Tanach
Shemot 14 שמות י״ד
Part of: BeshalachBeshalach, Aliyah 1Beshalach, Aliyah 2Beshalach, Aliyah 3Beshalach, Aliyah 4Petuchah, Exodus 14:1Petuchah, Exodus 14:15Petuchah, Exodus 14:26
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying:
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying:
דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיָשֻׁבוּ וְיַחֲנוּ לִפְנֵי פִּי הַחִירֹת בֵּין מִגְדֹּל וּבֵין הַיָּם לִפְנֵי בַּעַל צְפֹן נִכְחוֹ תַחֲנוּ עַל־הַיָּֽם׃
“Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and have them turn back and camp before Pi haChiros, between Migdol and the sea, facing Ba’al Tzephon. Camp opposite it, near the sea.”
“Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and have them turn back and camp before Pi haChiros, between Migdol and the sea, facing Ba’al Tzephon. Camp opposite it, near the sea.”
Rashi
ויחנו לפני פי החירות. הוא פיתום, ועכשיו נקרא פי החירות, על שם שנעשו שם בני חורין (מכילתא בשלח פ"א), והם שני סלעים גבוהים זקופים, והגיא שביניהם קרוי פי הסלעים:
And camp before Pi Hachiros [Pi Hachiros] is Pisom, but was now called Pi Hachiros, because there they became free men (בְּנֵי חוֹרִין) They (חִירוֹת) were two high, upright rocks and the valley between them was called פִּי (the mouth of) הַסְּלָעִים (of the rocks).
לפני בעל צפון. הוא נשאר מכל אלהי מצרים, כדי להטעותן, שיאמרו קשה יראתן (שם), ועליו פירש איוב מַשְׂגִּיא לַגֹּויִם וַיְאַבְּדֵם (איוב יב, כג):
Facing Ba’al Tzephon. It alone was left from all the gods of Egypt, in order to mislead them — so that they might say that their god was [too] difficult [to defeat]. It is concerning this that Iyov expressly said, “He causes the nations to err so that he might destroy them.”
וְאָמַר פַּרְעֹה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נְבֻכִים הֵם בָּאָרֶץ סָגַר עֲלֵיהֶם הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃
Pharaoh will then say of the B’nei Yisrael, “They are confused in the land, the desert has shut [trapped] them in.
Pharaoh will then say of the B’nei Yisrael, “They are confused in the land, the desert has shut [trapped] them in.
Rashi
ואמר פרעה. כשישמע שהם שָׁבִים לאחוריהם:
Pharaoh will then say — — when he will hear that they have turned to go backwards.
לבני ישראל. על בני ישראל. וכן ה' יִלָּחֵם לָכֶם, עליכם. אִמְרִי לִי אָחִי הוּא (בראשית כ, יג), אמרי עלי:
Of the B’nei Yisrael. [לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל means] of the B’nei Yisroel. Similarly: “God will fight לָכֶם (for you)” [or:] “Say (לִי), ‘He is my brother’” [meaning:] “Say of me.”
נבכים הם. כלואים ומשוקעים, ובלע"ז שיר"יר כמו בִּעֵמֶק הַבָּכָא (תהלים פד, ז), מִבְּכִי נְהָרֹות (איוב כח, יא), נִבְכֵי יָם (שם לח, טז). נבכים הם, כלואים הם במדבר, שאינן יודעין לצאת ממנו ולהיכן ילכו:
They are confused. [Meaning:] they are shut in and sunk serez in Old French — locked in. [נְבֻכִים being from] the same [root] as [or:] נִבְכֵי יָם — “the depths of the sea.” בְּעֵמֶק הַבָּכָא — “The valley of weeping.” [or:] מִבְּכִי נְהָרוֹת — “from the depths of rivers” [Thus] “נְבֻכִים הֵם” means “They are locked in, in the wilderness — they do not know how to get out of it nor where to go.”
וְחִזַּקְתִּי אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה וְרָדַף אַחֲרֵיהֶם וְאִכָּבְדָה בְּפַרְעֹה וּבְכׇל־חֵילוֹ וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּֽי־אֲנִי יְהֹוָה וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן׃
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and he will pursue them. and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army. Egypt will [then] know that I am Adonoy.” They [the B’nei Yisrael] did just that.
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and he will pursue them. and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army. Egypt will [then] know that I am Adonoy.” They [the B’nei Yisrael] did just that.
Rashi
ואכבדה בפרעה. כשהקב"ה מתנקם ברשעים שמו מתגדל ומתכבד, וכן הוא אומר וְנִשְׁפַּטְתִּי אִתֹּו וגו', ואחר כך וְהִתְגַדִּלְתִּי וְהִתְקַדִּשְׁתִּי וִנֹודַעְתִּי וגו' (יחזקאל לח, כב—כג), ואומר שָׁמָּה שִׁבַּר רִשְׁפֵי קָשֶׁת, ואחר כך נֹודָע בִּיהוּדָה אֱלֹהִים (תהלים עו, ד—ב), ואומר נֹודַע ה' מִשְׁפָּט עָשָׂה (שם ט, יז):
I will be glorified through Pharaoh. When God takes vengeance from the wicked His Name is magnified and glorified. So, too, is it stated: “I will take up judgment with him, etc.,” and afterwards: “I will be magnified, I will be sanctified and I will become known, etc. It also states: “There He broke the fiery arrows of the bow,” and afterwards: “God will be known in Judah.” It also states: “God has made Himself known, He has executed judgment”
בפרעה ובכל חילו. הוא התחיל בעבירה וממנו התחילה הפורענות (מכילתא פ"א):
Through Pharaoh and his entire army. [Pharaoh first because] he began sinning. Therefore punishment begin with him.
