This is Yocheved, [and she was called שִׁפְרָה] because [שֶׁמְּשַׁפֶּרֶת] she would put the newborn into proper [physical] condition.

פועה. זו מרים, על שם שׁפּוֹעָה ומדברת והוגה לולד, כדרך הנשים המפייסות תינוק הבוכה (סוטה יא:):

Puah. This is Miriam, [and she was called פּוּעָה] because she would make loud noises and speak and articulate to the newborn, as do women who pacify a child that is crying.

פועה. לשון צעקה, כמו כַּיּו‍ֹלֵדָה אֶפְעֶה (ישעי' מב, יד):

[The word] פּוּעָה means shouting loudly as in: “I will scream like a birthing woman.”

1:16

וַיֹּאמֶר בְּיַלֶּדְכֶן אֶת־הָֽעִבְרִיּוֹת וּרְאִיתֶן עַל־הָאׇבְנָיִם אִם־בֵּן הוּא וַהֲמִתֶּן אֹתוֹ וְאִם־בַּת הִוא וָחָֽיָה׃

He said, “When you deliver Hebrew women, you must look at the birthstool. If it is a boy, kill him; but if it is a girl, let her live.”

He said, “When you deliver Hebrew women, you must look at the birthstool. If it is a boy, kill him; but if it is a girl, let her live.”

Rashi

בילדכן. כמו בהולידכן:

When you deliver. בְּיַלֶדְכֶן [in the פִּעֵל conjugation] is the same as בְהוֹלִידְכֶן [in the קַל conjugation].

האבנים. מושב האשה היולדת, ובמקום אחר קוראו משבר, וכמוהו עֹשֶה מְלָאכָה עַל הָאָבְנָיִם (ירמי' יח, ג), מושב כלי אומנות יוצר כלי חרס:

Birthstool. The seat of a woman who is giving birth. In another place [in Scripture] it is referred to as מַשְׁבֵּר . Similarly: “He did work on the אָבְנָיִם” — the seat upon which are kept the tools of the pottery maker.

אם בן הוא וגו'. לא היה מקפיד אלא על הזכרים, שאמרו לו אִצְטַגְנִינָיו שעתיד להוולד בן המושיע אותם:

If it is a boy, etc. He was particular only in regard to the male children because his astrologers had told him that a son was to be born who would liberate them.

וחיה. ותחיה:

Let her live. [וָחָיָה being the same as] וְתִחְיֶה — “and she shall live.”

1:17

וַתִּירֶאןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים וְלֹא עָשׂוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר אֲלֵיהֶן מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃

The midwives [however] feared Elohim and did not do as the Egyptian king had told them, and they kept the infant boys alive.

The midwives [however] feared Elohim and did not do as the Egyptian king had told them, and they kept the infant boys alive.

Rashi

ותחיין את הילדים. מְסַפְּקוֹת להם מים ומזון. (סוטה יא:) תרגום הראשון וְקַיָּימא, והשני וְקַיֵּימְתּוּן, לפי שלשון עברית לנקבות רבות, תיבה זו וכיוצא בה משמשת לשון פעלו ולשון פעלתם, כגון ותאמרן איש מצרי, (שמות ב, יט) לשון עבר כמו ויאמרו לזכרים, וַתְּדַבֵּרְנָה בְּפִיכֶם (ירמי' מד, כה), לשון דברתם כמו ותדברו לזכרים, וכן וַתְּחַלֶלְנָה אֹתִי אֶל עַמִּי, (יחזקאל יג, יט) לשון עבר חללתם כמו ותחללו לזכרים:

And they kept the infant boys alive. [Meaning:] they provided water and food for them. Onkelos’ translation of the first [וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ] is וְקַיָּימָא — and they [the women] preserved [the newborn]; whereas the second time [that וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ appears — v. 18] [he translates it] וְקַיֵּימְתּוּן — and you [women] have preserved. This is because, in Hebrew, this word and any form thereof is used to mean: “they” (fem.) did something as well as: “you” (fem. pl.) did something. E.g., “(וַתּאֹמַרְןָ —) They said, “an Egyptian, etc.,” which is [fem. pl.] past tense as would be וַיֹּאמְרוּ — for masculine. [Another example:] “(וַתְּדַבֵּרְנָה) you [women] have spoken with your mouths” — the same as דִּבַּרְתֶּן corresponding to וַתְּדַבְּרוּ in the masculine. Similarly: (וַתְּחַלְּלֶנָה) “you [women] have maligned me to my nation” — which is in the past tense. The same as חִלַּלְתֶּן corresponding to וַתְּחַלְּלוּ in the masculine.

