Shemot
Beshalach בשלח
Part of: BeshalachBeshalach, Aliyah 1Beshalach, Aliyah 2Beshalach, Aliyah 3Beshalach, Aliyah 4Beshalach, Aliyah 5Beshalach, Aliyah 6Beshalach, Aliyah 7Chapter 13Chapter 14Chapter 15Chapter 16Chapter 17Petuchah, Exodus 14:1Petuchah, Exodus 14:15Petuchah, Exodus 14:26Petuchah, Exodus 15:1Petuchah, Exodus 15:20Petuchah, Exodus 16:11Petuchah, Exodus 17:1Petuchah, Exodus 17:8Petuchah, Exodus 17:14Setumah, Exodus 13:17Setumah, Exodus 15:22Setumah, Exodus 15:27Setumah, Exodus 16:4Setumah, Exodus 16:28
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
Shemot 13
וַיְהִי בְּשַׁלַּח פַּרְעֹה אֶת־הָעָם וְלֹא־נָחָם אֱלֹהִים דֶּרֶךְ אֶרֶץ פְּלִשְׁתִּים כִּי קָרוֹב הוּא כִּי ׀ אָמַר אֱלֹהִים פֶּֽן־יִנָּחֵם הָעָם בִּרְאֹתָם מִלְחָמָה וְשָׁבוּ מִצְרָֽיְמָה׃
When Pharaoh sent away the people Elohim did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines because it was the shortest route; for Elohim said, “The people might change their minds should they encounter war, and return to Egypt.
When Pharaoh sent away the people Elohim did not lead them by way of the land of the Philistines because it was the shortest route; for Elohim said, “The people might change their minds should they encounter war, and return to Egypt.
Rashi
כי קרוב הוא. ונוח לשוב באותו הדרך למצרים. ומדרש אגדה יש הרבה:
Because it was the shortest route And it was, therefore, easy to return by that route to Egypt. There are many midrashic explanations.
בראותם מלחמה. כגון מלחמת וַיֵּרֶד הָעֲמָלֵקִי וְהַכְּנַעֲנִי וגו' (במדבר יד, מב), אם הלכו דרך ישר היו חוזרים, ומה אם כשהקיפם דרך מעוקם אמרו נִתְּנָה רֹאשׁ וְנָשׁוּבָה מִצְרָיְמָה, אם הוליכם בפשוטה על אחת כמה וכמה (מכילתא פסחא פי"ח). (לפי סדר הכתוב נראה הרשימות מהופכים, ועיין ברא"ם ובג"א ובמ"י ישוב נכון ע"ז):
Should they encounter war. For example the war of: “And the Amaleikites and Canaanites came down, etc.” Had they travelled a straight route they would [then] have returned [to Egypt]. If, when He led them on a round-about route, they said, “Let us appoint a leader and let us return to Egypt,” then had He led them on a straight [route] how much more so [would they have said so].
פן ינחם. יחשבו מחשבה על שיצאו, ויתנו לב לשוב:
[The people] might change their minds. They might have second thoughts about going out, and set their hearts to return [to Egypt].
וַיַּסֵּב אֱלֹהִים ׀ אֶת־הָעָם דֶּרֶךְ הַמִּדְבָּר יַם־סוּף וַחֲמֻשִׁים עָלוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
And so Elohim led the people round-about by way of the Reed Sea Desert, and the B’nei Yisrael went up armed from the land of Egypt.
And so Elohim led the people round-about by way of the Reed Sea Desert, and the B’nei Yisrael went up armed from the land of Egypt.
Rashi
ויסב. הסיבם מן הדרך הפשוטה לדרך העקומה:
He led [the people] round-about. [Meaning:] He led them round-about from the direct route to the round-about route.
ים סוף. כמו לים סוף. וסוף הוא לשון אגם שֶׁגְּדֵלִים בו קנים, כמו וַתָּשֶׂם בַּסּוּף (שמות ב, ג), קָנֶה וָסוּף קָמֵלוּ (ישעיה יט, ו):
Reed Sea. As if it were written לְיַם סוּף — to the Reed Sea. סוּף is a term meaning a marsh in which reeds grow, as in “she put him (בַּסּוּף) in the reeds.” [or:] “The flags (וָסוּף) and reeds will wither.”
וחמשים. אין חמושים אלא מזויינים, (לפי שהסיבתן במדבר גרם להם שעלו חמושים, שאילו היה דרך ישוב לא היו מחומשים להם כל מה שצריכין, אלא כאדם שעובר ממקום למקום ובדעתו לקנות שם מה שיצטרך, אבל כשהוא פורש למדבר צריך לזמן כל הצורך. וכתוב זה לא נכתב כי אם לשבר את האוזן, שלא תאמר, במלחמת עמלק ובמלחמת סיחון ועוג ומדין מהיכן היו להם כלי זיין שהכו ישראל בחרב. ברש"י ישן) וכן הוא אומר, וְאַתֶּם תַּעַבְרוּ חֲמֻשִׁים (יהושע א, יד), וכן תרגם אונקלוס מְזָרְזִין, כמו וַיֶָּרק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו (בראשית יד, יד) וזריז. דבר אחר חמושים מחומשים, אחד מחמשה יצאו, וארבעה חלקים מתו בשלשת ימי אפילה:
Armed. The word חֲמוּשִים means armed. (Because He took them on a round-about route in the desert, He caused them to go up armed. For had He taken them by way of settled areas they would not have armed themselves with all their needs, but, rather, as one traveling from place to place, whose intention it is to obtain what he needs there. But when he sets out into the wilderness he must prepare for himself all his needs. This verse was written only to make it understandable to the ear — so that you not say: during the war against Amaleik and the wars against Sichon and Og, and Midian, — from where did they have weapons that enabled Israel to defeat them by the sword? — From an old Rashi manuscript.) Likewise, it is written: “You shall pass by with arms.” Similarly, Onkelos translates [חֲמֻשִים] מְזָרְזִין — armed, as [he translates] “And he armed his servants” by “וְזָרֵיז .” An alternate explanation of וַחֲמֻשִׁים one of every five went out [of Egypt] and four-fifths died during the three days of darkness.
וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת־עַצְמוֹת יוֹסֵף עִמּוֹ כִּי הַשְׁבֵּעַ הִשְׁבִּיעַ אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר פָּקֹד יִפְקֹד אֱלֹהִים אֶתְכֶם וְהַעֲלִיתֶם אֶת־עַצְמֹתַי מִזֶּה אִתְּכֶֽם׃
Moshe took the bones of Yoseif with him, for [Yoseif] had bound the B’nei Yisrael by oath saying, “Elohim will surely remember you, and [then] you must carry up my bones out of here with you.
Moshe took the bones of Yoseif with him, for [Yoseif] had bound the B’nei Yisrael by oath saying, “Elohim will surely remember you, and [then] you must carry up my bones out of here with you.
Rashi
השבע השביע. השביעם שישביעו לבניהם, למה לא השביע בניו שישאוהו לארץ כנען מיד, כמו שהשביע יעקב, אמר יוסף, אני שליט הייתי במצרים והיה ספוק בידי לעשות, אבל בָּנַי לא יניחום מצרים לעשות, לכך השביעם לכשיגאלו ויצאו משם, שישאוהו (מכילתא פי"ח):
He had bound by oath. He (Yoseif) made them swear that they will make their children swear. Why did he not bind his sons by oath that they immediately carry him to the land of Canaan, as Yaakov bound [them] by oath? Yoseif said: “I was a ruler in Egypt, and I had sufficient power to do [so], but the Egyptians will not permit my sons to do [so].” He therefore bound them by oath that when they will be redeemed and go out of there, that they carry him [with them].
והעליתם את עצמותי מזה אתכם. לאחיו השביע כן, למדנו שאף עצמות כל השבטים העלו עמהם, שנאמר אתכם:
And then you must carry up my bones out of here with you. It was his brothers that he bound by this oath. Consequently we learn from this that also the bones of all the brothers [lit. tribes] did they carry up with them as it says: אִתְּכֶם — with you
וַיִּסְעוּ מִסֻּכֹּת וַיַּחֲנוּ בְאֵתָם בִּקְצֵה הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃
They journeyed from Sukkos and camped at Eisom at the edge of the desert.
They journeyed from Sukkos and camped at Eisom at the edge of the desert.
Rashi
ויסעו מסכות. ביום השני, שהרי בראשון באו מרעמסס לסכות:
They journeyed from Sukkos. On the second day, for on the first day they had come from Raamses to Sukkos.
וַֽיהֹוָה הֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵיהֶם יוֹמָם בְּעַמּוּד עָנָן לַנְחֹתָם הַדֶּרֶךְ וְלַיְלָה בְּעַמּוּד אֵשׁ לְהָאִיר לָהֶם לָלֶכֶת יוֹמָם וָלָֽיְלָה׃
Adonoy went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them on the way, and at night in a pillar of fire to provide them with light, so that they could travel by day and by night.
Adonoy went before them by day in a pillar of cloud to lead them on the way, and at night in a pillar of fire to provide them with light, so that they could travel by day and by night.
Rashi
לנחתם הדרך. נקוד פתח, שהוא כמו להנחותם, כמו לַרְאֹתְכֶם בַּדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר תֵּלְכוּ בָהּ (דברים א, לג), שהוא כמו להראותכם, אף כאן להנחותם ע"י שליח, ומי הוא השליח, עמוד הענן, והקב"ה בכבודו מוליכו לפניהם, ומכל מקום את עמוד הענן הכין להנחותם על ידו, שהרי על ידי עמוד הענן הם הולכים. עמוד הענן אינו לאורה אלא להורותם הדרך:
To lead them on the way [The letter ל' of לַנְחֹתָם is] vocalized with a patach which is the same as לְהַנְחוֹתָם, similar to: “לַרְאֹתְכֶם the way in which to go” לַרְאוֹתְכֶם being the same as לְהַרְאוֹתְכֶם — to show. Here, too, [it means] to lead them by means of an agent. And who is this agent? The pillar of cloud. [Though] God Himself, in His glory, led it (the cloud) before them, nevertheless, He provided the pillar of cloud to lead them by its means for they travelled by means of the pillar of cloud. The pillar of cloud was not for providing light, but, rather, to show them the way.
לֹֽא־יָמִישׁ עַמּוּד הֶֽעָנָן יוֹמָם וְעַמּוּד הָאֵשׁ לָיְלָה לִפְנֵי הָעָֽם׃ {פ}
He did not remove the pillar of cloud by day, or the pillar of fire at night, from before the people.
He did not remove the pillar of cloud by day, or the pillar of fire at night, from before the people.
Rashi
לא ימיש. הקב"ה את עמוד הענן יומם ועמוד האש לילה, מגיד שעמוד הענן משלים לעמוד האש ועמוד האש משלים לעמוד הענן, שעד שלא ישקע זה עולה זה (שבת כג:):
He did not remove. [I.e.,] God [did not remove] the pillar of cloud by day [nor] the pillar of fire at night. This tells us that the pillar of cloud gave way to the pillar of fire and the pillar of fire gave way to the pillar of cloud, that before one would depart the other would arrive.
Shemot 14
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying:
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying:
דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיָשֻׁבוּ וְיַחֲנוּ לִפְנֵי פִּי הַחִירֹת בֵּין מִגְדֹּל וּבֵין הַיָּם לִפְנֵי בַּעַל צְפֹן נִכְחוֹ תַחֲנוּ עַל־הַיָּֽם׃
“Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and have them turn back and camp before Pi haChiros, between Migdol and the sea, facing Ba’al Tzephon. Camp opposite it, near the sea.”
“Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and have them turn back and camp before Pi haChiros, between Migdol and the sea, facing Ba’al Tzephon. Camp opposite it, near the sea.”
Rashi
וישבו. לאחוריהם, לצד מצרים היו מקרבין כל יום השלישי, כדי להטעות את פרעה, שיאמר תועים הם בדרך, כמו שנאמר ואמר פרעה לבני ישראל וגו':
And have them turn back. They kept moving nearer to Egypt the entire third day in order to mislead Pharaoh so that he might say: “They are lost in the wilderness,” as it is said: “Pharaoh said of the B’nei Yisrael, etc.”