ויעשו כן. להגיד שבחן ששמעו לקול משה, ולא אמרו היאך נתקרב אל רודפינו, אנו צריכים לברוח, אלא אמרו אין לנו אלא דברי בן עמרם (שם):
They did just that [This is told to us] to relate their praises that they listened to Moshe and did not say: “How can we move nearer to our pursuers? We must, rather, flee.” But instead they said: “Our sole [mission] is [to obey] the words of the son of Amram.
וַיֻּגַּד לְמֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם כִּי בָרַח הָעָם וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַב פַּרְעֹה וַעֲבָדָיו אֶל־הָעָם וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ מַה־זֹּאת עָשִׂינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּחְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעׇבְדֵֽנוּ׃
The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart regarding the people, and they said, “What have we done? [How did] we release Israel from serving us?
The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart regarding the people, and they said, “What have we done? [How did] we release Israel from serving us?
Rashi
ויוגד למלך מצרים. אִיקְטוּרִין שלח עמהם (מכילתא פ"א), וכיון שהגיעו לשלשת ימים שקבעו לילך ולשוב, וראו שאינן חוזרין למצרים, באו והגידו לפרעה ביום הרביעי, ובחמישי ובששי רדפו אחריהם, וליל שביעי ירדו לים, בשחרית אמרו שירה, והוא יום שביעי של פסח, לכך אנו קורין השירה ביום השביעי:
The king of Egypt was told. He sent officials along with them. Once they reached the point of three days [journey], which had been fixed for them to go and to return and they (the officials) saw that they were not returning to Egypt, they came on the fourth day and told Pharaoh. On the fifth and sixth days they pursued them, and on the night of the seventh they went down into the sea. In the morning they chanted the shirah and that [day] was the seventh day of Pesach. It is for this reason the we read [in the Torah] the shirah on the seventh day [of Pesach].
ויהפך. נהפך ממה שהיה, שהרי אמר להם קוּמוּ צְּאוּ מִתֹּוךְ עַמִּי (שמות יב, לא), ונהפך לבב עבדיו, שהרי לשעבר היו אומרים לו עַד מָתַי יִהְיֶה זֶה לָנוּ לְמֹוקֵשׁ, ועכשיו נהפכו לרדוף אחריהם בשביל ממונם שהשאילום:
Had a change [of heart] — changed from what it had been, for he had [at first] said to them: “Set out! Get out from among my people.” His servants, too, had a change of heart, for earlier they had been saying to him: “How much longer will this man be a menace to us,” and now they changed [their minds] so as to pursue them because of their property which they gave them.
מעבדנו. מעבוד אותנו:
From serving us. [מֵעָבְדֵנוּ means] from serving us.
וַיֶּאְסֹר אֶת־רִכְבּוֹ וְאֶת־עַמּוֹ לָקַח עִמּֽוֹ׃
He [Pharaoh] harnessed his chariot and he took his people with him.
He [Pharaoh] harnessed his chariot and he took his people with him.
Rashi
ויאסר את רכבו. הוא בעצמו (מכילתא פ"א):
He harnessed his chariot — he himself.
ואת עמו לקח עמו. מְשָׁכָם בדברים, לקינו ונטלו ממוננו ושלחנום, בואו עמי, ואני לא אתנהג עמכם כשאר מלכים, דרך שאר מלכים עבדיו קודמין לו במלחמה, ואני אקדים לפניכם, שנאמר וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב, הקריב עצמו מיהר לפני חיילותיו, דרך שאר מלכים ליטול ביזה בראש כמו שיבחר, אני אשוה עמכם בחלק, שנאמר אֲחַלֵּק שָׁלָל:
And he took his people with him. He enticed them with words: “We have been stricken and they have taken our property and we have sent them away. Come with me and I will not deal with you as other kings [do.] — It is the way of other kings that their servants go ahead of them in war, but I will go ahead of you.” As it is said: “Pharaoh drew near,” [meaning:] he drew himself near and rushed ahead of his armies. “It is the way of other kings to take the choice booty of whatever he chooses, but I will take an equal share with you,” as it is said: “I will share in the spoils.”
וַיִּקַּח שֵׁשׁ־מֵאוֹת רֶכֶב בָּחוּר וְכֹל רֶכֶב מִצְרָיִם וְשָׁלִשִׁם עַל־כֻּלּֽוֹ׃
He took six hundred elite chariots [and crews], and all the [other] chariots of Egypt, and commanders over all of them.
He took six hundred elite chariots [and crews], and all the [other] chariots of Egypt, and commanders over all of them.
Rashi
בחור. נבחרים, בחור לשון יחיד, כל רכב ורכב שבמנין זה היה בחור:
Elite [Meaning] selected. The word בָּחוּר is in the singular form. Each and every chariot in this count was [especially] selected.