1:18

וַיִּקְרָא מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם לַֽמְיַלְּדֹת וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶן מַדּוּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶן הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃

The king of Egypt called for the midwives and said to them, “Why did you do this? You let the infant boys live.”

The king of Egypt called for the midwives and said to them, “Why did you do this? You let the infant boys live.”

1:19

וַתֹּאמַרְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶל־פַּרְעֹה כִּי לֹא כַנָּשִׁים הַמִּצְרִיֹּת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּת כִּֽי־חָיוֹת הֵנָּה בְּטֶרֶם תָּבוֹא אֲלֵהֶן*(בכתר ארם צובה היה כתוב אֲלֵיהֶן) הַמְיַלֶּדֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ׃

The midwives said to Pharaoh, “The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptians. They know how to deliver. Even before a midwife gets to them, they have already given birth.”

The midwives said to Pharaoh, “The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptians. They know how to deliver. Even before a midwife gets to them, they have already given birth.”

Rashi

כי חיות הנה. בקיאות כמילדות, תרגום מילדות חַיָּתָא. ורבותינו דרשו, (סוטה יא: — ושמו"ר) הרי הן משולות לחיות השדה שאינן צריכות מילדות, והיכן משולות לחיות, גור אריה, זאב יטרף, בכור שורו, אילה שלוחה, ומי שלא נכתב בו, הרי הכתוב כללן, ויברך אותם ועוד כתיב מָה אִמְּךָ לְבִיָא (יחזקאל יט, ב):

They know how to deliver. [Meaning:] they are as knowledgeable as midwives. Onkelos’ translation of מְיַלְּדוֹת (midwives) is חַיָיתָא . However, our Sages explained [חָיוֹת as “animals”] [i.e.] they may be compared to animals of the field who do not require midwives [when giving birth]. And where is it that they are compared to animals? “[Yehudah] is like a young lion,” “[Binyamin] is like a wolf that preys,” “[Yoseif] is like the first-born of his ox,” “[Naftali] is a gazelle-like messenger.” And [those of the Tribes] where no reference is made [to animals], Scripture includes them [in the comparison] [in the statement:] “And he blessed them.” It is also written: “What a lioness is your mother!”

1:20

וַיֵּיטֶב אֱלֹהִים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹת וַיִּרֶב הָעָם וַיַּֽעַצְמוּ מְאֹֽד׃

Elohim was good to the midwives, and the people increased and were very mighty.

Elohim was good to the midwives, and the people increased and were very mighty.

Rashi

וייטב. הטיב להם, וזה חלוק בתיבה שיסודה ב' אותיות ונתן לה וי"ו יו"ד בראשה, כשהיא באה לדבר בלשון ויפעל, הוא נקוד היו"ד בציר"י שהוא קמ"ץ קטן, (או בסגול שהוא פת"ח קטן)כגון וייטב אלהים למילדות, וַיֶרֶב בְּבַת יְהוּדָה (איכה ב, ה), הרבה תאניה, וכן וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית (דברי הימים־ב לו, כ), נבוזראדן הגלה את השארית, וַיֶפֶן זָנָב אֶל זָנָב (שופטים טו, ה), הפנה הזנבות זו לזו, כל אלו לשון מפעיל את אחרים, וכשהוא מדבר בלשון ויפעל, הוא נקוד היו"ד בחיר"ק, כגון וַיִּיטַב בְעֵינָיו (ויקרא י, כ), לשון הוטב, וכן וירב העם, נתרבה העם, ויגל יהודה, הגלה יהודה, ויפן כה וכה, פנה לכאן ולכאן. ואל תשיבני, וילך, וישב, וירד, ויצא, לפי שאינן מגזרתן של אלו, שהרי היו"ד יסוד בהן, ירד, יצא, ישב, ילך, יו"ד אות שלישית בו:

Elokim was good. [וַיֵּיטֶב means:] He did good to them. The following is the difference concerning a word whose root letters are two and it is prefixed by a וי"ו and a יו"ד: When it intends to convey the idea of causing someone else to do something, the יו"ד is vocalized with a צֵירֵי which is also called a kometz koton. For example: “(וַיֵּיטֶב) God did good to the midwives.” “וַיֶּרֶב [the mourning] of the daughter of Yehudah” [meaning:] He caused great mourning. Similarly: “וַיֶּגֶל the remnant” [which is written] concerning Nevuzaraddan [meaning:] he caused the exile of the remnant. [Or:] “וַיֶּפֶן tail to tail” [meaning:] he caused the tails to turn to each other. All these examples have the meaning: he caused others to do something. But, when it speaks in terms of “he did” the יו"ד is vocalized with a חִירִק . For example: “וַיִּיטַב in his eyes” [meaning:] it was good [in his eyes]. Similarly: “וַיִּרֶב the nation” [meaning:] the nation increased; “וַיִּגֶל Yehudah” [meaning:] Yehudah was exiled; “(וַיִּפֶן) He looked all around” [meaning:] He turned here and there. Do not reject my [explanation] [because of the words] וַיֵלֶךְ, וַיֵשֶׁב, וַיֵרֶד וַיֵצֵא, because these [words] are not from the same type of verbs as those [above] for the יו"ד in these are part of the root — [in the words:] יָלֹךְ, יָשֹׁב, יָרֹד, יָצֹא the יו"ד is a third root letter.

וייטב אלהים למילדת. מהו הטובה:

Elokim was good to the midwives. What was this good [that was done to them]?

1:21

וַיְהִי כִּֽי־יָרְאוּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּֽים׃

Because the midwives feared God, He gave them houses.

Because the midwives feared God, He gave them houses.

Rashi

ויעש להם בתים. בתי כהונה ולויה ומלכות שקרויין בתים, ויבן את בית ה' ואת בית המלך, כהונה ולויה מיוכבד, ומלכות ממרים, כדאיתא במסכת סוטה (יא:):

[It was that] He gave them houses. Houses of the Priesthood and the Levites and Royalty which are referred to as “houses” (dynasties), [as is written:] “And he built the House of God and the house of the king;” the Priesthood and the Levites [descended] from Yocheved and Royalty from Miriam; as is cited in Maseches Sotah.

1:22

וַיְצַו פַּרְעֹה לְכׇל־עַמּוֹ לֵאמֹר כׇּל־הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאֹרָה תַּשְׁלִיכֻהוּ וְכׇל־הַבַּת תְּחַיּֽוּן׃ {פ}

Pharaoh then commanded all his people, saying, “Every boy who is born must be thrown into the river; but every girl shall be allowed to live.”

Pharaoh then commanded all his people, saying, “Every boy who is born must be thrown into the river; but every girl shall be allowed to live.”

Rashi

לכל עמו. אף עליהם גזר, יום שנולד משה אמרו לו אִצְטַגְנִינָיו, היום נולד מושיען, ואין אנו יודעים אם ממצרים אם מישראל, ורואין אנו שסופו ללקות במים, לפיכך גזר אותו היום אף על המצרים, שנאמר כל הבן הילוד, ולא נאמר הילוד לעברים, והם לא היו יודעים שסופו ללקות על מי מריבה:

All his people. Also upon them (the Egyptians) did he issue the decree. On the day that Moshe was born his astrologers told him, “Today, their savior was born, but we do not know whether he is from the Egyptians or the Jews, but we forsee that he is destined to be smitten through water.” Therefore, on that day, he (Pharaoh) issued a decree also regarding the Egyptians, as it is said: “Every son that will be born” and it does not say: “that will be born to the Hebrews.” They (the astrologers), however, did not know that he (Moshe) was destined to be smitten by the waters of Meriva.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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