Shemot
Shemot, Aliyah 2 שמות, שני
Part of: ShemotShemot, Aliyah 2Chapter 1Chapter 2Petuchah, Exodus 1:8Petuchah, Exodus 2:1
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
Shemot 1
וַיִּקְרָא מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם לַֽמְיַלְּדֹת וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶן מַדּוּעַ עֲשִׂיתֶן הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה וַתְּחַיֶּיןָ אֶת־הַיְלָדִֽים׃
The king of Egypt called for the midwives and said to them, “Why did you do this? You let the infant boys live.”
The king of Egypt called for the midwives and said to them, “Why did you do this? You let the infant boys live.”
וַתֹּאמַרְןָ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶל־פַּרְעֹה כִּי לֹא כַנָּשִׁים הַמִּצְרִיֹּת הָֽעִבְרִיֹּת כִּֽי־חָיוֹת הֵנָּה בְּטֶרֶם תָּבוֹא אֲלֵהֶן*(בכתר ארם צובה היה כתוב אֲלֵיהֶן) הַמְיַלֶּדֶת וְיָלָֽדוּ׃
The midwives said to Pharaoh, “The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptians. They know how to deliver. Even before a midwife gets to them, they have already given birth.”
The midwives said to Pharaoh, “The Hebrew women are not like the Egyptians. They know how to deliver. Even before a midwife gets to them, they have already given birth.”
Rashi
וַיֵּיטֶב אֱלֹהִים לַֽמְיַלְּדֹת וַיִּרֶב הָעָם וַיַּֽעַצְמוּ מְאֹֽד׃
Elohim was good to the midwives, and the people increased and were very mighty.
Elohim was good to the midwives, and the people increased and were very mighty.
Rashi
וייטב. הטיב להם, וזה חלוק בתיבה שיסודה ב' אותיות ונתן לה וי"ו יו"ד בראשה, כשהיא באה לדבר בלשון ויפעל, הוא נקוד היו"ד בציר"י שהוא קמ"ץ קטן, (או בסגול שהוא פת"ח קטן)כגון וייטב אלהים למילדות, וַיֶרֶב בְּבַת יְהוּדָה (איכה ב, ה), הרבה תאניה, וכן וַיֶּגֶל הַשְּׁאֵרִית (דברי הימים־ב לו, כ), נבוזראדן הגלה את השארית, וַיֶפֶן זָנָב אֶל זָנָב (שופטים טו, ה), הפנה הזנבות זו לזו, כל אלו לשון מפעיל את אחרים, וכשהוא מדבר בלשון ויפעל, הוא נקוד היו"ד בחיר"ק, כגון וַיִּיטַב בְעֵינָיו (ויקרא י, כ), לשון הוטב, וכן וירב העם, נתרבה העם, ויגל יהודה, הגלה יהודה, ויפן כה וכה, פנה לכאן ולכאן. ואל תשיבני, וילך, וישב, וירד, ויצא, לפי שאינן מגזרתן של אלו, שהרי היו"ד יסוד בהן, ירד, יצא, ישב, ילך, יו"ד אות שלישית בו:
Elokim was good. [וַיֵּיטֶב means:] He did good to them. The following is the difference concerning a word whose root letters are two and it is prefixed by a וי"ו and a יו"ד: When it intends to convey the idea of causing someone else to do something, the יו"ד is vocalized with a צֵירֵי which is also called a kometz koton. For example: “(וַיֵּיטֶב) God did good to the midwives.” “וַיֶּרֶב [the mourning] of the daughter of Yehudah” [meaning:] He caused great mourning. Similarly: “וַיֶּגֶל the remnant” [which is written] concerning Nevuzaraddan [meaning:] he caused the exile of the remnant. [Or:] “וַיֶּפֶן tail to tail” [meaning:] he caused the tails to turn to each other. All these examples have the meaning: he caused others to do something. But, when it speaks in terms of “he did” the יו"ד is vocalized with a חִירִק . For example: “וַיִּיטַב in his eyes” [meaning:] it was good [in his eyes]. Similarly: “וַיִּרֶב the nation” [meaning:] the nation increased; “וַיִּגֶל Yehudah” [meaning:] Yehudah was exiled; “(וַיִּפֶן) He looked all around” [meaning:] He turned here and there. Do not reject my [explanation] [because of the words] וַיֵלֶךְ, וַיֵשֶׁב, וַיֵרֶד וַיֵצֵא, because these [words] are not from the same type of verbs as those [above] for the יו"ד in these are part of the root — [in the words:] יָלֹךְ, יָשֹׁב, יָרֹד, יָצֹא the יו"ד is a third root letter.