ויחנו לפני פי החירות. הוא פיתום, ועכשיו נקרא פי החירות, על שם שנעשו שם בני חורין (מכילתא בשלח פ"א), והם שני סלעים גבוהים זקופים, והגיא שביניהם קרוי פי הסלעים:
And camp before Pi Hachiros [Pi Hachiros] is Pisom, but was now called Pi Hachiros, because there they became free men (בְּנֵי חוֹרִין) They (חִירוֹת) were two high, upright rocks and the valley between them was called פִּי (the mouth of) הַסְּלָעִים (of the rocks).
לפני בעל צפון. הוא נשאר מכל אלהי מצרים, כדי להטעותן, שיאמרו קשה יראתן (שם), ועליו פירש איוב מַשְׂגִּיא לַגֹּויִם וַיְאַבְּדֵם (איוב יב, כג):
Facing Ba’al Tzephon. It alone was left from all the gods of Egypt, in order to mislead them — so that they might say that their god was [too] difficult [to defeat]. It is concerning this that Iyov expressly said, “He causes the nations to err so that he might destroy them.”
וְאָמַר פַּרְעֹה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נְבֻכִים הֵם בָּאָרֶץ סָגַר עֲלֵיהֶם הַמִּדְבָּֽר׃
Pharaoh will then say of the B’nei Yisrael, “They are confused in the land, the desert has shut [trapped] them in.
Pharaoh will then say of the B’nei Yisrael, “They are confused in the land, the desert has shut [trapped] them in.
Rashi
ואמר פרעה. כשישמע שהם שָׁבִים לאחוריהם:
Pharaoh will then say — — when he will hear that they have turned to go backwards.
לבני ישראל. על בני ישראל. וכן ה' יִלָּחֵם לָכֶם, עליכם. אִמְרִי לִי אָחִי הוּא (בראשית כ, יג), אמרי עלי:
Of the B’nei Yisrael. [לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל means] of the B’nei Yisroel. Similarly: “God will fight לָכֶם (for you)” [or:] “Say (לִי), ‘He is my brother’” [meaning:] “Say of me.”
נבכים הם. כלואים ומשוקעים, ובלע"ז שיר"יר כמו בִּעֵמֶק הַבָּכָא (תהלים פד, ז), מִבְּכִי נְהָרֹות (איוב כח, יא), נִבְכֵי יָם (שם לח, טז). נבכים הם, כלואים הם במדבר, שאינן יודעין לצאת ממנו ולהיכן ילכו:
They are confused. [Meaning:] they are shut in and sunk serez in Old French — locked in. [נְבֻכִים being from] the same [root] as [or:] נִבְכֵי יָם — “the depths of the sea.” בְּעֵמֶק הַבָּכָא — “The valley of weeping.” [or:] מִבְּכִי נְהָרוֹת — “from the depths of rivers” [Thus] “נְבֻכִים הֵם” means “They are locked in, in the wilderness — they do not know how to get out of it nor where to go.”
וְחִזַּקְתִּי אֶת־לֵב־פַּרְעֹה וְרָדַף אַחֲרֵיהֶם וְאִכָּבְדָה בְּפַרְעֹה וּבְכׇל־חֵילוֹ וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּֽי־אֲנִי יְהֹוָה וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵֽן׃
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and he will pursue them. and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army. Egypt will [then] know that I am Adonoy.” They [the B’nei Yisrael] did just that.
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart and he will pursue them. and I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army. Egypt will [then] know that I am Adonoy.” They [the B’nei Yisrael] did just that.
Rashi
ואכבדה בפרעה. כשהקב"ה מתנקם ברשעים שמו מתגדל ומתכבד, וכן הוא אומר וְנִשְׁפַּטְתִּי אִתֹּו וגו', ואחר כך וְהִתְגַדִּלְתִּי וְהִתְקַדִּשְׁתִּי וִנֹודַעְתִּי וגו' (יחזקאל לח, כב—כג), ואומר שָׁמָּה שִׁבַּר רִשְׁפֵי קָשֶׁת, ואחר כך נֹודָע בִּיהוּדָה אֱלֹהִים (תהלים עו, ד—ב), ואומר נֹודַע ה' מִשְׁפָּט עָשָׂה (שם ט, יז):
I will be glorified through Pharaoh. When God takes vengeance from the wicked His Name is magnified and glorified. So, too, is it stated: “I will take up judgment with him, etc.,” and afterwards: “I will be magnified, I will be sanctified and I will become known, etc. It also states: “There He broke the fiery arrows of the bow,” and afterwards: “God will be known in Judah.” It also states: “God has made Himself known, He has executed judgment”
בפרעה ובכל חילו. הוא התחיל בעבירה וממנו התחילה הפורענות (מכילתא פ"א):
Through Pharaoh and his entire army. [Pharaoh first because] he began sinning. Therefore punishment begin with him.
ויעשו כן. להגיד שבחן ששמעו לקול משה, ולא אמרו היאך נתקרב אל רודפינו, אנו צריכים לברוח, אלא אמרו אין לנו אלא דברי בן עמרם (שם):
They did just that [This is told to us] to relate their praises that they listened to Moshe and did not say: “How can we move nearer to our pursuers? We must, rather, flee.” But instead they said: “Our sole [mission] is [to obey] the words of the son of Amram.
וַיֻּגַּד לְמֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם כִּי בָרַח הָעָם וַיֵּהָפֵךְ לְבַב פַּרְעֹה וַעֲבָדָיו אֶל־הָעָם וַיֹּֽאמְרוּ מַה־זֹּאת עָשִׂינוּ כִּֽי־שִׁלַּחְנוּ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵעׇבְדֵֽנוּ׃
The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart regarding the people, and they said, “What have we done? [How did] we release Israel from serving us?
The king of Egypt was told that the people had fled. Pharaoh and his servants had a change of heart regarding the people, and they said, “What have we done? [How did] we release Israel from serving us?
Rashi
ויוגד למלך מצרים. אִיקְטוּרִין שלח עמהם (מכילתא פ"א), וכיון שהגיעו לשלשת ימים שקבעו לילך ולשוב, וראו שאינן חוזרין למצרים, באו והגידו לפרעה ביום הרביעי, ובחמישי ובששי רדפו אחריהם, וליל שביעי ירדו לים, בשחרית אמרו שירה, והוא יום שביעי של פסח, לכך אנו קורין השירה ביום השביעי:
The king of Egypt was told. He sent officials along with them. Once they reached the point of three days [journey], which had been fixed for them to go and to return and they (the officials) saw that they were not returning to Egypt, they came on the fourth day and told Pharaoh. On the fifth and sixth days they pursued them, and on the night of the seventh they went down into the sea. In the morning they chanted the shirah and that [day] was the seventh day of Pesach. It is for this reason the we read [in the Torah] the shirah on the seventh day [of Pesach].
ויהפך. נהפך ממה שהיה, שהרי אמר להם קוּמוּ צְּאוּ מִתֹּוךְ עַמִּי (שמות יב, לא), ונהפך לבב עבדיו, שהרי לשעבר היו אומרים לו עַד מָתַי יִהְיֶה זֶה לָנוּ לְמֹוקֵשׁ, ועכשיו נהפכו לרדוף אחריהם בשביל ממונם שהשאילום:
Had a change [of heart] — changed from what it had been, for he had [at first] said to them: “Set out! Get out from among my people.” His servants, too, had a change of heart, for earlier they had been saying to him: “How much longer will this man be a menace to us,” and now they changed [their minds] so as to pursue them because of their property which they gave them.
מעבדנו. מעבוד אותנו:
From serving us. [מֵעָבְדֵנוּ means] from serving us.
וַיֶּאְסֹר אֶת־רִכְבּוֹ וְאֶת־עַמּוֹ לָקַח עִמּֽוֹ׃
He [Pharaoh] harnessed his chariot and he took his people with him.
He [Pharaoh] harnessed his chariot and he took his people with him.
Rashi
ויאסר את רכבו. הוא בעצמו (מכילתא פ"א):
He harnessed his chariot — he himself.
ואת עמו לקח עמו. מְשָׁכָם בדברים, לקינו ונטלו ממוננו ושלחנום, בואו עמי, ואני לא אתנהג עמכם כשאר מלכים, דרך שאר מלכים עבדיו קודמין לו במלחמה, ואני אקדים לפניכם, שנאמר וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב, הקריב עצמו מיהר לפני חיילותיו, דרך שאר מלכים ליטול ביזה בראש כמו שיבחר, אני אשוה עמכם בחלק, שנאמר אֲחַלֵּק שָׁלָל:
And he took his people with him. He enticed them with words: “We have been stricken and they have taken our property and we have sent them away. Come with me and I will not deal with you as other kings [do.] — It is the way of other kings that their servants go ahead of them in war, but I will go ahead of you.” As it is said: “Pharaoh drew near,” [meaning:] he drew himself near and rushed ahead of his armies. “It is the way of other kings to take the choice booty of whatever he chooses, but I will take an equal share with you,” as it is said: “I will share in the spoils.”
וַיִּקַּח שֵׁשׁ־מֵאוֹת רֶכֶב בָּחוּר וְכֹל רֶכֶב מִצְרָיִם וְשָׁלִשִׁם עַל־כֻּלּֽוֹ׃
He took six hundred elite chariots [and crews], and all the [other] chariots of Egypt, and commanders over all of them.
He took six hundred elite chariots [and crews], and all the [other] chariots of Egypt, and commanders over all of them.
Rashi
בחור. נבחרים, בחור לשון יחיד, כל רכב ורכב שבמנין זה היה בחור:
Elite [Meaning] selected. The word בָּחוּר is in the singular form. Each and every chariot in this count was [especially] selected.
וכל רכב מצרים. ועמהם כל שאר הרכב, ומהיכן היו הבהמות הללו, אם תאמר מִשֶׁל מצרים, הרי נאמר וַיָּמָת כֹל מִקְנֵה מִצְרָיִם (שמות ט, י), ואם תאמר מִשֶׁל ישראל, והלא נאמר וְגַם מִקְנֵנוּ יֵלֵךְ עִמָּנוּ (שם י, כו), מִשֶׁל מי היו, מהירא את דבר ה', מכאן היה רבי שמעון אומר, כשר שבמצרים הרוג, טוב שבנחשים רצוץ את מוחו (מכילתא פ"א):
And all the chariots of Egypt. [Meaning:] And along with them (the elite chariots), all the remaining chariots. From where did all these animals come? If you will say that they were of the Egyptians, but it is said: “All the flocks of the Egyptians died!” And if [you say that they] were of the Israelites, is it not said: “Also our flocks shall go with us?” Then whose were they?! [They were] of those who feared the word of God. It is from here that Rabbi Shimon would say: “The best of the Egyptians — kill him, the best of the snakes — crush his brains.”
ושלשים על כלו. שרי צבאות כתרגומו:
And commanders over all of them. [וְשָלִשִׁים means] army officers, as Onkelos translates it.
וַיְחַזֵּק יְהֹוָה אֶת־לֵב פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַיִּרְדֹּף אַחֲרֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל יֹצְאִים בְּיָד רָמָֽה׃
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and he pursued the B’nei Yisrael. The B’nei Yisrael went out high handedly [in triumph].
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh, king of Egypt, and he pursued the B’nei Yisrael. The B’nei Yisrael went out high handedly [in triumph].
Rashi
ויחזק ה' את לב פרעה. שהיה תולה אם לרדוף אם לאו, וחזק את לבו לרדוף:
Adonoy hardened the heart of Pharaoh. Because he was not sure whether to pursue them, He hardened his heart so that he would pursue.
ביד רמה. בגבורה גבוהה ומפורסמת (מכילתא פ"א):
Highhandedly I.e., with lofty and open might (daring)
וַיִּרְדְּפוּ מִצְרַיִם אַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיַּשִּׂיגוּ אוֹתָם חֹנִים עַל־הַיָּם כׇּל־סוּס רֶכֶב פַּרְעֹה וּפָרָשָׁיו וְחֵילוֹ עַל־פִּי הַֽחִירֹת לִפְנֵי בַּעַל צְפֹֽן׃
The Egyptians pursued them and overtook them as they were encamped by the sea. There were all Pharaoh’s chariot horses, his cavalry and his army [infantry], at Pi haChiros, facing Ba’al Tzephon.