וכל רכב מצרים. ועמהם כל שאר הרכב, ומהיכן היו הבהמות הללו, אם תאמר מִשֶׁל מצרים, הרי נאמר וַיָּמָת כֹל מִקְנֵה מִצְרָיִם (שמות ט, י), ואם תאמר מִשֶׁל ישראל, והלא נאמר וְגַם מִקְנֵנוּ יֵלֵךְ עִמָּנוּ (שם י, כו), מִשֶׁל מי היו, מהירא את דבר ה', מכאן היה רבי שמעון אומר, כשר שבמצרים הרוג, טוב שבנחשים רצוץ את מוחו (מכילתא פ"א):
And all the chariots of Egypt. [Meaning:] And along with them (the elite chariots), all the remaining chariots. From where did all these animals come? If you will say that they were of the Egyptians, but it is said: “All the flocks of the Egyptians died!” And if [you say that they] were of the Israelites, is it not said: “Also our flocks shall go with us?” Then whose were they?! [They were] of those who feared the word of God. It is from here that Rabbi Shimon would say: “The best of the Egyptians — kill him, the best of the snakes — crush his brains.”
ושלשים על כלו. שרי צבאות כתרגומו:
And commanders over all of them. [וְשָלִשִׁים means] army officers, as Onkelos translates it.
וַיְחַזֵּק יְהֹוָה אֶת־לֵב פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַיִּרְדֹּף אַחֲרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יֹצְאִים בְּיָד רָמָֽה׃
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and he pursued the B’nei Yisrael. The B’nei Yisrael went out high handedly [in triumph].
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and he pursued the B’nei Yisrael. The B’nei Yisrael went out high handedly [in triumph].
Rashi
ויחזק ה' את לב פרעה. שהיה תולה אם לרדוף אם לאו, וחזק את לבו לרדוף:
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh. Because he was not sure whether to pursue them, He hardened his heart so that he would pursue.
ביד רמה. בגבורה גבוהה ומפורסמת (מכילתא פ"א):
Highhandedly I.e., with lofty and open might (daring)
וַיִּרְדְּפוּ מִצְרַיִם אַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיַּשִּׂיגוּ אוֹתָם חֹנִים עַל־הַיָּם כׇּל־סוּס רֶכֶב פַּרְעֹה וּפָרָשָׁיו וְחֵילוֹ עַל־פִּי הַֽחִירֹת לִפְנֵי בַּעַל צְפֹֽן׃
The Egyptians pursued them and overtook them as they were encamped by the sea. There were all Pharaoh’s chariot horses, his cavalry and his army [infantry], at Pi haChiros, facing Ba’al Tzephon.
The Egyptians pursued them and overtook them as they were encamped by the sea. There were all Pharaoh’s chariot horses, his cavalry and his army [infantry], at Pi haChiros, facing Ba’al Tzephon.
וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב וַיִּשְׂאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶם וְהִנֵּה מִצְרַיִם ׀ נֹסֵעַ אַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיִּֽירְאוּ מְאֹד וַיִּצְעֲקוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
Pharaoh drew near, and the B’nei Yisrael looked up, and beheld the Egyptians coming after them. They were very frightened, and the B’nei Yisrael cried out to Adonoy.
Pharaoh drew near, and the B’nei Yisrael looked up, and beheld the Egyptians coming after them. They were very frightened, and the B’nei Yisrael cried out to Adonoy.
Rashi
ופרעה הקריב. היה לו לכתוב ופרעה קרב, מהו הקריב, הקריב עצמו ונתאמץ לקדם לפניהם, כמו שהתנה עמהם:
Pharaoh drew near It should have said וּפַרְעֹה קָרַב (in the קַל conjugation). Why does it say הִקְרִיב — [in the הִפְעִיל form]? He made himself draw near and he exerted himself to be ahead of them (his soldiers) as he had arranged with them.
נסע אחריהם. בלב אחד כאיש אחד. דבר אחר והנה מצרים נוסע אחריהם, ראו שר של מצרים נוסע מן השמים לעזור למצרים (תנחומא בשלח יג):
Coming after them. With one heart (mind), as one man. An alternate explanation: And behold the Egyptian (sing.) is coming after them: [meaning:] They saw the guardian angel of Egypt coming from the heavens to help the Egyptians.
ויצעקו. תפשו אומנות אבותם (מכילתא פ"ב). באברהם הוא אומר, אֶל הַמָּקֹום אֲשֶׁר עָמַד שָׁם (בראשית יט, כז). ביצחק, לָשׂוּחַ בַּשָׂדֶה (שם כד, סג). ביעקב, וַיִּפְגַּע בַּמָּקֹום (שם כח, יא):
They cried out. They grasped the trait of their forefathers. Regarding Avraham it is written: “To the place where he stood.” Regarding Yitzchok: “To meditate (pray) in the field” Regarding Yaakov: “He reached the place (prayed in the place).”
וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הֲֽמִבְּלִי אֵין־קְבָרִים בְּמִצְרַיִם לְקַחְתָּנוּ לָמוּת בַּמִּדְבָּר מַה־זֹּאת עָשִׂיתָ לָּנוּ לְהוֹצִיאָנוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃
They said to Moshe, “Were there not enough graves in Egypt that you took us out to die in the desert? What have you done to us, bringing us out of Egypt?