וייטב אלהים למילדת. מהו הטובה:
Elokim was good to the midwives. What was this good [that was done to them]?
וַיְהִי כִּֽי־יָרְאוּ הַֽמְיַלְּדֹת אֶת־הָאֱלֹהִים וַיַּעַשׂ לָהֶם בָּתִּֽים׃
Because the midwives feared God, He gave them houses.
Because the midwives feared God, He gave them houses.
Rashi
ויעש להם בתים. בתי כהונה ולויה ומלכות שקרויין בתים, ויבן את בית ה' ואת בית המלך, כהונה ולויה מיוכבד, ומלכות ממרים, כדאיתא במסכת סוטה (יא:):
[It was that] He gave them houses. Houses of the Priesthood and the Levites and Royalty which are referred to as “houses” (dynasties), [as is written:] “And he built the House of God and the house of the king;” the Priesthood and the Levites [descended] from Yocheved and Royalty from Miriam; as is cited in Maseches Sotah.
וַיְצַו פַּרְעֹה לְכׇל־עַמּוֹ לֵאמֹר כׇּל־הַבֵּן הַיִּלּוֹד הַיְאֹרָה תַּשְׁלִיכֻהוּ וְכׇל־הַבַּת תְּחַיּֽוּן׃ {פ}
Pharaoh then commanded all his people, saying, “Every boy who is born must be thrown into the river; but every girl shall be allowed to live.”
Pharaoh then commanded all his people, saying, “Every boy who is born must be thrown into the river; but every girl shall be allowed to live.”
Rashi
לכל עמו. אף עליהם גזר, יום שנולד משה אמרו לו אִצְטַגְנִינָיו, היום נולד מושיען, ואין אנו יודעים אם ממצרים אם מישראל, ורואין אנו שסופו ללקות במים, לפיכך גזר אותו היום אף על המצרים, שנאמר כל הבן הילוד, ולא נאמר הילוד לעברים, והם לא היו יודעים שסופו ללקות על מי מריבה:
All his people. Also upon them (the Egyptians) did he issue the decree. On the day that Moshe was born his astrologers told him, “Today, their savior was born, but we do not know whether he is from the Egyptians or the Jews, but we forsee that he is destined to be smitten through water.” Therefore, on that day, he (Pharaoh) issued a decree also regarding the Egyptians, as it is said: “Every son that will be born” and it does not say: “that will be born to the Hebrews.” They (the astrologers), however, did not know that he (Moshe) was destined to be smitten by the waters of Meriva.
Shemot 2
וַיֵּלֶךְ אִישׁ מִבֵּית לֵוִי וַיִּקַּח אֶת־בַּת־לֵוִֽי׃
A man of the house of Levi went and married the daughter of Levi.
A man of the house of Levi went and married the daughter of Levi.
Rashi
ויקח את בת לוי. פָּרוּשׁ היה ממנה מפני גזירת פרעה, (וחזר ולקחה, וזהו וילך, שהלך בעצת בתו שאמרה לו גזרתך קשה משל פרעה, אם פרעה גזר על הזכרים ואתה גם כן על הנקבות. ברש"י ישן) והחזירה ועשה בה לקוחין שניים, ואף היא נהפכה להיות נערה. ובת ק"ל שנה היתה, שנולדה בבואה למצרים בין החומות, ומאתים ועשר נשתהו שם, וכשיצאו היה משה בן שמונים שנה, אם כן כשנתעברה ממנו היתה בת מאה ושלשים, וקורא אותה בת לוי:
And married the daughter of Levi. He (Amram) had separated from her due to Pharaoh’s decree and he [now] took her back and married her a second time. She, too, became youthful again. [Actually] she was 130 years old, for she was born upon their arrival in Egypt between the walls (the entrance of the city). They then spent 210 years there (in Egypt). When they left, Moshe was 80 years old. Thus, when she became pregnant with him she was 130 [years old]. [Yet,] she is referred to as “the daughter of Levi.”
וַתַּהַר הָאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד בֵּן וַתֵּרֶא אֹתוֹ כִּי־טוֹב הוּא וַֽתִּצְפְּנֵהוּ שְׁלֹשָׁה יְרָחִֽים׃
The woman conceived and bore a son. She saw that he was [exceptionally] good, and she kept him hidden for three months.