The Egyptians pursued them and overtook them as they were encamped by the sea. There were all Pharaoh’s chariot horses, his cavalry and his army [infantry], at Pi haChiros, facing Ba’al Tzephon.
וּפַרְעֹה הִקְרִיב וַיִּשְׂאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־עֵינֵיהֶם וְהִנֵּה מִצְרַיִם ׀ נֹסֵעַ אַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיִּֽירְאוּ מְאֹד וַיִּצְעֲקוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
Pharaoh drew near, and the B’nei Yisrael looked up, and beheld the Egyptians coming after them. They were very frightened, and the B’nei Yisrael cried out to Adonoy.
Pharaoh drew near, and the B’nei Yisrael looked up, and beheld the Egyptians coming after them. They were very frightened, and the B’nei Yisrael cried out to Adonoy.
Rashi
ופרעה הקריב. היה לו לכתוב ופרעה קרב, מהו הקריב, הקריב עצמו ונתאמץ לקדם לפניהם, כמו שהתנה עמהם:
Pharaoh drew near It should have said וּפַרְעֹה קָרַב (in the קַל conjugation). Why does it say הִקְרִיב — [in the הִפְעִיל form]? He made himself draw near and he exerted himself to be ahead of them (his soldiers) as he had arranged with them.
נסע אחריהם. בלב אחד כאיש אחד. דבר אחר והנה מצרים נוסע אחריהם, ראו שר של מצרים נוסע מן השמים לעזור למצרים (תנחומא בשלח יג):
Coming after them. With one heart (mind), as one man. An alternate explanation: And behold the Egyptian (sing.) is coming after them: [meaning:] They saw the guardian angel of Egypt coming from the heavens to help the Egyptians.
ויצעקו. תפשו אומנות אבותם (מכילתא פ"ב). באברהם הוא אומר, אֶל הַמָּקֹום אֲשֶׁר עָמַד שָׁם (בראשית יט, כז). ביצחק, לָשׂוּחַ בַּשָׂדֶה (שם כד, סג). ביעקב, וַיִּפְגַּע בַּמָּקֹום (שם כח, יא):
They cried out. They grasped the trait of their forefathers. Regarding Avraham it is written: “To the place where he stood.” Regarding Yitzchok: “To meditate (pray) in the field” Regarding Yaakov: “He reached the place (prayed in the place).”
וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הֲֽמִבְּלִי אֵין־קְבָרִים בְּמִצְרַיִם לְקַחְתָּנוּ לָמוּת בַּמִּדְבָּר מַה־זֹּאת עָשִׂיתָ לָּנוּ לְהוֹצִיאָנוּ מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃
They said to Moshe, “Were there not enough graves in Egypt that you took us out to die in the desert? What have you done to us, bringing us out of Egypt?
They said to Moshe, “Were there not enough graves in Egypt that you took us out to die in the desert? What have you done to us, bringing us out of Egypt?
Rashi
המבלי אין קברים. וכי מחמת חסרון קברים, שאין קברים במצרים ליקבר שם, לקחתנו משם. שיפו"ר פלינצס"א דינו"ן פושי"ש:
Were there not enough graves in Egypt. [Meaning:] Is it due to a lack of graves, that there are not (אֵין) graves in Egypt to be buried there, that you took us from there?” se por feilance de non foses in Old French.
הֲלֹא־זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר דִּבַּרְנוּ אֵלֶיךָ בְמִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר חֲדַל מִמֶּנּוּ וְנַֽעַבְדָה אֶת־מִצְרָיִם כִּי טוֹב לָנוּ עֲבֹד אֶת־מִצְרַיִם מִמֻּתֵנוּ בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃
This is the [exact] thing that we told you in Egypt saying, ‘Leave us alone and let us serve the Egyptians.’ It would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than we should die in the desert.”
This is the [exact] thing that we told you in Egypt saying, ‘Leave us alone and let us serve the Egyptians.’ It would have been better for us to serve the Egyptians than we should die in the desert.”
Rashi
אשר דברנו אליך במצרים. והיכן דברו, יֵרֶא ה' עֲלֵיכֶם וְיִשְׁפֹּוט (שמות ה, כא — מכילתא פ"ב):
That we told you in Egypt. Where was it that they told him? “Let God look at you and judge.”
ממותנו. מאשר נמות, ואם היה נקוד מלאפו"ם, (ר"ל חול"ם, כנודע לבעלי דקדוק שקראו חול"ם מלאפו"ם, ועיין לקמן פרשת יתרו ברש"י פסוק פן יפרוץ) היה נבאר ממיתתנו, עכשיו שנקוד בשורק, נבאר מאשר נמות. וכן מִי יִתֵּן מוּתֵנוּ, שנמות. וכן מִי יִתֵּן מוּתִי (שמואל־ב יט, יט) דאבשלום, שאמות. כמו לְיֹום קוּמִי לָעַד (צפניה ג, ח), עַד שׁוּבִי בְשָׁלֹום (דברי הימים־ב יח, כו) שאקום שאשוב:
Than we should die in the desert. [מִמֻּתֵנוּ means] than that we should die. Had it been vocalized with a melopum it would have been explained as: than our death! But now that it is vocalized with a shuruk we explain it as: than that we should die. Similarly: “If only (מוּתֵנוּ) we would die.” Similarly: “If only (מוּתִי)” regarding Avshalom [מוּתִי meaning:] I would die, As in: “Till the day קוּמִי forever,” [or:] “Until שוּבִי in peace,” [קוּמִי, שוּבִי meaning:] that I arise, that I return.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָעָם אַל־תִּירָאוּ הִֽתְיַצְּבוּ וּרְאוּ אֶת־יְשׁוּעַת יְהֹוָה אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה לָכֶם הַיּוֹם כִּי אֲשֶׁר רְאִיתֶם אֶת־מִצְרַיִם הַיּוֹם לֹא תֹסִפוּ לִרְאֹתָם עוֹד עַד־עוֹלָֽם׃
Moshe said to the people, “Do not be afraid, stand firm and you will see the deliverance of Adonoy, which He will perform for you this day, for the Egyptians you have seen this day you will never again see them, even to eternity.
Moshe said to the people, “Do not be afraid, stand firm and you will see the deliverance of Adonoy, which He will perform for you this day, for the Egyptians you have seen this day you will never again see them, even to eternity.
Rashi
כי אשר ראיתם את מצרים וגו'. מה שראיתם אותם אינו אלא היום, היום הוא שראיתם אותם ולא תוסיפו עוד:
For the Egyptians you have seen [this day]. [I.e.,] the fact that you have [now] seen them is only this day. This is the day that you saw them, but you will never again [see them].
יְהֹוָה יִלָּחֵם לָכֶם וְאַתֶּם תַּחֲרִשֽׁוּן׃ {פ}
Adonoy will fight for you, and you [must] remain silent.
Adonoy will fight for you, and you [must] remain silent.
Rashi
ה' ילחם לכם. בשבילכם, וכן כִּי ה' נִלְחָם לָהֶם, וכן אִם לָאֵל תְּרִיבוּן (איוב יג, ח), וכן וַאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לִי (בראשית כד, ז), וכן ה ַאַתֶּם תְּרִיבוּן לַבַּעַל (שופטים ו, לא):
Adonoy will fight for you [לָכֶם means:] for you. Similarly: “For Adonoy is fighting for them.” Similarly: “Will you argue for God?” Similarly: “And the one who spoke for me” Similarly: “Will you argue for the Ba’al”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה מַה־תִּצְעַק אֵלָי דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיִסָּֽעוּ׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Why do you cry to Me? Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Why do you cry to Me? Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on.
Rashi
מה תצעק אלי. למדנו, שהיה משה עומד ומתפלל, אמר לו הקב"ה, לא עת עתה להאריך בתפלה, שישראל נתונין בצרה. דבר אחר מה תצעק אלי, עלי הדבר תלוי ולא עליך, כמ"ש להלן, עַל בָּנַי וְעַל פֹּעַל יָדַי תְּצַוֻּנִי (ישעיה מה, יא):
Why do you cry to Me? [From this] we learn that Moshe was standing and praying [when] God said to him, “Now is not the time to pray at length, when Yisrael is in trouble.” An alternate explanation: “Why do you cry out? אֵלָי — This thing depends on Me, not on you.” [This is] similar to what is written elsewhere: “Concerning My sons and concerning My handiwork do you need to command Me?!”
דבר אל בני ישראל ויסעו. אין להם אלא ליסע, שאין הים עומד בפניהם, כדאי זכות אבותיהם, והם, והאמונה שהאמינו בי ויצאו, לקרוע להם הים (מכילתא פ"ג):
Speak to the B’nei Yisrael and let them move on. There is nothing for them to do but move on because the sea will not stand in their way. The merit of their ancestors as well as the trust they had in me, when they went out [of Egypt], is effective to split the sea for them.
וְאַתָּה הָרֵם אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ וּנְטֵה אֶת־יָדְךָ עַל־הַיָּם וּבְקָעֵהוּ וְיָבֹאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם בַּיַּבָּשָֽׁה׃
And you [do as follows], raise your staff and extend your hand over the sea and split it. The B’nei Yisrael will then come [across] in the midst of the sea on dry land.
And you [do as follows], raise your staff and extend your hand over the sea and split it. The B’nei Yisrael will then come [across] in the midst of the sea on dry land.
וַאֲנִי הִנְנִי מְחַזֵּק אֶת־לֵב מִצְרַיִם וְיָבֹאוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם וְאִכָּבְדָה בְּפַרְעֹה וּבְכׇל־חֵילוֹ בְּרִכְבּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו׃
I will harden the heart of the Egyptians and they will follow after them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army, his chariots and his cavalry.
I will harden the heart of the Egyptians and they will follow after them. I will be glorified through Pharaoh and his entire army, his chariots and his cavalry.
וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהֹוָה בְּהִכָּבְדִי בְּפַרְעֹה בְּרִכְבּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָֽׁיו׃
The Egyptians will know that I am Adonoy when I am glorified through Pharaoh, his chariots and cavalry.
The Egyptians will know that I am Adonoy when I am glorified through Pharaoh, his chariots and cavalry.
וַיִּסַּע מַלְאַךְ הָאֱלֹהִים הַהֹלֵךְ לִפְנֵי מַחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֵּלֶךְ מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶם וַיִּסַּע עַמּוּד הֶֽעָנָן מִפְּנֵיהֶם וַֽיַּעֲמֹד מֵאַחֲרֵיהֶֽם׃
The angel of Elohim moved [from its position] when it traveled in front of the camp of Israel, and went behind them. The pillar of cloud moved from in front of them and it stood behind them.
The angel of Elohim moved [from its position] when it traveled in front of the camp of Israel, and went behind them. The pillar of cloud moved from in front of them and it stood behind them.
Rashi
וילך מאחריהם. להבדיל בין מחנה מצרים ובין מחנה ישראל, ולקבל חצים וּבְלִיסְטְרָאוֹת של מצרים. בכל מקום הוא אומר מלאך ה', וכאן מלאך האלהים, אין אלהים בכל מקום אלא דין, מלמד שהיו ישראל נתונין בדין באותה שעה, אם להנצל אם להאבד עם מצרים:
And went behind them. To separate the Egyptian camp from the Israelite camp and to receive the arrows and the projectiles of the Egyptians. Everywhere else it says: “The angel of Adonoy” but here [it states] “The angel of Elokim.” “Elokim” wherever it occurs denotes only “judgment.” This teaches that Israel was placed in judgment at that moment, whether [they were worthy] to be saved or whether to be destroyed with the Egyptians.
ויסע עמוד הענן. כשחשיכה, והשלים עמוד הענן את המחנה לעמוד האש, לא נסתלק הענן כמו שהיה רגיל להסתלק ערבית לגמרי, אלא נסע והלך לו מאחריהם, להחשיך למצרים:
The pillar of cloud moved. After it became dark and the pillar of cloud completed its tour over the camp [and gave way] to the pillar of fire, the cloud was not removed as it was usually removed in the evening — completely, but, rather, it continued to move behind them to make it dark for the Egyptians.