They said to Moshe, “Were there not enough graves in Egypt that you took us out to die in the desert? What have you done to us, bringing us out of Egypt?
Rashi
המבלי אין קברים. וכי מחמת חסרון קברים, שאין קברים במצרים ליקבר שם, לקחתנו משם. שיפו"ר פלינצס"א דינו"ן פושי"ש:
Were there not enough graves in Egypt. [Meaning:] Is it due to a lack of graves, that there are not (אֵין) graves in Egypt to be buried there, that you took us from there?” se por feilance de non foses in Old French.
הֲלֹא־זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְנוּ אֵלֶיךָ בְמִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר חֲדַל מִמֶּנּוּ וְנַֽעַבְדָה אֶת־מִצְרָיִם כִּי טוֹב לָנוּ עֲבֹד אֶת־מִצְרַיִם מִמֻּתֵנוּ בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃
This is the [exact] thing that we told you in Egypt saying, ‘Leave us alone and let us serve the Egyptians.’ It would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than we should die in the desert.”
This is the [exact] thing that we told you in Egypt saying, ‘Leave us alone and let us serve the Egyptians.’ It would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than we should die in the desert.”
Rashi
אשר דברנו אליך במצרים. והיכן דברו, יֵרֶא ה' עֲלֵיכֶם וְיִשְׁפֹּוט (שמות ה, כא — מכילתא פ"ב):
That we told you in Egypt. Where was it that they told him? “Let God look at you and judge.”
ממותנו. מאשר נמות, ואם היה נקוד מלאפו"ם, (ר"ל חול"ם, כנודע לבעלי דקדוק שקראו חול"ם מלאפו"ם, ועיין לקמן פרשת יתרו ברש"י פסוק פן יפרוץ) היה נבאר ממיתתנו, עכשיו שנקוד בשורק, נבאר מאשר נמות. וכן מִי יִתֵּן מוּתֵנוּ, שנמות. וכן מִי יִתֵּן מוּתִי (שמואל־ב יט, יט) דאבשלום, שאמות. כמו לְיֹום קוּמִי לָעַד (צפניה ג, ח), עַד שׁוּבִי בְשָׁלֹום (דברי הימים־ב יח, כו) שאקום שאשוב:
Than we should die in the desert. [מִמֻּתֵנוּ means] than that we should die. Had it been vocalized with a melopum it would have been explained as: than our death! But now that it is vocalized with a shuruk we explain it as: than that we should die. Similarly: “If only (מוּתֵנוּ) we would die.” Similarly: “If only (מוּתִי)” regarding Avshalom [מוּתִי meaning:] I would die, As in: “Till the day קוּמִי forever,” [or:] “Until שוּבִי in peace,” [קוּמִי, שוּבִי meaning:] that I arise, that I return.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָעָם אַל־תִּירָאוּ הִֽתְיַצְּבוּ וּרְאוּ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַת יְהֹוָה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה לָכֶם הַיּוֹם כִּי אֲשֶׁר רְאִיתֶם אֶת־מִצְרַיִם הַיּוֹם לֹא תֹסִפוּ לִרְאֹתָם עוֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃
Moshe said to the people, “Do not be afraid, stand firm and you will see the deliverance of Adonoy, which He will perform for you this day, for the Egyptians you have seen this day you will never again see them, even to eternity.
Moshe said to the people, “Do not be afraid, stand firm and you will see the deliverance of Adonoy, which He will perform for you this day, for the Egyptians you have seen this day you will never again see them, even to eternity.
Rashi
כי אשר ראיתם את מצרים וגו'. מה שראיתם אותם אינו אלא היום, היום הוא שראיתם אותם ולא תוסיפו עוד:
For the Egyptians you have seen [this day]. [I.e.,] the fact that you have [now] seen them is only this day. This is the day that you saw them, but you will never again [see them].
יְהֹוָה יִלָּחֵם לָכֶם וְאַתֶּם תַּחֲרִשֽׁוּן׃ {פ}
Adonoy will fight for you, and you [must] remain silent.
Adonoy will fight for you, and you [must] remain silent.
Rashi
ה' ילחם לכם. בשבילכם, וכן כִּי ה' נִלְחָם לָהֶם, וכן אִם לָאֵל תְּרִיבוּן (איוב יג, ח), וכן וַאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לִי (בראשית כד, ז), וכן ה ַאַתֶּם תְּרִיבוּן לַבַּעַל (שופטים ו, לא):
Adonoy will fight for you [לָכֶם means:] for you. Similarly: “For Adonoy is fighting for them.” Similarly: “Will you argue for God?” Similarly: “And the one who spoke for me” Similarly: “Will you argue for the Ba’al”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה מַה־תִּצְעַק אֵלָי דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִסָּֽעוּ׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Why do you cry to Me? Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Why do you cry to Me? Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on.