The woman conceived and bore a son. She saw that he was [exceptionally] good, and she kept him hidden for three months.
Rashi
כי טוב הוא. כשנולד נתמלא הבית כֻּלּוֹ אורה (סוטה יב.):
She saw that he was good. When he was born the entire house was filled with light.
וְלֹא־יָכְלָה עוֹד הַצְּפִינוֹ וַתִּֽקַּֽח־לוֹ תֵּבַת גֹּמֶא וַתַּחְמְרָהֿ בַחֵמָר וּבַזָּפֶת וַתָּשֶׂם בָּהּ אֶת־הַיֶּלֶד וַתָּשֶׂם בַּסּוּף עַל־שְׂפַת הַיְאֹֽר׃
When she could no longer hide him, she took a papyrus box and coated it with clay and tar. She placed the child in it, and placed it in the reeds near the bank of the river.
When she could no longer hide him, she took a papyrus box and coated it with clay and tar. She placed the child in it, and placed it in the reeds near the bank of the river.
Rashi
ולא יכלה עוד הצפינו. שמנו לה המצריים מיום שהחזירה, והיא ילדתו לששה חדשים ויום א', שהיולדת לשבעה יולדת למקוטעין, והם בדקו אחריה לסוף ט':
When she could no longer hide him. Because the Egyptians calculated [the time] from the day that he (Amram) took her back, but she gave birth to him after six months and one day. [This is possible] because one who gives birth in the seventh month can give birth [even if the 7th month is] incomplete. [But] they (the Egyptians) inquired after her [only] at the end of the ninth month.
גמא. גמי בלשון משנה ובלע"ז יונ"קו, ודבר רך הוא, ועומד בפני רך ובפני קשה:
A Papyrus box. It is called גְמִי in Mishnaic Hebrew, and jonc in Old French. It is a pliable substance which can withstand soft or hard [pressure].
בחמר ובזפת. זפת מבחוץ וטיט מבפנים, כדי שלא יריח אותו צדיק ריח רע של זפת:
With clay and tar. Tar on the outside and clay on the inside, so that the righteous [child] should not have to smell the bad odor of tar.
ותשם בסוף. הוא לשון אגם רושי"ל בלע"ז, ודומה לו קָנֶה וָסוּף קָמֵלוּ (ישעי' יט, ו):
And placed it in the reeds. סוּף means marshland [on the side of a river], rosel (reeds) in Old French, similar to “reeds and marshes (סוּף) shall wilt.”
וַתֵּתַצַּב אֲחֹתוֹ מֵרָחֹק לְדֵעָה מַה־יֵּעָשֶׂה לֽוֹ׃
[The child’s] sister stood herself at a distance to see what would happen to him.
[The child’s] sister stood herself at a distance to see what would happen to him.
וַתֵּרֶד בַּת־פַּרְעֹה לִרְחֹץ עַל־הַיְאֹר וְנַעֲרֹתֶיהָ הֹלְכֹת עַל־יַד הַיְאֹר וַתֵּרֶא אֶת־הַתֵּבָה בְּתוֹךְ הַסּוּף וַתִּשְׁלַח אֶת־אֲמָתָהּ וַתִּקָּחֶֽהָ׃
Pharaoh’s daughter went down to bathe by the river, while her maids walked along the river’s edge. She saw the box among the reeds and sent her maid and she fetched it.
Pharaoh’s daughter went down to bathe by the river, while her maids walked along the river’s edge. She saw the box among the reeds and sent her maid and she fetched it.
Rashi
לרחץ על היאור. סרס המקרא ופרשהו, ותרד בת פרעה על היאור לרחוץ בו:
To bathe by the river. You must transpose [words in] the verse and [then] explain it [as follows]: “Pharaoh’s daughter went down to the river in order to bathe in it.”
על יד היאור. אצל היאור, כמו רְאוּ חֶלְקַת יוֹאָב אֶל יָדִי (שמואל־ב יד, ל), והוא לשון יד ממש, שיד האדם סמוכה לו. ורבותינו דרשו (סוטה יב:) הולכות לשון מיתה, כמו הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי הוֹלֵךְ לָמוּת (בראשית כה, לב), הולכות למות לפי שמיחו בה, והכתוב מסייען, כי למה לנו לכתוב ונערותיה הולכות:
Along the river’s edge. [Meaning:] near the river, as in: “See Yoav’s property is next to mine (עַל יָדִי).” It has the meaning of the actual hand because a person’s hand is next to him. Our Sages explained that הוֹלְכוֹת — walking refers to dying, as in: “Behold, I am going (הוֹלֵךְ) to die.” They were going to die because they opposed her (Pharaoh’s daughter).” The verse supports them (the Sages’ explanation), because [otherwise] why do we need to write: “And her maidens were walking [going]?”