וַיָּבֹא בֵּין ׀ מַחֲנֵה מִצְרַיִם וּבֵין מַחֲנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיְהִי הֶֽעָנָן וְהַחֹשֶׁךְ וַיָּאֶר אֶת־הַלָּיְלָה וְלֹא־קָרַב זֶה אֶל־זֶה כׇּל־הַלָּֽיְלָה׃
It came between the Egyptian camp and the camp of Yisrael. There was the cloud and darkness [for the Egyptians] and [the pillar of fire] lit up the night. The camps did not approach each other all that night.
It came between the Egyptian camp and the camp of Yisrael. There was the cloud and darkness [for the Egyptians] and [the pillar of fire] lit up the night. The camps did not approach each other all that night.
Rashi
ויבא בין מחנה מצרים. משל למהלך בדרך ובנו מהלך לפניו, באו לסטים לשבותו, נטלו מלפניו ונתנו לאחריו, בא זאב מאחריו, נתנו לפניו, באו לסטים לפניו וזאבים מאחריו, נתנו על זרועו ונלחם בהם. כך וְאָנֹכִי תִּרְגַּלְתִּי לְאֶפְרַיִם קָחָם עַל זְרֹועֹתָיו (הושע יא, ג):
It came between the Egyptian camp. This can be compared to a person on a journey, with his son walking ahead of him. If highway men would come to kidnap him (the son), he would take him from in front and place him behind. Then, if a wolf would come up from behind he would place him (the son) in front. If highway men would approach from the front and wolves from behind, he would place him on his arm and fight them. So, too, [did God do for the Israelites]: “I led Ephraim (Israel) — He took them upon His arms.”
ויהי הענן והחשך. למצרים:
There was the cloud and darkness — for the Egyptians.
ויאר. עמוד האש את הלילה לישראל, והלך לפניהם כדרכו ללכת כל הלילה, והחשך של ערפל לצד מצרים:
And lit up. [I.e.,] the pillar of fire [lit up] the night for the Israelites and moved in front of them, as was usual for it to travel all night, while the darkness of the cloud was turned toward the Egyptians.
ולא קרב זה אל זה. מחנה אל מחנה (מכילתא פ"ד):
They did not approach each other [I.e.,] one camp to another.
וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל־הַיָּם וַיּוֹלֶךְ יְהֹוָה ׀ אֶת־הַיָּם בְּרוּחַ קָדִים עַזָּה כׇּל־הַלַּיְלָה וַיָּשֶׂם אֶת־הַיָּם לֶחָרָבָה וַיִּבָּקְעוּ הַמָּֽיִם׃
Moshe extended his hand over the sea and Adonoy turned back the sea with a strong east wind [blowing] all through the night. He made the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided.
Moshe extended his hand over the sea and Adonoy turned back the sea with a strong east wind [blowing] all through the night. He made the sea into dry land, and the waters were divided.
Rashi
ברוח קדים עזה. ברוח קדים שהיא עזה שברוחות, הוא הרוח שהקב"ה נפרע בה מן הרשעים, שנאמר כְּרוּחַ קָדִים אֲפִיצֵם (ירמי' יח, יז), יָבֹא קָדִים רוּחַ ה' (הושע יג, טו), רוּחַ הַקָּדִים שְׁבָרֵךְ בְּלְב יַמִּים (יחזקאל כז, כו), הָגָה בְּרוּחֹו הַקָּשָׁה בְּיֹום קָדִים (ישעיה כז, ח):
With a strong east wind, בְּרוּחַ קָדִים עַזָּה — with an east wind, which is the strongest of all the winds. It is this wind with which God punishes the wicked as it is said: “I will disperse them with the east wind.” [or:] “And east wind will come — the wind of God.” [or:] “The east wind has shattered you in the heart of the seas.” [or:] “He removed with His strong wind on the day of the east wind.”
ויבקעו המים. כל מים שבעולם (מכילתא פ"ד):
And the waters were divided — all the waters of the world.
וַיָּבֹאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם בַּיַּבָּשָׁה וְהַמַּיִם לָהֶם חוֹמָה מִֽימִינָם וּמִשְּׂמֹאלָֽם׃
The B’nei Yisrael went into the midst of the sea on dry land. The waters were like a wall to them, to their right and to their left.
The B’nei Yisrael went into the midst of the sea on dry land. The waters were like a wall to them, to their right and to their left.
וַיִּרְדְּפוּ מִצְרַיִם וַיָּבֹאוּ אַחֲרֵיהֶם כֹּל סוּס פַּרְעֹה רִכְבּוֹ וּפָרָשָׁיו אֶל־תּוֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃
The Egyptians pursued and followed them—all of Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots and his cavalry—into the middle of the sea.
The Egyptians pursued and followed them—all of Pharaoh’s horses, his chariots and his cavalry—into the middle of the sea.
Rashi
כל סוס פרעה. וכי סוס אחד היה, אלא מגיד שאין כולם חשובין לפני המקום אלא כסוס אחד:
All of Pharaoh’s סוס horse(s). Was there only one horse?! This teaches us that all of them are considered before God as but one horse.
וַֽיְהִי בְּאַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר וַיַּשְׁקֵף יְהֹוָה אֶל־מַחֲנֵה מִצְרַיִם בְּעַמּוּד אֵשׁ וְעָנָן וַיָּהׇם אֵת מַחֲנֵה מִצְרָֽיִם׃
It was the morning watch [the end of the night] Adonoy gazed down at the Egyptians camp through the pillar of fire and cloud, and He caused panic in the Egyptian camp.
It was the morning watch [the end of the night] Adonoy gazed down at the Egyptians camp through the pillar of fire and cloud, and He caused panic in the Egyptian camp.
Rashi
באשמרת הבוקר. שלשת חלקי הלילה קרוין אשמורת, ואותה שלפני הבקר קורא אשמורת הבוקר (ברכות ג.). ואומר אני, לפי שהלילה חלוק למשמרות שיר של מלאכי השרת, כת אחר כת לשלשה חלקים, לכך קרוי אשמורת, וזהו שתרגם אונקלוס מַטְרַת:
The morning watch. The three parts of the night are called אַשְׁמוּרוֹת, and the one before the morning is called אַשְׁמֹרֶת הַבֹּקֶר — “The morning אַשְׁמֹרֶת .” It is my opinion that because the night is divided into watches for the song of the ministering angels, one group [of angels] after another, in three parts, therefore, it is called אַשְׁמוֹרֶת . It is for this reason that Onkelos translates it: מַטְּרַת — [meaning: a watch].
וישקף. ויבט, כלומר פנה אליהם להשחיתם. ותרגומו וְאִסְתְּכֵי, אף הוא לשון הבטה, כמו שְׂדֵה צֹפִים (במדבר כג, יד), לַחֲקַל סְכוּתָה:
Gazed down. [וַיַּשְׁקֵף means literally] he gazed; as if to say: He turned His attention to them to destroy them. Onkelos’ translation of it as: וְאִסְתְּכֵי, is also a term referring to gazing as in: “שְֹדֵה צֹפִים [which Onkelos translates as:] the field of the gazers.
בעמוד אש וענן. עמוד ענן יורד ועושה אותו כטיט, ועמוד אש מרתיחו, וטלפי סוסיהם משתמטות (מכילתא פ"ה):
Through the pillar of fire and cloud. The pillar of cloud descended and made it (the sea floor) like clay and the pillar of fire heated it up so that the horses’ hooves fell off.
ויהם. לשון מהומה, אשטורד"יטון בלע"זערבבם, נטל סִגְנָיוֹת שלהם. ושנינו בפרקי ר' אליעזר בנו של ר' יוסי הגלילי, כל מקום שנאמר בו מהומה, הרעשת קול הוא, וזה אב לכלן, וַיַּרְעֵם ה' בְּקֹול גָּדֹול וגו' עַל פְּלִשְׁתִּים וַיְהֻמֵּם (שמואל־א ז, י):
And He caused panic. [וַיָּהָם is derived from] the term מְהוּמָה — confusion, estordison, in Old French (tumult, confusion). He put them into a state of confusion; [i.e.] He took away their senses. We learned in the Chapters of R. Eliezer the son of R. Yose haGlili: wherever the term מְהוּמָה is used, it indicates a thunderous noise and the following is the forerunner of them all: “And God thundered with a great sound, etc. upon the Plishtim (וַיְהֻמֵּם) and threw them into confusion.”
וַיָּסַר אֵת אֹפַן מַרְכְּבֹתָיו וַֽיְנַהֲגֵהוּ בִּכְבֵדֻת וַיֹּאמֶר מִצְרַיִם אָנוּסָה מִפְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי יְהֹוָה נִלְחָם לָהֶם בְּמִצְרָֽיִם׃ {פ}
He removed the wheels of their chariots and made them move heavily [clumsily]. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee the [B’nei] Yisrael, for Adonoy is fighting for them against Egypt.”
He removed the wheels of their chariots and made them move heavily [clumsily]. The Egyptians said, “Let us flee the [B’nei] Yisrael, for Adonoy is fighting for them against Egypt.”
Rashi
ויסר את אופן מרכבותיו. מכח האש נשרפו הגלגלים, והמרכבות נגררות, והיושבים בהם נעים ואבריהן מתפרקין:
He removed the wheels of their chariots. As a result of the fire the wheels burnt up causing the chariots to be dragged and those who were sitting in them were thrown about causing their limbs to break apart.
וינהגהו בכבדות. בהנהגה שהיא כבדה וקשה להם, במדה שמדדו וַיַּכְבֵּד לִבֹּו הוּא וַעֲבָדָיו (שמות ט, לד), אף כאן וינהגהו בכבדות:
And made them move heavily. [He moved them] with a movement that was heavy and hard for them — in the same measure that they (Egypt) meted out. [Egypt acted thus:] “He hardened his heart, he and his servants;” here, too, “He treated them hard (harshly).”
נלחם להם במצרים. במצריים. דבר אחר במצרים, בארץ מצרים, שכשם שאלו לוקים על הים, כך לוקים אותם שנשארו במצרים:
Is fighting for them against Egypt. [בְּמִצְרַיִם means:] against the Egyptians. An alternate explanation of בְּמִצְרַיִם: — in the land of Egypt [viz.] that just as these are being struck on the sea, so, too, are those left in Egypt being struck.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה נְטֵה אֶת־יָדְךָ עַל־הַיָּם וְיָשֻׁבוּ הַמַּיִם עַל־מִצְרַיִם עַל־רִכְבּוֹ וְעַל־פָּרָשָֽׁיו׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand over the sea, and the water will come back over the Egyptians, [over] their chariots and their cavalry.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand over the sea, and the water will come back over the Egyptians, [over] their chariots and their cavalry.”
Rashi
וישובו המים. שזקופים ועומדים כחומה, ישובו למקומם ויכסו על מצרים:
And the water will come back. [The waters] that were standing erect as a wall will return to their place and cover the Egyptians.
וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל־הַיָּם וַיָּשׇׁב הַיָּם לִפְנוֹת בֹּקֶר לְאֵיתָנוֹ וּמִצְרַיִם נָסִים לִקְרָאתוֹ וַיְנַעֵר יְהֹוָה אֶת־מִצְרַיִם בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃
Moshe extended his hand over the sea, and, toward morning, the sea returned to its strength while the Egyptians were fleeing toward it. Adonoy overturned the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.
Moshe extended his hand over the sea, and, toward morning, the sea returned to its strength while the Egyptians were fleeing toward it. Adonoy overturned the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.
Rashi
לפנות בקר. לעת שהבוקר פונה לבא:
Toward morning. At the time that the morning turns to come.
לאיתנו. לתקפו הראשון:
To its strength. — to its original strength.
נסים לקראתו. שהיו מהוממים ומטורפים ורצין לקראת המים:
Were fleeing toward it. Because they were confused and in panic, they ran toward the waters.
וינער ה'. כאדם שמנער את הקדירה והופך העליון למטה והתחתון למעלה, כך היו עולין ויורדין ומשתברין בים, ונתן הקב"ה בהם חיות לקבל היסורין:
Adonoy overturned. As a person who stirs a pot and overturns that which is on top to the bottom and that which is at the bottom to the top, so, too, did they (the Egyptians) go up and down and were broken apart in the sea; and God kept them alive so that they receive the pain [longer].