Rashi
מה תצעק אלי. למדנו, שהיה משה עומד ומתפלל, אמר לו הקב"ה, לא עת עתה להאריך בתפלה, שישראל נתונין בצרה. דבר אחר מה תצעק אלי, עלי הדבר תלוי ולא עליך, כמ"ש להלן, עַל בָּנַי וְעַל פֹּעַל יָדַי תְּצַוֻּנִי (ישעיה מה, יא):
Why do you cry to Me? [From this] we learn that Moshe was standing and praying [when] God said to him, “Now is not the time to pray at length, when Yisrael is in trouble.” An alternate explanation: “Why do you cry out? אֵלָי — This thing depends on Me, not on you.” [This is] similar to what is written elsewhere: “Concerning My sons and concerning My handiwork do you need to command Me?!”
דבר אל בני ישראל ויסעו. אין להם אלא ליסע, שאין הים עומד בפניהם, כדאי זכות אבותיהם, והם, והאמונה שהאמינו בי ויצאו, לקרוע להם הים (מכילתא פ"ג):
Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on. There is nothing for them to do but move on because the sea will not stand in their way. The merit of their ancestors as well as the trust they had in me, when they went out [of Egypt], is effective to split the sea for them.
וְאַתָּה הָרֵם אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ וּנְטֵה אֶת־יָדְךָ עַל־הַיָּם וּבְקָעֵהוּ וְיָבֹאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם בַּיַּבָּשָֽׁה׃
And you [do as follows], raise your staff and extend your hand over the sea and split it. The B’nei Yisrael will then come [across] in the midst of the sea on dry land.
And you [do as follows], raise your staff and extend your hand over the sea and split it. The B’nei Yisrael will then come [across] in the midst of the sea on dry land.
וַאֲנִי הִנְנִי מְחַזֵּק אֶת־לֵב מִצְרַיִם וְיָבֹאוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם וְאִכָּבְדָה בְּפַרְעֹה וּבְכׇל־חֵילוֹ בְּרִכְבּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו׃
I will harden the heart of the Egyptians and they will follow after them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army, his chariots and his cavalry.
I will harden the heart of the Egyptians and they will follow after them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army, his chariots and his cavalry.
וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהֹוָה בְּהִכָּבְדִי בְּפַרְעֹה בְּרִכְבּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו׃
The Egyptians will know that I am Adonoy when I am glorified through Pharaoh, his chariots and cavalry.
The Egyptians will know that I am Adonoy when I am glorified through Pharaoh, his chariots and cavalry.
וַיִּסַּע מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים הַהֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵי מַחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֵּלֶךְ מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיִּסַּע עַמּוּד הֶֽעָנָן מִפְּנֵיהֶם וַֽיַּעֲמֹד מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶֽם׃
The angel of Elohim moved [from its position] when it traveled in front of the camp of Israel, and went behind them. The pillar of cloud moved from in front of them and it stood behind them.
The angel of Elohim moved [from its position] when it traveled in front of the camp of Israel, and went behind them. The pillar of cloud moved from in front of them and it stood behind them.
Rashi
וילך מאחריהם. להבדיל בין מחנה מצרים ובין מחנה ישראל, ולקבל חצים וּבְלִיסְטְרָאוֹת של מצרים. בכל מקום הוא אומר מלאך ה', וכאן מלאך האלהים, אין אלהים בכל מקום אלא דין, מלמד שהיו ישראל נתונין בדין באותה שעה, אם להנצל אם להאבד עם מצרים:
And went behind them. To separate the Egyptian camp from the Israelite camp and to receive the arrows and the projectiles of the Egyptians. Everywhere else it says: “The angel of Adonoy” but here [it states] “The angel of Elokim.” “Elokim” wherever it occurs denotes only “judgment.” This teaches that Israel was placed in judgment at that moment, whether [they were worthy] to be saved or whether to be destroyed with the Egyptians.
ויסע עמוד הענן. כשחשיכה, והשלים עמוד הענן את המחנה לעמוד האש, לא נסתלק הענן כמו שהיה רגיל להסתלק ערבית לגמרי, אלא נסע והלך לו מאחריהם, להחשיך למצרים:
The pillar of cloud moved. After it became dark and the pillar of cloud completed its tour over the camp [and gave way] to the pillar of fire, the cloud was not removed as it was usually removed in the evening — completely, but, rather, it continued to move behind them to make it dark for the Egyptians.
וַיָּבֹא בֵּין ׀ מַחֲנֵה מִצְרַיִם וּבֵין מַחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְהִי הֶֽעָנָן וְהַחֹשֶׁךְ וַיָּאֶר אֶת־הַלָּיְלָה וְלֹא־קָרַב זֶה אֶל־זֶה כׇּל־הַלָּֽיְלָה׃
It came between the Egyptian camp and the camp of Yisrael. There was the cloud and darkness [for the Egyptians] and [the pillar of fire] lit up the night. The camps did not approach each other all that night.
It came between the Egyptian camp and the camp of Yisrael. There was the cloud and darkness [for the Egyptians] and [the pillar of fire] lit up the night. The camps did not approach each other all that night.