את אמתה. את שפחתה. ורבותינו דרשו לשון יד, אבל לפי דקדוק לשון הקודש היה לו להנקד אמתה מ"ם דגושה, והם דרשו את אמתה, את ידה ונשתרבבה אמתה אמות הרבה (סוטה שם):
Her Maid. [Meaning:] her handmaiden. But the Sages explained it as “hand.” However, according to Hebrew grammar, אֲמָתָה should then have been vocalized with a dagesh in the mem. They explain אֶת אֲמָתָה as “her arm,” and her arm extended many cubits.
וַתִּפְתַּח וַתִּרְאֵהוּ אֶת־הַיֶּלֶד וְהִנֵּה־נַעַר בֹּכֶה וַתַּחְמֹל עָלָיו וַתֹּאמֶר מִיַּלְדֵי הָֽעִבְרִים זֶֽה׃
She opened it and saw the child, and behold a boy was crying. She took pity on it, and said, “This is one of the Hebrew boys.”
She opened it and saw the child, and behold a boy was crying. She took pity on it, and said, “This is one of the Hebrew boys.”
Rashi
ותפתח ותראהו. את מי ראתה, הילד, זהו פשוטו. ומדרשו, שראתה עמו שכינה (סוטה שם — שמו"ר א, כח):
She opened it and saw [the child]. Whom did she see? The child! That is the plain meaning. But, the Midrashic explanation is that she saw the Divine Presence with him.
והנה נער בוכה. קולו כנער:
And behold a boy was crying. His voice was like that of a[grown] boy.
וַתֹּאמֶר אֲחֹתוֹ אֶל־בַּת־פַּרְעֹה הַאֵלֵךְ וְקָרָאתִי לָךְ אִשָּׁה מֵינֶקֶת מִן הָעִבְרִיֹּת וְתֵינִק לָךְ אֶת־הַיָּֽלֶד׃
[The infant’s] sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and call to you a nursing [mother] from the Hebrew women to nurse the child for you?”
[The infant’s] sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, “Shall I go and call to you a nursing [mother] from the Hebrew women to nurse the child for you?”
Rashi
מן העבריות. שהחזירתו על מצריות הרבה לינק ולא ינק, לפי שהיה עתיד לדבר עם השכינה (שמו"ר א, ל. — סוטה שם):
From the Hebrew women. This teaches that she handed him around to many Egyptian women to be nursed, but he refused to nurse, for he was destined to speak with the Divine Presence.
וַתֹּֽאמֶר־לָהּ בַּת־פַּרְעֹה לֵכִי וַתֵּלֶךְ הָֽעַלְמָה וַתִּקְרָא אֶת־אֵם הַיָּֽלֶד׃
“Go,” said Pharaoh’s daughter to her. The young girl went and called the child’s mother.
“Go,” said Pharaoh’s daughter to her. The young girl went and called the child’s mother.
Rashi
ותלך העלמה. הלכה בזריזות ועלמות כעלם:
The young girl went. She went with eagerness and vigor like a young man.
וַתֹּאמֶר לָהּ בַּת־פַּרְעֹה הֵילִיכִי אֶת־הַיֶּלֶד הַזֶּה וְהֵינִקִהוּ לִי וַאֲנִי אֶתֵּן אֶת־שְׂכָרֵךְ וַתִּקַּח הָאִשָּׁה הַיֶּלֶד וַתְּנִיקֵֽהוּ׃
Pharaoh’s daughter said to her [the child’s mother], “Take this child and nurse him for me, and I will pay your fee.” The woman took the child and nursed it.
Pharaoh’s daughter said to her [the child’s mother], “Take this child and nurse him for me, and I will pay your fee.” The woman took the child and nursed it.
Rashi
היליכי. נתנבאה ולא ידעה מה נתנבאה, הי שליכי (שמו"ר שם — סוטה שם):
Take this child. She unknowingly prophesied: “Here is that which belongs to you!”