וינער. וְשַׁנִּיק, והוא לשון טרוף בלשון ארמי. והרבה יש במדרש אגדה:
Stirred. [Onkelos translates it:] וְשַׁנֵּיק which is a term meaning to stir in Aramaic. There are many such usages in Midrash Aggadah.
וַיָּשֻׁבוּ הַמַּיִם וַיְכַסּוּ אֶת־הָרֶכֶב וְאֶת־הַפָּרָשִׁים לְכֹל חֵיל פַּרְעֹה הַבָּאִים אַחֲרֵיהֶם בַּיָּם לֹֽא־נִשְׁאַר בָּהֶם עַד־אֶחָֽד׃
The waters returned and covered the chariots, and the cavalry, including Pharaoh’s entire army which had followed them into the sea. Not one of them remained [alive].
The waters returned and covered the chariots, and the cavalry, including Pharaoh’s entire army which had followed them into the sea. Not one of them remained [alive].
Rashi
ויכסו את הרכב וגו' לכל חיל פרעה. כך דרך המקראות לכתוב למ"ד יתירה, כמו לְכָל כֵּלָיו תַּעֲשֶׂה נְחשֶׁת (שמות כז, ג), וכן לְכֹל כְּלֵי הַמִּשְׁכָּן, בְּכֹל עֲבֹדָתֹו (שם יט), וְיתֵדֹתָם וּמֵיתְרֵיהֶם לְכָל כְּלֵיהֶם, ואינה אלא תקון לשון:
They covered the chariots, etc. including Pharaoh’s entire army. This is usual for [Biblical] verses to write a redundant למ"ד as in: “(לְכָל all its vessels you shall make of copper.” Similarly: “(לְכֹל) all the vessels of the Mishkon in all its service.” [or:] “and their pegs and their ropes (לְכָל) and all their vessels.” This is done only for the purpose of style.
וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָלְכוּ בַיַּבָּשָׁה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּם וְהַמַּיִם לָהֶם חֹמָה מִֽימִינָם וּמִשְּׂמֹאלָֽם׃
The B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea. For them the waters were a wall to their right and to their left.
The B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea. For them the waters were a wall to their right and to their left.
וַיּוֹשַׁע יְהֹוָה בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּד מִצְרָיִם וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־מִצְרַיִם מֵת עַל־שְׂפַת הַיָּֽם׃
On that day Adonoy delivered [B’nei] Yisrael from the hand of Egypt. [B’nei] Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.
On that day Adonoy delivered [B’nei] Yisrael from the hand of Egypt. [B’nei] Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead on the seashore.
Rashi
וירא ישראל את מצרים מת. שפלטן הים על שפתו, כדי שלא יאמרו ישראל, כשם שאנו עולים מצד זה, כך הם עולין מצד אחר רחוק ממנו, וירדפו אחרינו:
Yisrael saw the Egyptians dead. — because the sea expelled them (the Egyptians) onto its shore, so that Yisrael would not say: “Just as we are coming up from this side so, too, are they coming up from the other side, at a distance from us and they will pursue us.”
וַיַּרְא יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַיָּד הַגְּדֹלָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה בְּמִצְרַיִם וַיִּֽירְאוּ הָעָם אֶת־יְהֹוָה וַֽיַּאֲמִינוּ בַּֽיהֹוָה וּבְמֹשֶׁה עַבְדּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
[B’nei] Yisrael saw the great hand which Adonoy wielded against Egypt. The people feared Adonoy, and believed in Adonoy and [that] Moshe [was] His servant.
[B’nei] Yisrael saw the great hand which Adonoy wielded against Egypt. The people feared Adonoy, and believed in Adonoy and [that] Moshe [was] His servant.
Rashi
את היד הגדולה. את הגבורה הגדולה שעשתה ידו של הקב"ה. והרבה לשונות נופלין על לשון יד, וכולן לשון יד ממש הן, והמפרשו יתקן הלשון אחר ענין הדבור:
The great hand. [Meaning:] the great power which was effected by the hand of God. There are many meanings that fit the term יָד, and they all signify the actual hand and the one explaining it should fit the meaning according to the context.
Shemot 15
אָז יָשִֽׁיר־מֹשֶׁה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַשִּׁירָה הַזֹּאת לַֽיהֹוָה וַיֹּאמְרוּ לֵאמֹר אָשִׁירָה לַֽיהֹוָה כִּֽי־גָאֹה גָּאָה סוּס וְרֹכְבוֹ רָמָה בַיָּֽם׃
Then Moshe and the B’nei Yisrael sang this song to Adonoy and they said, I will sing to Adonoy for He is most high, horse and its rider He threw into the sea.
Then Moshe and the B’nei Yisrael sang this song to Adonoy and they said, I will sing to Adonoy for He is most high, horse and its rider He threw into the sea.
Rashi
אז ישיר משה. אז כשראה הנס, עלה בלבו שישיר שירה. וכן אָז יְדַבֵּר יְהֹושֻׁעַ (יהושע י, יב). וכן וּבַיִת יַעֲשֶׂה לְבַת פַּרְעֹה (מלכים־א ז, ח), חשב בלבו שיעשה לה. אף כאן ישיר, אמר לו לבו שישיר, וכן עשה, ויאמרו לאמר אשירה לה'. וכן ביהושע כשראה הנס, אמר לו לבו שידבר, וכן עשה, וַיֹּאמֶר לְעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. וכן שירת הבאר, שפתח בה אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל (במדבר כא, יז), פירש אחריו עֲלִי בְאֵר עֱנוּ לָהּ. אָז יִבְנֶה שְׁלֹמֹה בָּמָה (מלכים־א יא, ז), פירשו בו חכמי ישראל שבקש לבנות ולא בנה, למדנו שהיו"ד על שם המחשבה נאמרה, זהו ליישב פשוטו. אבל מדרשו אמרו רז"ל, מכאן רמז לתחיית המתים מן התורה, וכן בכלן, חוץ משל שלמה שפירשוהו בקש לבנות ולא בנה. ואין לומר וליישב לשון הזה כשאר דברים הנכתבים בלשון עתיד והן מיד, כגון כָּכָה יַעֲשֶׂה אִיֹּוב (איוב א, ה), עַל פִּי ה' יַחֲנוּ (במדבר ט, כג), וְיֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה הֶעָנָן, לפי שהן דבר ההווה תמיד, ונופל בו בין לשון עתיד ובין לשון עבר, אבל זה שלא היה אלא לשעה, אינו יכול לישבו בלשון הזה:
Then Moshe sang. [I.e.,] Then, when Moshe saw the miracle, it entered his mind (שֶׁיָּשִׁיר) to sing a song. Similarly: “Then יְדַבֵּר Yehoshua.” Similarly: “And a house יַעֲשֶׂה for Pharaoh’s daughter,” [meaning:] he thought in his heart to make it for her. Here, too, יָשִׁיר [means] his heart told him that he should sing, and he did so [as is immediately added:] “וַיֹּאמְרוּ לֵאמֹר and they said, ‘I will sing to Adonoy’” Similarly in the case of Yehoshua — when he saw the miracle, his heart told him to speak, and he did so [as it says:] “And he said before the eyes of Israel.” This also applies to the Song of the Well, which begins with: אָז יָשִׁיר יִשְׂרָאֵל it explicitly states afterwards: “Come up, you Well — sing to it” [similarly:] אָז יִבְנֶה שְׁלֹמֹה בָּמָה, which the Sages of Israel explained that he wanted to build [an altar for an idol] but he did not [actually] build one. We learn from this that the prefix letter י' is used to express intention. All of the above is to satisfy [the verse’s] plain meaning. However, its midrashic explanation: Our Sages, of blessed memory, said: From here we derive an allusion that the resurrection of the dead [has its source] in Scripture. This applies to all [the examples cited] except for the one regarding Shlomo which they explained “he intended to build but did not build.” One cannot say and explain this usage the same way as other things written in the future tense and, yet, referring to the present; for example: “Thus (יַעֲשֶׂה) is Iyov doing” [or:] “At the command of God (יַחֲנוּ) they encamp” [or:] “Sometimes the cloud is [on the Mishkon].” This is because they are things that were continuously happening and they can accept both future and past. But this (יָשִׁיר and the other examples) which was only a one-time occurrence cannot be explained in these terms.
כי גאה גאה. כתרגומו. (דבר אחר, בא הכפל לומר שעשה דבר שאי אפשר לבשר ודם לעשות, כשהוא נלחם בחבירו ומתגבר עליו, מפילו מן הסוס, וכאן סוס ורוכבו רמה בים, וכל שאי אפשר לעשות על ידי זולתו נופל בו לשון גאות, כמו כי גֵּאוּת עָשָׂה (ישעיה יב, ה), וכן כל השירה תמצא כפולה, עזי וזמרת יה ויהי לי לישועה, ה' איש מלחמה ה' שמו, וכן כולם. ברש"י ישן). דבר אחר כי גאה גאה, על כל השירות וכל מה שאקלס בו, עוד יש בו תוספת, ולא כמדת בשר ודם, שמקלסין אותו ואין בו:
For He is most high. גָּאֹה גָּאָה is as Onkelos translates it. (An alternate explanation: The repetition [of גָאֹה גָּאָה] intends to convey that He did something that is impossible for a human to do. When he (the human) fights against his fellow man and overpowers him, he will throw him from his horse, whereas, here: “The horse and its rider he threw into the sea.” And regarding anything that cannot be done by anyone else [except Him], the correct expression is גֵאוּת (גָאָה) as in: “For (גֵאוּת) gloriously has He done.” Similarly, everywhere in the Shira you will find repetitive expressions, [e.g.,] “the strength and retribution of God was the cause of my deliverance.” [or:] “Adonoy is the master of war Adonoy is His name.” And so on [in the rest of the verses]. — From an old Rashi manuscript) Another explanation: For He is most high, He transcends all songs. and as much as I may praise him, there is still more in Him [to be praised] and not like a king of flesh and blood who is praised and does not possess [those attributes].
סוס ורכבו. שניהם קשורים זה בזה, והמים מעלין אותם לרום ומורידין אותם לעומק ואינן נפרדין:
Horse and its rider — both tied to each other and the water brought them up high and then threw them to the depths and, yet, they did not come apart.
רמה. השליך, וכן וּרְמִיו לְגֹוא אַתּוּן נוּרָא (דניאל ג, כא). ומדרש אגדה, כתוב אחד אומר רמה, וכתוב אחד אומר ירה, מלמד שהיו עולין לרום ויורדין לתהום, כמו מִי יָרָה אֶבֶן פִּנָּתָהּ (איוב לח, ו), מלמעלה למטה:
He threw. [רָמָה means] He threw. Similarly: “(וּרְמִיו) They were thrown into a burning furnace.” There is a Midrash Aggada: One verse states רָמָה — thrown upwards, whereas another verse states יָרָה — thrown downwards. This teaches that they went up to the heights and went down to the abyss; as in: “who (יָרָה) threw down the cornerstone?” — from above to below.
עׇזִּי וְזִמְרָת יָהּ וַֽיְהִי־לִי לִֽישׁוּעָה זֶה אֵלִי וְאַנְוֵהוּ אֱלֹהֵי אָבִי וַאֲרֹמְמֶֽנְהוּ׃
The strength and retribution of God was the cause of my deliverance. This is my Almighty and I will glorify Him; the God of my father and I will exalt Him.
The strength and retribution of God was the cause of my deliverance. This is my Almighty and I will glorify Him; the God of my father and I will exalt Him.