Rashi
ויבא בין מחנה מצרים. משל למהלך בדרך ובנו מהלך לפניו, באו לסטים לשבותו, נטלו מלפניו ונתנו לאחריו, בא זאב מאחריו, נתנו לפניו, באו לסטים לפניו וזאבים מאחריו, נתנו על זרועו ונלחם בהם. כך וְאָנֹכִי תִּרְגַּלְתִּי לְאֶפְרַיִם קָחָם עַל זְרֹועֹתָיו (הושע יא, ג):
It came between the Egyptian camp. This can be compared to a person on a journey, with his son walking ahead of him. If highway men would come to kidnap him (the son), he would take him from in front and place him behind. Then, if a wolf would come up from behind he would place him (the son) in front. If highway men would approach from the front and wolves from behind, he would place him on his arm and fight them. So, too, [did God do for the Israelites]: “I led Ephraim (Israel) — He took them upon His arms.”
ויהי הענן והחשך. למצרים:
There was the cloud and darkness — for the Egyptians.
ויאר. עמוד האש את הלילה לישראל, והלך לפניהם כדרכו ללכת כל הלילה, והחשך של ערפל לצד מצרים:
And lit up. [I.e.,] the pillar of fire [lit up] the night for the Israelites and moved in front of them, as was usual for it to travel all night, while the darkness of the cloud was turned toward the Egyptians.
ולא קרב זה אל זה. מחנה אל מחנה (מכילתא פ"ד):
They did not approach each other [I.e.,] one camp to another.
וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל־הַיָּם וַיּוֹלֶךְ יְהֹוָה ׀ אֶת־הַיָּם בְּרוּחַ קָדִים עַזָּה כׇּל־הַלַּיְלָה וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת־הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה וַיִּבָּקְעוּ הַמָּֽיִם׃
Moshe extended his hand over the sea and Adonoy turned back the sea with a strong east wind [blowing] all through the night. He made the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided.
Moshe extended his hand over the sea and Adonoy turned back the sea with a strong east wind [blowing] all through the night. He made the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided.
Rashi
ברוח קדים עזה. ברוח קדים שהיא עזה שברוחות, הוא הרוח שהקב"ה נפרע בה מן הרשעים, שנאמר כְּרוּחַ קָדִים אֲפִיצֵם (ירמי' יח, יז), יָבֹא קָדִים רוּחַ ה' (הושע יג, טו), רוּחַ הַקָּדִים שְׁבָרֵךְ בְּלְב יַמִּים (יחזקאל כז, כו), הָגָה בְּרוּחֹו הַקָּשָׁה בְּיֹום קָדִים (ישעיה כז, ח):
With a strong east wind, בְּרוּחַ קָדִים עַזָּה — with an east wind, which is the strongest of all the winds. It is this wind with which God punishes the wicked as it is said: “I will disperse them with the east wind.” [or:] “And east wind will come — the wind of God.” [or:] “The east wind has shattered you in the heart of the seas.” [or:] “He removed with His strong wind on the day of the east wind.”
ויבקעו המים. כל מים שבעולם (מכילתא פ"ד):
And the waters were divided — all the waters of the world.
וַיָּבֹאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם בַּיַּבָּשָׁה וְהַמַּיִם לָהֶם חוֹמָה מִֽימִינָם וּמִשְּׂמֹאלָֽם׃
The B’nei Yisrael went into the midst of the sea on dry land. The waters were like a wall to them, to their right and to their left.
The B’nei Yisrael went into the midst of the sea on dry land. The waters were like a wall to them, to their right and to their left.
וַיִּרְדְּפוּ מִצְרַיִם וַיָּבֹאוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם כֹּל סוּס פַּרְעֹה רִכְבּוֹ וּפָרָשָׁיו אֶל־תּוֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃
The Egyptians pursued and followed them—all of Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots and his cavalry—into the middle of the sea.
The Egyptians pursued and followed them—all of Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots and his cavalry—into the middle of the sea.
Rashi
כל סוס פרעה. וכי סוס אחד היה, אלא מגיד שאין כולם חשובין לפני המקום אלא כסוס אחד:
All of Pharaoh’s סוס horse(s). Was there only one horse?! This teaches us that all of them are considered before God as but one horse.
וַֽיְהִי בְּאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר וַיַּשְׁקֵף יְהֹוָה אֶל־מַחֲנֵה מִצְרַיִם בְּעַמּוּד אֵשׁ וְעָנָן וַיָּהׇם אֵת מַחֲנֵה מִצְרָֽיִם׃
It was the morning watch [the end of the night] Adonoy gazed down at the Egyptians camp through the pillar of fire and cloud, and He caused panic in the Egyptian camp.
It was the morning watch [the end of the night] Adonoy gazed down at the Egyptians camp through the pillar of fire and cloud, and He caused panic in the Egyptian camp.
Rashi
באשמרת הבוקר. שלשת חלקי הלילה קרוין אשמורת, ואותה שלפני הבקר קורא אשמורת הבוקר (ברכות ג.). ואומר אני, לפי שהלילה חלוק למשמרות שיר של מלאכי השרת, כת אחר כת לשלשה חלקים, לכך קרוי אשמורת, וזהו שתרגם אונקלוס מַטְרַת:
The morning watch. The three parts of the night are called אַשְׁמוּרוֹת, and the one before the morning is called אַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר — “The morning אַשְׁמֹרֶת .” It is my opinion that because the night is divided into watches for the song of the ministering angels, one group [of angels] after another, in three parts, therefore, it is called אַשְׁמוֹרֶת . It is for this reason that Onkelos translates it: מַטְּרַת — [meaning: a watch].