וַיִּגְדַּל הַיֶּלֶד וַתְּבִאֵהוּ לְבַת־פַּרְעֹה וַֽיְהִי־לָהּ לְבֵן וַתִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ מֹשֶׁה וַתֹּאמֶר כִּי מִן־הַמַּיִם מְשִׁיתִֽהוּ׃
When the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moshe, for she said, “I drew him from the water.”
When the child grew up, she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moshe, for she said, “I drew him from the water.”
Rashi
משיתהו. כתרגומו שְׁחַלְתֵּיהּ, והוא לשון הוצאה בלשון ארמי, כְּמִשְׁחַל בִּנִּיתָא מֵחַלְבָא, ובלשון עברי משיתהו, לשון הסירותיו, כמו לֹא יָמוּש (יהושע א, ח) לא משו, כך חברו מנחם. ואני אומר שאינו ממחברת מש, וימוש, אלא מגזרת מָשָׁה, ולשון הוצאה הוא, וכן יַמְשֵנִי מִמַּיִם רַבִּים (שמואל־ב כב, יז), שאלו היה ממחברת מש, לא יתכן לומר משיתיהו אלא הֲמִישׁוֹתִיהוּ, כאשר יאמר מן קם הקימותי, ומן שב השיבותי, ומן בא הביאותי, או משתיהו, כמו וּמַֹש ְתִּי אֶת עֲוֹן הָאָרֶץ (זכריה ג, ט), אבל משיתי, אינו אלא מגזרת תיבה שפעל שלה מיוסד בה"א בסוף התיבה, כגון משה, בנה, עשה, צוה, פנה, כשיבא לומר בהם פעלתי, תבא היו"ד במקום ה"א, כמו עשיתי, בניתי, פניתי, צויתי:
I drew him. As Onkelos translates it שְׁחַלִּתֵּיה which means “extracting” in Aramaic [as in:] “as one who extracts (כְּמִשְׁחַל) a hair from milk.” In Hebrew מְשִׁיתִיהוּ means “I removed him,” as in “It shall not be removed [יָמוּשׁ].” [Or:] “They did not remove themselves (מָשׁוּ).” This is the meaning given [to “מש”] by Menachem. But it is my opinion that it (מְשִׁיתִיהוּ) is not derived from מָשׁ or יָמוּשׁ but from the root מָשֹׁה which has the meaning of “extraction.” Similarly: “He extracts me (יַמְשֵׁנִי) from many waters.” For if it (מְשִׁיתִיהוּ) would have been from the root מָש, it would be incorrect to say מְשִׁיתִיהוּ, but rather הֲמִישׁוֹתִיהוּ, just as from the root קָם — (arise) הֲקִימוֹתִי — (I established) and from שָב — הֲשִׁיבוֹתִי — (I caused to return) and from בָא — הֲבִיאוֹתִי (I brought); or [another הפעיל form:] מַשְׁתִּיהוּ [should be used] as in: “I will remove the iniquity of the land,” whereas the form מָשִׁיתִי can only be derived from a word whose verb has a ה"א at the end of the [root] word. For example: כְּגוֹן מָשָׁה, בָּנָה, עָשָׂה, צִוָּה, פָּנָה when the intent is first person singular, the letter יו"ד is inserted in place of a ה"א as in בָנִיתִי — (I built); עָשִׂיתִי — (I did); צִוִּיתִי — (I commanded).
כי חיות הנה. בקיאות כמילדות, תרגום מילדות חַיָּתָא. ורבותינו דרשו, (סוטה יא: — ושמו"ר) הרי הן משולות לחיות השדה שאינן צריכות מילדות, והיכן משולות לחיות, גור אריה, זאב יטרף, בכור שורו, אילה שלוחה, ומי שלא נכתב בו, הרי הכתוב כללן, ויברך אותם ועוד כתיב מָה אִמְּךָ לְבִיָא (יחזקאל יט, ב):
They know how to deliver. [Meaning:] they are as knowledgeable as midwives. Onkelos’ translation of מְיַלְּדוֹת (midwives) is חַיָיתָא . However, our Sages explained [חָיוֹת as “animals”] [i.e.] they may be compared to animals of the field who do not require midwives [when giving birth]. And where is it that they are compared to animals? “[Yehudah] is like a young lion,” “[Binyamin] is like a wolf that preys,” “[Yoseif] is like the first-born of his ox,” “[Naftali] is a gazelle-like messenger.” And [those of the Tribes] where no reference is made [to animals], Scripture includes them [in the comparison] [in the statement:] “And he blessed them.” It is also written: “What a lioness is your mother!”