Rashi
עזי וזמרת יה. אונקלוס תרגם תּוֹקְפִי וְתֻשְׁבַּחְתִּי, עזי כמו עזי בשור"ק, וזמרת כמו וזמרתי, ואני תמה על לשון המקרא, שאין לך כמוהו בנקודתו במקרא, אלא בשלשה מקומות שהוא סמוך אצל וזמרת, וכל שאר מקומות נקוד שור"ק, ה' עֻזִּי וּמָעֻזִּי (ירמיה טז, יט), עֻזֹּו אֵלֶיךָ אֶשְׁמֹרָה (תהלים נט, י), וכן כל תיבה בת שתי אותיות הנקודה מלאפו"ם, כשהיא מארכת באות שלישית ואין השניה (בשו"א) בחטף, הראשונה נקודה בשור"ק, כגון עז עזי, רוק רוקי, חק חקי, על עולו, יסור עולו, כל כלו, ושלישים על כלו. ואלו שלשה עזי וזמרת, של כאן ושל ישעיה ושל תהלים, נקודה בחטף קמ"ץ, ועוד אין באחד מהם כתוב וזמרתי, אלא וזמרת, וכלם סמוך להם ויהי לי לישועה. לכך אני אומר ליישב לשון המקרא, שאין עזי כמו עוזי, ולא וזמרת כמו וזמרתי, אלא עזי שם דבר הוא, כמו הַיֹּשְבִי בַּשָּׁמָיִם (שם קכג, א), שֹׁכְנִי בְחַגְוִי סֶלַע (עובדיה א, ג), שֹׁכְנִי סְנֶה (דברים לג, טז). וזהו השבח, עזי וזמרת יה, הוא היה לי לישועה, וזמרת דבוק הוא לתיבת ה', כמו לְעֶזְרַת ה' (שופטים ה, כג), בְּעֶבְרַת ה' (ישעיה ט, יח), עַל דִּבְרַת בְּנֵי הָאָדָם (קהלת ג, יח). ולשון וזמרת, לשון לֹא תִזְמֹור (ויקרא כה, ד), זְמִיר עָרִיצִים (ישעיה כה, ה), לשון כסוח וכריתה, עוזו ונקמתו של אלהינו היה לנו לישועה. ואל תתמה על לשון ויהי, שלא נאמר היה, שיש לנו מקראות מדברים בלשון זה, וזה דוגמתו, אֶת קִירֹות הַבַּיִת סָבִיב לַהֵיכָל וְלַדְּבִיר וַיַעֲשׂ צְלָעֹות סָבִיב (מלכים־א ו, ה), היה לו לומר עשה צלעות סביב. וכן וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הַיֹשְבִים בְּעָרֵי יְהוּדָה וַיִמְלֹךְ עֲלֵיהֶם רְחַבְעָם (דברי הימים־ב י, יז), היה לו לומר מלך עליהם רחבעם. מִבִּלְתִּי יְכֹלֶת ה' וגו' וַישְׁחָטֵם (במדבר יד, טז), היה לו לומר שחטם. וְהָאֲנָשִׁים אֲשֶׁר שָׁלַח משֶׁה וגו' וַיָמֻתוּ (שם לו—לז), מתו היה לו לומר. וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא שָׂם לִבֹּו אֶל דְּבַר ה' וַיַּעֲזֹב (שמות ט, כא), היה לו לומר עזב:
The strength and retribution of God. Onkelos translates [עָזִי וְזִמְרָת as:] “my might and my praise,” עָזִי being the same as עֻזִי, vocalized with a shuruk and וְזִמְרָת being the same as וְזִמְרָתִי . But I wonder at the wording of the verse for there is none vocalized like it in Scripture, except in three places where it is placed next to “וְזִמְרָת,” whereas, everywhere else it is vocalized with a shuruk, [e.g.] ה' עֻזִּי וּמָעֻזִּי [or:] עֻזּוֹ אֵלֶיךָ אֶשְׁמֹרָה . Similarly, every two-letter word that is vocalized with a malopum (cholam), when it is extended by a third [suffix] letter, and the second one is not a sheva or chatef, then the first [letter] is vocalized with a shuruk: For example: [The word] עֹז [becomes] עֻזִּי, [the word] רֹק [becomes] רֻקִּי חֹק [becomes] חֻקִּי, עֹל [becomes] עֻלּוֹ [e.g.] “יָסוּר עוּלּוֹ,” כֹּל [becomes] כֻּלֹוֹ [e.g.] וְשָׁלִישִׁים עַל כֻּלּוֹ . But [in] these three — עָזִי וְזִמְרָת which appears here, and the one in Yeshaiyahu (12, 2) and the one in Tehillim (118, 14) — [the letter ע'] is vocalized with a short kamatz. And furthermore in none of them is it written וְזִמְרָתִי, but וְזִמְרָת and they are all followed by וַיְהִי לִי לִישׁוּעָה Therefore, I say, so that the wording of the text fit, that עָזִּי does not mean the same as עֻזִּי nor does וְזִמְרָת mean the same as וְזִמְרָתִי, but, rather, עָזִי is a noun as in: “הַיּשְׁבִי (the One Who dwells) in the heavens,” [or:] “שֹׁכְנִי (the one who dwells) in the cracks of the rock,” [or:] “שֹׁכְנִי (the one who dwells) in the bush.” And the following is the praise [conveyed here]: “The עֹז and the זִמְרָה of God were a deliverance for me,” and וְזִמְרָת is in the construct to the word ה', as in: לְעֶזְרַת ה' — “to the help of God,” [or:] בְּעֶבְרַת ה' — “by the anger of God,” [or:] עַל דִּבְּרַת בְּנֵי הָאָדָם — “because of the speech of men.” The word וְזִמְרָת is from the same root as “לֹא תִזְמוֹר” [or:] “זְמִיר עָרִיצִים” — “The cutting down of the evil ones” [זְמִיר] being a term for mowing down and cutting off. [Thus the meaning here is] “The strength and retribution of our God was a deliverance for us.” Do not wonder about the use of וַיְהִי (lit. “it will be”) that it does not say הָיָה (“it was”), for there are verses that express themselves in this way, and the following is an example: “around the walls of the house, for the Temple and the Holy of Holies, (וַיַּעַשׂ) he made side-structures all around,” where it should have said עָשָׂה [instead of וַיַּעַשׂ]. Similarly in Divrei Hayomim: “And [as for] the B’nei Yisrael who dwelt in the Judean cities, Rechavom וַיִּמְלֹך (reigned) over them,” where it should have said מָלַךְ עַלֵיהֶם רְחַבְעָם [instead of וַיִּמְלֹךְ]. [Or:] “Due to the inability of God, etc. He slaughtered them, where it should have said שְׁחָטָם [instead of וַיִּשְׁחָטֵם]; [Or:] “And the men that Moshe sent, etc. (וַיָּמֻתוּ) died,” where it should have said מֵתוּ [instead of וַיָּמֻתוּ]; [Or:] “Whoever paid no heed to the word of God. (וַיַּעֲזֹב) left [his cattle, etc.],” where it should have said עָזַב [instead of וַיַּעֲזֹב].
זה אלי. בכבודו נגלה עליהם והיו מראין אותו באצבע, ראתה שפחה על הים מה שלא ראו נביאים:
This is my Almighty. With his glory (His very Self) did He reveal Himself to them and they pointed at Him with a finger. A handmaiden saw at the Sea what even the prophets could not see.
ואנוהו. אונקלוס תרגם לשון נוה, נָוֶה שַׁאֲנָן (ישעיה לג, כ), לִנְוֵה צֹאן (שם סה, י). דבר אחר ואנוהו, לשון נוי, אספר נויו ושבחו לבאי עולם, כגון מַה דֹּודֵךְ מִדֹּוד, דֹּודִי צַח וְאָדֹום (שיר השירים ה, ט—י), וכל הענין:
And I will glorify Him. Onkelos translates it (וְאַנְוֵהוּ) from the term נָוֶה [from:] “נָוֶה שַׁאֲנָן” — “peaceful dwelling,” [or:] לִנְוֵה צֹאן — “A dwelling for sheep.” An alternate explanation: וְאַנְוֵהוּ denotes נוֹי — beauty [and וְאַנְוֵהוּ means] I will relate His splendor and praise to the inhabitants of the world. For example: [The nations ask Israel:] “What is your beloved more than any other beloved, etc.,” “My Beloved is white and ruddy” and [all the praises of God expressed] in that section.
אלהי אבי. הוא זה, וארוממנהו. אלהי אבי, לא אני תחלת הקדושה, אלא מוחזקת ועומדת לי הקדושה, ואלהותו עלי מימי אבותי:
The God of my father — is this, and I will exalt Him. The God of my father. I am not the first to hallow Him but [this concept] has been held and has remained with me — this holiness and Godliness over me — from the days of my fathers.
יְהֹוָה אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה יְהֹוָה שְׁמֽוֹ׃
Adonoy is the master of war, Adonoy is His Name.
Adonoy is the master of war, Adonoy is His Name.
Rashi
ה' איש מלחמה. בעל מלחמה, כמו אִישׁ נָעֳמִי (רות א, ג), וכל איש ואישך מתורגמין בעל, וכן וְחָזַקְתָּ וְהָיִיתָ לְאִישׁ (מלכים־א ב, ב), לגבור:
Adonoy is the master of war. [אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה means] master of war as in אִישׁ נָעֳמִי — “the master (husband) of Naomi.” Wherever אִישׁ or אִישִׁי, or אִישֵׁךְ [appear] they are translated by Targum as “master of.” Similarly: “Be strong and be an אִישׁ” [לְאִישׁ having the same meaning as] לְגִבּוֹר .
ה' שמו. מלחמותיו לא בכלי זיין, אלא בשמו הוא נלחם, כמו שאמר דוד וְאָנֹכִי בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּשֵׁם ה' צְבָאֹות (שמואל־א יז, מה). דבר אחר ה' שמו, אף בשעה שהוא נלחם ונוקם מאויביו, אוחז הוא במדתו לרחם על ברואיו ולזון את כל באי עולם, ולא כמדת מלכי אדמה, כשהוא עוסק במלחמה פונה עצמו מכל עסקים, ואין בו כח לעשות זו וזו:
Adonoy is His Name. He does not conduct His wars with weapons but, rather, He wages war with His Name, as David said (to Goliath): “I come against you in the Name of Adonoy of Hosts.” An alternate explanation of ה' שְׁמוֹ: Even while He wages war he retains His attribute [expressed by “יהוה”] to be compassionate to His creatures by feeding all the inhabitants of the world; not as is the practice of earthly kings that when he is occupied by war he turns away from all his other functions and does not have the power to do both.
מַרְכְּבֹת פַּרְעֹה וְחֵילוֹ יָרָה בַיָּם וּמִבְחַר שָֽׁלִשָׁיו טֻבְּעוּ בְיַם־סֽוּף׃
Pharaoh’s chariots and army He hurled into the sea; his elite officers were sunk in the Reed Sea.
Pharaoh’s chariots and army He hurled into the sea; his elite officers were sunk in the Reed Sea.
Rashi
ירה בים. שַׁדִּי בְיַמָּא, שדי לשון ירייה. וכן הוא אומר אֹו יָרֹה יִיָּרֶה (שמות יט, יג), או אִשְׁתְּדָאָה אִישְׁתְּדֵי, והתי"ו משתמש באלו במקום התפעל:
He hurled into the sea. [יָרָה בַיָּם is translated by Onkelos:] שַׁדִּי בְיַמָּא, שַׁדִִּי having the meaning of hurling. Similarly it says: אוֹ יָרֹה יִיָּרֶה, where Onkelos translates it אוֹ אִשְׁתְּדָאָה יִשְׁתְּדִי (from שְׁדִי), and the letter ת' is used in these words (אִשְׁתְּדָאָה יִשְׁתְּדִי in place of (i.e., indicating) the יִתְפְַַּל (reflexive) form.
ומבחר. שם דבר, כמו מרכב, משכב, מקרא קדש:
Elite. [וּמִבְחַר] is a noun [having the same form] as מֶרְכָּב, מִשְׁכָּב and מִקְרָא קֹדֶשׁ .
טבעו. אין טביעה אלא במקום טיט, כמו טָבַעְתִּי בִּיוֵן מְצוּלָה (תהלים סט, ג), וַיִּטְבַּע יִרְמְיָהוּ בַּטִּיט (ירמיה לח, ו. — מכילתא פ"ד). מלמד שנעשה הים טיט, לגמול להם כמדתם ששעבדו את ישראל בחומר ובלבנים:
Were sunk. The term טְבִיעָה always denotes sinking in a muddy place, as in “טָבַעְתִּי I am sunk in muddy depths.” [or:] “Yirmiyahu (וַיִּטְבַּע) sank in the mud.” This indicates that the sea turned to mud to pay them (the Egyptians) back in kind, for they had subjugated Yisrael with mortar (mud) and with bricks.