וישקף. ויבט, כלומר פנה אליהם להשחיתם. ותרגומו וְאִסְתְּכֵי, אף הוא לשון הבטה, כמו שְׂדֵה צֹפִים (במדבר כג, יד), לַחֲקַל סְכוּתָה:
Gazed down. [וַיַּשְׁקֵף means literally] he gazed; as if to say: He turned His attention to them to destroy them. Onkelos’ translation of it as: וְאִסְתְּכֵי, is also a term referring to gazing as in: “שְֹדֵה צֹפִים [which Onkelos translates as:] the field of the gazers.
בעמוד אש וענן. עמוד ענן יורד ועושה אותו כטיט, ועמוד אש מרתיחו, וטלפי סוסיהם משתמטות (מכילתא פ"ה):
Through the pillar of fire and cloud. The pillar of cloud descended and made it (the sea floor) like clay and the pillar of fire heated it up so that the horses’ hooves fell off.
ויהם. לשון מהומה, אשטורד"יטון בלע"זערבבם, נטל סִגְנָיוֹת שלהם. ושנינו בפרקי ר' אליעזר בנו של ר' יוסי הגלילי, כל מקום שנאמר בו מהומה, הרעשת קול הוא, וזה אב לכלן, וַיַּרְעֵם ה' בְּקֹול גָּדֹול וגו' עַל פְּלִשְׁתִּים וַיְהֻמֵּם (שמואל־א ז, י):
And He caused panic. [וַיָּהָם is derived from] the term מְהוּמָה — confusion, estordison, in Old French (tumult, confusion). He put them into a state of confusion; [i.e.] He took away their senses. We learned in the Chapters of R. Eliezer the son of R. Yose haGlili: wherever the term מְהוּמָה is used, it indicates a thunderous noise and the following is the forerunner of them all: “And God thundered with a great sound, etc. upon the Plishtim (וַיְהֻמֵּם) and threw them into confusion.”
וַיָּסַר אֵת אֹפַן מַרְכְּבֹתָיו וַֽיְנַהֲגֵהוּ בִּכְבֵדֻת וַיֹּאמֶר מִצְרַיִם אָנוּסָה מִפְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי יְהֹוָה נִלְחָם לָהֶם בְּמִצְרָֽיִם׃ {פ}
He removed the wheels of their chariots and made them move heavily [clumsily]. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee the [B’nei] Yisrael, for Adonoy is fighting for them against Egypt.”
He removed the wheels of their chariots and made them move heavily [clumsily]. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee the [B’nei] Yisrael, for Adonoy is fighting for them against Egypt.”
Rashi
ויסר את אופן מרכבותיו. מכח האש נשרפו הגלגלים, והמרכבות נגררות, והיושבים בהם נעים ואבריהן מתפרקין:
He removed the wheels of their chariots. As a result of the fire the wheels burnt up causing the chariots to be dragged and those who were sitting in them were thrown about causing their limbs to break apart.
וינהגהו בכבדות. בהנהגה שהיא כבדה וקשה להם, במדה שמדדו וַיַּכְבֵּד לִבֹּו הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו (שמות ט, לד), אף כאן וינהגהו בכבדות:
And made them move heavily. [He moved them] with a movement that was heavy and hard for them — in the same measure that they (Egypt) meted out. [Egypt acted thus:] “He hardened his heart, he and his servants;” here, too, “He treated them hard (harshly).”
נלחם להם במצרים. במצריים. דבר אחר במצרים, בארץ מצרים, שכשם שאלו לוקים על הים, כך לוקים אותם שנשארו במצרים:
Is fighting for them against Egypt. [בְּמִצְרַיִם means:] against the Egyptians. An alternate explanation of בְּמִצְרַיִם: — in the land of Egypt [viz.] that just as these are being struck on the sea, so, too, are those left in Egypt being struck.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה נְטֵה אֶת־יָדְךָ עַל־הַיָּם וְיָשֻׁבוּ הַמַּיִם עַל־מִצְרַיִם עַל־רִכְבּוֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand over the sea, and the water will come back over the Egyptians, [over] their chariots and their cavalry.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand over the sea, and the water will come back over the Egyptians, [over] their chariots and their cavalry.”
Rashi
וישובו המים. שזקופים ועומדים כחומה, ישובו למקומם ויכסו על מצרים:
And the water will come back. [The waters] that were standing erect as a wall will return to their place and cover the Egyptians.
וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל־הַיָּם וַיָּשׇׁב הַיָּם לִפְנוֹת בֹּקֶר לְאֵיתָנוֹ וּמִצְרַיִם נָסִים לִקְרָאתוֹ וַיְנַעֵר יְהֹוָה אֶת־מִצְרַיִם בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃
Moshe extended his hand over the sea, and, toward morning, the sea returned to its strength while the Egyptians were fleeing toward it. Adonoy overturned the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.
Moshe extended his hand over the sea, and, toward morning, the sea returned to its strength while the Egyptians were fleeing toward it. Adonoy overturned the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.
Rashi
לפנות בקר. לעת שהבוקר פונה לבא:
Toward morning. At the time that the morning turns to come.