תְּהֹמֹת יְכַסְיֻמוּ יָרְדוּ בִמְצוֹלֹת כְּמוֹ־אָֽבֶן׃
The depths covered them, they sank into the shadowy depths like stone.
The depths covered them, they sank into the shadowy depths like stone.
Rashi
יכסימו. כמו יכסום, והיו"ד האמצעית יתירה בו, ודרך מקראות בכך, כמו וּבְקָרְךָ וְצֹאנְךָ יִרְבְּיֻן (דברים ח, יד), יִרְוְיֻן מִדֶּשֶׁן בֵּיתֶך (תהלים לו, ט), והיו"ד ראשונה שמשמעה לשון עתיד, כך פרשוהו, טבעו בים סוף כדי שיחזרו המים ויכסו אותן. יכסיומו, אין דומה לו במקרא בנקודתו, ודרכו להיות בנקודתו יכסיומו במלא"פום (גם כאן מוכח להיות חולם כמ"ש):
Covered them. יְכַסְיֻמוּ is the same as יְכַסוּם with the middle letter י' being extra. This is usual in the verses [of Scripture]; as in: “Your cattle and sheep (יִרְבְּיֻן) will increase,” [or:] “(יִרְוְיֻן) They will be satiated from the abundance of Your House.” The first letter י' [of יְכַסְיֻמוּ], which denotes the future tense, is explained as follows: They sank in the Reed Sea so that the water should return and cover them. יְכַסְיֻמוּ has no similar vocalization in Scripture, and is normally vocalized יְכַסְיֻמוֹ with a melopum (cholam).
כמו אבן. ובמקום אחר צללו כעופרת, ובמקום אחר יאכלמו כקש, הרשעים כקש, הולכים ומטורפין עולין ויורדין. בינונים כאבן, והכשרים כעופרת, שנחו מיד:
Like stone. Elsewhere it says: “They sank like lead” and elsewhere it says: “consumed them like straw.” [This is because] the wicked ones were like straw being continuously scrambled as they were thrown up and down. Those who were average were like stone, and the relatively righteous were like lead and came to their rest immediately.
יְמִֽינְךָ יְהֹוָה נֶאְדָּרִי בַּכֹּחַ יְמִֽינְךָ יְהֹוָה תִּרְעַץ אוֹיֵֽב׃
Your right hand Adonoy, is adorned with power, Your right hand Adonoy, crushes the enemy.
Your right hand Adonoy, is adorned with power, Your right hand Adonoy, crushes the enemy.
Rashi
ימינך. ימינך. שני פעמים, כשישראל עושין רצונו של מקום השמאל נעשית ימין:
Your right hand, Your right hand. Twice! When Israel does God’s will the left hand, too, becomes a right hand.
ימינך ה' נאדרי בכח. להציל את ישראל, וימינך השנית תרעץ אויב. ולי נראה, אותה ימין עצמה תרעץ אויב, מה שאי אפשר לאדם לעשות שתי מלאכות ביד אחת. ופשוטו של מקרא, ימינך הנאדרת בכח מה מלאכתה, ימינך, היא תרעץ אויב, וכמה מקראות דוגמתו, כִּי הִנֵּה אֹיְבֶיך ה' כִּי הִנְּה אֹיְבֶיךָ יֹאבֵדוּ (תהלים צב, י), עַד מָתַי רְשָׁעִים ה' עַד מָתַי רְשָׁעִים יַעֲלֹזוּ (שם צד, ג), נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרֹות ה' נָשְׂאוּ נְהָרֹות קֹולָם (שם צג, ג), לֹא לָנוּ ה' ל ֹא לָנוּ (שם קטו, א), אֶעֱנֶה נְאֻם ה' אֶעֱנֶה אֶת הַשָּׁמָּיִם (הושע ב, כג), אָנֹכִי לַה' אָנֹכִי אָשִׁירָה (שופטים ה, ג), לוּלֵי ה' וגו' לוּלֵי ה' שֶׁהָיָה לָנוּ בְּקוּם עָלֵינוּ אָדָם (תהלים קכד, א—ב), עוּרִי עוּרִי דְּבֹורָה עוּרִי עוּרִי דַּבְּרִי שִׁיר (שופטים ה, יב), תִּרְמְסֶנָּה רָגֶל רַגְלֵי עָנִי (ישעיה כו, ו), וְנָתַן אַרְצָם לְנַחֲלָה נַחֲלָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל עַבְדֹּו (תהלים קלו, כא—כב):
Your right hand, Adonoy, is adorned with power — in order to save Yisrael, while Your other right hand crushes the enemy. However, to me it seems [that the second יִמִינְךָ means] that very same right hand crushes the enemy, which is something impossible for a human — to do two acts with one hand. However, the plain meaning of the verse is: “Your right hand, which is adorned with power.” What is its function? “Your right hand crushes the enemy.” There are many verses that are like it. “For behold, Your enemies, Adonoy, for behold Your enemies shall perish.” [or:] “How long shall the wicked ones, Adonoy, till when will the wicked ones exult?” [or:] “The rivers have raised Adonoy, the rivers have raised their voice.” [or:] “Not for our sake, Adonoy, not for our sake.” “‘I will respond,’ says Adonoy, ‘I will respond to the heavens.’” [or:] “I to Adonoy, I will sing.” [or:] “Had it not been for Adonoy ... had it not been for Adonoy, who was with us when man rose up against us.” [or:] “Awaken! awaken! Devorah, Awaken! Awaken! sing a song!” [or:] “A foot shall trample her, the foot of a pauper.” [or:] “He gave their land as an inheritance, an inheritance to Israel, His people,” and their like.
נאדרי. היו"ד יתירה, כמו רַבָּתִי עָם, שָׂרָתִי בַּמְּדִינֹות (איכה א, א), גְּנֻבְתִי יֹום (בראשית לא, לט):
Adorned. The letter י' is extra as in “(רַבָּתִי) full of people,” [or:] “(שָׂרָתִי) the princess among countries, [or:] “(גְּנֻבְתִי) stolen during the day.”
תרעץ אויב. תמיד היא רועצת ומשברת האויב, ודומה לו וַיִּרְעֲצוּ וַיְרֹצְצוּ את בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, בשופטים (י, ח). (דבר אחר, ימינך הנאדרת בכח היא משברת ומלקה אויב):
Crushes the enemy. It is constantly crushing and breaking the enemy. Similar to this (the use of רְעַץ to mean to crush) is: “(וַיִּרְעֲצוּ) They crushed and shattered the B’nei Yisrael” in the Book of Shoftim (10, 8). (An alternate explanation: “Your hand that is adorned with power is the one that breaks and strikes the enemy. [This is connected to the next verse as follows:]
וּבְרֹב גְּאוֹנְךָ תַּהֲרֹס קָמֶיךָ תְּשַׁלַּח חֲרֹנְךָ יֹאכְלֵמוֹ כַּקַּֽשׁ׃
In Your great majesty, You destroy Your opponents; You send forth Your fury, it consumes them like straw.
In Your great majesty, You destroy Your opponents; You send forth Your fury, it consumes them like straw.
Rashi
וברב גאונך. אם היד בלבד רועצת האויב, כשהוא מרימה ברוב גאונו אז יהרוס קמיו, ואם ברוב גאונו לבד אויביו נהרסים, ק"ו כששלח בם חרון אף יאכלמו:
In Your great majesty. If the hand alone crushes the enemy, then when He raises it in His great majesty, He will destroy His opponents. And if in His great majesty alone His opponents are destroyed then, certainly, when He sends forth His fury, it will consume them.)
תהרס. תמיד אתה הורס קָמֶיךָ הקמים נגדך, ומי הם הקמים כנגדו, אלו הקמים על ישראל, וכן הוא אומר, כִּי הִנֵּה אֹויְבֶיךָ יֶהֶמָיוּן (תהלים פג, ג), ומה היא ההמיה, עַל עַמְּךָ יַעֲרִימוּ סֹוד (שם שם, ד), ועל זה קורא אותם אויביו של מקום:
You destroy. You constantly destroy your opponents, (קָמֶיךָ) those who stand up against You. Who are considered those who stand up against Him? It is those who stand up against Yisrael. Similarly, it says: “For behold your enemies are in an uproar —” and what is this uproar? — “against your people they plot deceitfully,” and it is for this that they are called “enemies of God.”
וּבְרוּחַ אַפֶּיךָ נֶעֶרְמוּ מַיִם נִצְּבוּ כְמוֹ־נֵד נֹזְלִים קָֽפְאוּ תְהֹמֹת בְּלֶב־יָֽם׃
Through the wind [breath] of Your nostrils, the waters were heaped up, flowing water stood like a wall; the deep waters congealed in the heart of the sea.
Through the wind [breath] of Your nostrils, the waters were heaped up, flowing water stood like a wall; the deep waters congealed in the heart of the sea.
Rashi
וברוח אפיך. היוצא משני נחירים של אף, דִּבֵּר הכתוב כביכול בשכינה דוגמת מלך בשר ודם, כדי להשמיע אוזן הבריות כפי ההוה, שיוכלו להבין דבר. כשאדם כועס יוצא רוח מנחיריו, וכן עָלָה עָשָׁן בְּאַפֹּו (תהלים יח, ט), וכן וּמְרוּחַ אַפֹּו יִכְלוּ (איוב ד, ט), וזהו שאמר לְמַעַן שְׁמִי אַאֲרִיךְ אַפִּי (ישעיה מח, ט), כשזעפו נחה נשימתו ארוכה, וכשהוא כועס נשימתו קצרה. וּתְהִלָּתִי אֶחֱטָם לָךְ (שם), ולמען תהלתי אשים חטם באפי, לסתום נחירי בפני האף והרוח שלא יצאו. לך, בשבילך. אחטם, כמו נאקה בחטם, במסכת שבת (נא:), כך נראה בעיני. וכל אף וחרון שבמקרא אני אומר כן, חרה אף, כמו וְעַצְמִי חָרָה מִנִּי חֹרֶב (איוב ל, ל), לשון שרפה ומוקד, שהנחירים מתחממים ונחרים בעת הקצף וחרון, מגזרת חרה, כמו רצון מגזרת רצה, וכן חמה לשון חמימות, על כן הוא אומר וַחֲמָתֹו בָּעֲרָה בֹו (אסתר א, יג), ובנוח החמה אומר, נתקררה דעתו:
The wind of Your nostrils. The wind that comes out of the two nostrils. The verse speaks — as if this were possible — regarding God, as if compared to a human king, in order to attune the ears of people in accordance with [their own] experience so that they might understand the matter. When a person becomes angry breath [furiously] comes from his nostrils. Similarly: “Smoke arose from His nostrils.” Similarly: “By the breath of His nostril are they consumed.” This is meant by Scripture’s saying: “For the sake of My Name I will lengthen My breath.” When one’s anger is calmed, his breath is longer, but when he is angry his breath is short. [The verse there continues] וּתְהִילָּתִי אֶחֱטָם לָךְ [which means] “For the sake of My praise, I will place a nose-ring in My nose in order to close up My nostrils against the anger and the breath so that they not come out.: לָךְ [here means] for your sake. אֶחֱטָם [has the same meaning as:] נְאָקָהּ בַּחֲטָם which is found in Maseches Shabbos This is what it seems to me. Whenever אַף and חָרוֹן are joined together in Scripture I say that the following is the explanation: [In the expression] חָרֹה אַף [the word חָרָה] is similar to [the word חָרָה in:] “My bone is חָרָה from the heat” [where חָרָה] means burning and heat, because the nostrils become hot and burning, at a time of anger. חָרוֹן is derived from חָרֹה . The same way רָצוֹן is derived from רָצֹה . Similarly the word חֵמָה (wrath) is also derived from חֲמִימוּת (heat). It is for this reason that it says: “(וַחֲמָתוֹ) and his anger burnt within him,” and when anger subsides one says: “His mind has cooled off.”
נערמו מים. אונקלוס תרגם לשון ערמימות, ולשון צחות המקרא כמו עֲרֵמַת חִטִּים (שיר השירים ז, ג), ונצבו כמו נד יוכיח: נערמו מים. ממוקד רוח שיצא מאפך יבשו המים, והם נעשו כמין גלים וכריות של ערימה שהם גבוהים:
The waters were heaped up. Onkelos translates [נֶעֶרְמוּ] as derived from עַרְמִימוּת (cleverness). However, according to the clarity of Scripture it has the same meaning as עֲרֵמַת חִטִּים — “A mound of wheat.” The expression “stood like a wall” indicates this. Heaped up. [I.e.,] from the heat of the breath that came out of Your nostrils the water dried up and became like piles and mounds of grain-stacks which are high.