לאיתנו. לתקפו הראשון:
To its strength. — to its original strength.
נסים לקראתו. שהיו מהוממים ומטורפים ורצין לקראת המים:
Were fleeing toward it. Because they were confused and in panic, they ran toward the waters.
וינער ה'. כאדם שמנער את הקדירה והופך העליון למטה והתחתון למעלה, כך היו עולין ויורדין ומשתברין בים, ונתן הקב"ה בהם חיות לקבל היסורין:
Adonoy overturned. As a person who stirs a pot and overturns that which is on top to the bottom and that which is at the bottom to the top, so, too, did they (the Egyptians) go up and down and were broken apart in the sea; and God kept them alive so that they receive the pain [longer].
וינער. וְשַׁנִּיק, והוא לשון טרוף בלשון ארמי. והרבה יש במדרש אגדה:
Stirred. [Onkelos translates it:] וְשַׁנֵּיק which is a term meaning to stir in Aramaic. There are many such usages in Midrash Aggadah.
וַיָּשֻׁבוּ הַמַּיִם וַיְכַסּוּ אֶת־הָרֶכֶב וְאֶת־הַפָּרָשִׁים לְכֹל חֵיל פַּרְעֹה הַבָּאִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם בַּיָּם לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַר בָּהֶם עַד־אֶחָֽד׃
The waters returned and covered the chariots, and the cavalry, including Pharaoh’s entire army which had followed them into the sea. Not one of them remained [alive].
The waters returned and covered the chariots, and the cavalry, including Pharaoh’s entire army which had followed them into the sea. Not one of them remained [alive].
Rashi
ויכסו את הרכב וגו' לכל חיל פרעה. כך דרך המקראות לכתוב למ"ד יתירה, כמו לְכָל כֵּלָיו תַּעֲשֶׂה נְחשֶׁת (שמות כז, ג), וכן לְכֹל כְּלֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן, בְּכֹל עֲבֹדָתֹו (שם יט), וְיתֵדֹתָם וּמֵיתְרֵיהֶם לְכָל כְּלֵיהֶם, ואינה אלא תקון לשון:
They covered the chariots, etc. including Pharaoh’s entire army. This is usual for [Biblical] verses to write a redundant למ"ד as in: “(לְכָל all its vessels you shall make of copper.” Similarly: “(לְכֹל) all the vessels of the Mishkon in all its service.” [or:] “and their pegs and their ropes (לְכָל) and all their vessels.” This is done only for the purpose of style.
וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָלְכוּ בַיַּבָּשָׁה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם וְהַמַּיִם לָהֶם חֹמָה מִֽימִינָם וּמִשְּׂמֹאלָֽם׃
The B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea. For them the waters were a wall to their right and to their left.
The B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea. For them the waters were a wall to their right and to their left.
וַיּוֹשַׁע יְהֹוָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד מִצְרָיִם וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־מִצְרַיִם מֵת עַל־שְׂפַת הַיָּֽם׃
On that day Adonoy delivered [B’nei] Yisrael from the hand of Egypt. [B’nei] Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.
On that day Adonoy delivered [B’nei] Yisrael from the hand of Egypt. [B’nei] Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.
Rashi
וירא ישראל את מצרים מת. שפלטן הים על שפתו, כדי שלא יאמרו ישראל, כשם שאנו עולים מצד זה, כך הם עולין מצד אחר רחוק ממנו, וירדפו אחרינו:
Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead. — because the sea expelled them (the Egyptians) onto its shore, so that Yisrael would not say: “Just as we are coming up from this side so, too, are they coming up from the other side, at a distance from us and they will pursue us.”
וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַיָּד הַגְּדֹלָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה בְּמִצְרַיִם וַיִּֽירְאוּ הָעָם אֶת־יְהֹוָה וַֽיַּאֲמִינוּ בַּֽיהֹוָה וּבְמֹשֶׁה עַבְדּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
[B’nei] Yisrael saw the great hand which Adonoy wielded against Egypt. The people feared Adonoy, and believed in Adonoy and [that] Moshe [was] His servant.
[B’nei] Yisrael saw the great hand which Adonoy wielded against Egypt. The people feared Adonoy, and believed in Adonoy and [that] Moshe [was] His servant.
Rashi
את היד הגדולה. את הגבורה הגדולה שעשתה ידו של הקב"ה. והרבה לשונות נופלין על לשון יד, וכולן לשון יד ממש הן, והמפרשו יתקן הלשון אחר ענין הדבור:
The great hand. [Meaning:] the great power which was effected by the hand of God. There are many meanings that fit the term יָד, and they all signify the actual hand and the one explaining it should fit the meaning according to the context.
Where next
Keep reading
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 15
- Beshalach Parsha
וישבו. לאחוריהם, לצד מצרים היו מקרבין כל יום השלישי, כדי להטעות את פרעה, שיאמר תועים הם בדרך, כמו שנאמר ואמר פרעה לבני ישראל וגו':
And have them turn back. They kept moving nearer to Egypt the entire third day in order to mislead Pharaoh so that he might say: “They are lost in the wilderness,” as it is said: “Pharaoh said of the B’nei Yisrael, etc.”