כמו נד. כתרגומו כְשׁוּר, כחומה:
Like a wall. [כְּמוֹ נֵד means] as Onkelos translates it כְּשׁוּר — “like a wall.”
נד. לשון צָבוּר וכנוס, כמו נֵד קָצִיר בְּיֹום נַחֲלָה (ישעיה יז, יא), כֹּנֵס כַּנֵּד (תהלים לג, ו), לא כתב כונס כנאד אלא כנד, ואילו היה כנד כמו כנאד, וכונס לשון הכנסה, היה לו לכתוב מכניס כבנאד מי הים, אלא כונס לשון אוסף וצובר הוא, וכן קָמוּ נֵד אֶחָד (יהושע ג, טז), וְיַעַמְדוּ נֵד אֶחָד (שם יג), ואין לשון קימה ועמידה בנאדות אלא בחומות וצבורים, ולא מצינו נאד נקוד אלא במלאפו"ם (חול"ם), כמו שִׂימָה דִמְעָתִי בְּנֹאדֶךָ (תהלים נו, ט), אֶת נֹאוד הֶחָלָב (שופטים ד, כ):
A wall. נֵד is a term for heaped up and gathered, as in: “As a (נֵד) pile of branches on a day of sorrow,” [or:] כֹּנֵס כַּנֵּד — “He gathers like a mound.” It is not written כּוֹנֵס כַּנֹּאד but rather כַּנֵּד, and if כַּנֵּד would be the same as כַנֹּאד and כּוֹנֵס would have the same meaning as הַכְנָסָה, it should have been written: “(מַכְנִיס כְּבַנֹּאד) He gathers, as if into a leather water-pouch the waters of the sea.” But כּוֹנֵס denotes gathering and piling up. Similarly: “[the waters] rose up as one mound” [and:] “they stood as one mound. The terms rising and standing do not apply to water-pouches, only to walls and piles. [Also] we find נֹאד vocalized only with a cholam as in: “place my tears (בְנֹאדֶךָ) into your flask,” [or:] (אֶת נֹאוד) — the milk pitcher.”
קפאו. כמו וְכַגְּבִינָה תַּקְפִּיאֵנִי (איוב י, ו), שהוקשו ונעשו כאבנים, והמים זורקים את המצרים על האבן בכח ונלחמים בם בכל מיני קושי:
Congealed. As in: “And like cheese (תַקְפִּיאֵנִי) you have solidified me,” for they (the depths) hardened and became as stone and the waters threw the Egyptians upon the stone with force, and battled against them with all kinds of harshness.
בלב ים. בחוזק הים, ודרך המקראות לדבר כן, עד לֵב הַשָּׁמַיִם (דברים ד, יא), בְּלֵב הָאֵלָה (שמואל־ב יח, יד), לשון עקרו ותקפו של דבר:
In the heart of the Sea. [Meaning:] In the very strongest part of the sea. It is usual for Biblical verses to speak this way: [e.g.] “to the very middle of the heavens,” [or:] “in the very middle of the oak-tree,” denoting the essence and strength of a thing.
אָמַר אוֹיֵב אֶרְדֹּף אַשִּׂיג אֲחַלֵּק שָׁלָל תִּמְלָאֵמוֹ נַפְשִׁי אָרִיק חַרְבִּי תּוֹרִישֵׁמוֹ יָדִֽי׃
The enemy said, “I will pursue [them], I will overtake [them], I will divide the spoils, I will satisfy myself; I will draw my sword, my hand will destroy them.”
The enemy said, “I will pursue [them], I will overtake [them], I will divide the spoils, I will satisfy myself; I will draw my sword, my hand will destroy them.”
Rashi
אמר אויב. לעמו, כְּשֶׁפִּתָּם בדברים ארדוף ואשיגם ואחלק שלל עם שרי ועבדי:
The enemy said — to his nation, when he seduced them with words, “I will pursue and overtake them and I will divide the spoils with my ministers and my servants.”
תמלאמו. תמלא מהם נפשי. רוחי ורצוני, ואל תתמה על תיבה המדברת בשתים, תמלאמו תמלא מהם, יש הרבה כלשון הזה, כִּי אֶרֶץ הַנֶּגֶב נְתַתָּנִי (שופטים א, טו), כמו נתת לי. וְלֹא יָכְלוּ דַּבְּרֹו לְשָׁלֹם (בראשית לז, ד), כמו דבר עמו. בָּנַי יְצָאֻנִי (ירמיה י, כ), כמו יצאו ממני. מִסְפַּר צְעָדַי אַגִּידֶנוּ (איוב לא, לז), כמו אגיד לו. אף כאן תמלאמו, תמלא נפשי מהם:
I will satisfy [myself]. [תִּמְלָאֵמוֹ means] my soul will be filled with them. —[נַפְשִׁי meaning:] My spirit and my will. Do not wonder about a word that expresses something expressed by two words, [viz.,] תִּמְלָאֵמוֹ [expresses the same thing as] תִּמְלָא מֵהֶם, for there are many instances of such an expression: [e.g.] “For the southern land נְתַתָּנִי,” [נְתַתָּנִי being] the same as נָתַתָּ לִי — “You have given me.” [or:] “They could not דַּבְּרוֹ peaceably,” [דַבְּרוֹ being] the same as דַּבֵּר עִמּוֹ — “Speak with him,” or: “My children יְצָאוּנִי,” [יְצָאוּנִי being] the same as יָצְאוּ מִמֶּנִי — “went away from me,” [or:] “The number of my steps אַגִּידֶנּוּ” [אַגִּידֶנּוּ being] the same as אַגִּיד לוֹ — “I will tell him.” Here, too, תִּמְלָאֵמוֹ means: תִּמְלָא נַפְשִׁי מֵהֶם — “My soul will be filled from them.”
אריק חרבי. אשלוף, ועל שם שהוא מריק את התער בשליפתו ונשאר ריק, נופל בו לשון הרקה, כמו מְרִיקִים שַׂקֵּיהֶם (בראשית מב, לה), וְכֵליו יָרִיקוּ (ירמיה מח, יב). ואל תאמר, אין לשון ריקות נופל על היוצא, אלא על התיק ועל השק ועל הכלי שיצא ממנה, אבל לא על החרב ועל היין, ולדחוק ולפרש אריק חרבי כלשון וַיָּרֶק אֶת חֲנִיכָיו (בראשית יד, יד), אזדיין בחרבי, מצינו הלשון מוסב אף על היוצא, שֶׁמֶן תּוּרַק (שיר השירים א, ג), וְלֹא הוּרַק מִכְּלִי אֶל כֶּלִי (ירמיה מח, יא). לא הורק הכלי אין כתיב כאן, אלא לא הורק היין מכלי אל כלי, מצינו הלשון מוסב על היין, וכן וְהֵרִיקוּ חַרְבֹותָם עַל יְפִי חָכְמָתֶךָ (יחזקאל כח, ז), דחירם:
I will draw my sword. [As Onkelos translates it:] “I will draw.” It is because he empties (מֵרִיק) the sheath upon drawing it and it remains empty (רֵיק) the term “emptying” (הַרָקָה) fits it, as in: “(מְרִיקִים) They empty their sacks” [or:] “And his vessels (יָרִיקוּ) they will empty.” Do not claim that the term רֵיקוּת — emptying does not apply to that which is being removed but, rather, [it applies only] to the container, or the sack and to the vessel from which it has been removed, but not to the sword or the wine and, therefore, have to resort to a forced explanation [that] אָרִיק חַרְבִּי has the same meaning as: “[וַיָּרֶק] And he armed his trained servants,” [thereby making the meaning here:] “I will arm myself with my sword.” [This is unnecessary for] we find the term [הֲרָקָה] referring also to that which is being removed, [e.g.] “Oil (תּוּרַק) which is emptied,” [or:] “It (the wine) was not emptied from vessel to vessel.” It does not state here: “The vessel was not emptied” but, rather: “The wine was not emptied from vessel to vessel.” Thus we find the term referring to the wine: Similarly: “(וְהֵרִיקוּ) They will draw their swords against the beauty of your wisdom” [in the narrative] concerning Chiram.
תורישמו. לשון רישות ודלות, כמו מֹורִישׁ וּמַעֲשִׁיר (שמואל־א ב, ז):
Will destroy them. תּוֹרִישֵׁמוֹ is a term denoting רֵישׁוּת (poorness) and poverty, as in מוֹרִישׁ וּמַעֲשִׁיר — He impoverishes and enriches.
נָשַׁפְתָּ בְרוּחֲךָ כִּסָּמוֹ יָם צָֽלְלוּ כַּֽעוֹפֶרֶת בְּמַיִם אַדִּירִֽים׃
You made Your wind blow, the sea covered them; they sank like lead in the mighty waters.
You made Your wind blow, the sea covered them; they sank like lead in the mighty waters.
Rashi
נשפת. לשון הפחה, וכן וְגַם נָשַׁף בָּהֶם (ישעיה מ, כד):
You made [Your wind] blow. [נָשַׁפְתָּ is] a term meaning blowing. Similarly: “He also (נָשַׁף) blew upon them.”
צללו. שקעו, עמקו לשון מצולה:
They sank. [צָלֲלוּ means] they sank, they went deep from the word מְצוּלָה — depth.
כעופרת. אבר, פלו"ם בלע"ז:
Like lead. [עוֹפֶרֶת means:] lead, plom in Old French.
מִֽי־כָמֹכָה בָּֽאֵלִם יְהֹוָה מִי כָּמֹכָה נֶאְדָּר בַּקֹּדֶשׁ נוֹרָא תְהִלֹּת עֹשֵׂה פֶֽלֶא׃
Who is like You among the mighty, Adonoy! Who is like You, adorned in holiness, Awesome in praise, doing wonders?
Who is like You among the mighty, Adonoy! Who is like You, adorned in holiness, Awesome in praise, doing wonders?
Rashi
באלים. בחזקים, כמו וְאֶת אֵילֵי הָאָרֶץ לָקָח (יחזקאל יז, יג), אֱיָלוּתִי לְעֶזְרָתִי חוּשָׁה (תהלים כב, כ):
Among the mighty. [בָּאֵלִים means] among the mighty, as in: “And (אֵילֵי) the mighty of the land he took,” [or:] “(אֱיָלוּתִי) My strength, hasten to help me.”
נורא תהלת. יראוי מלהגיד תהלותיו פן ימעטו, כמ"ש לְךָ דֻּמִיָּה תְהִלָּה (שם סה, ב):
Awesome in praise. [I.e.,] it is fearsome to relate Your praises, for one might fall short [in his praises], as is written: “For You, silence is praise.”
נָטִיתָ יְמִינְךָ תִּבְלָעֵמוֹ אָֽרֶץ׃
You extended Your right hand, the earth swallowed them.
You extended Your right hand, the earth swallowed them.
Rashi
נטית ימינך. כשהקב"ה נוטה ידו, הרשעים כָּלִים ונופלים, לפי שהכל נתון בידו ונופלים בהטייתה, וכן הוא אומר, וה' יַטֶּה יָדֹו וְכָשַׁל עֹוזֵר וְנָפַל עָזֻר (ישעיה לא, ג), משל לכלי זכוכית הנתונים בידי אדם, מטה ידו מעט והן נופלין ומשתברין:
You extended your right hand. When God extends His hand the wicked become extinct and fall, because all things are held in His hand and they fall when it is extended. Similarly it says: “When God will extend His hand then the helper will stumble and the one being helped will fall.” This can be compared to glass vessels that are held in a person’s hand; if he extends (opens) his hand slightly they fall and break.
תבלעמו ארץ. מכאן שזכו לקבורה, בשכר שאמרו ה' הצדיק:
The earth swallowed them. From this we derive that they were privileged to be buried, as a reward for having proclaimed, “Adonoy is the righteous One!”
נָחִיתָ בְחַסְדְּךָ עַם־זוּ גָּאָלְתָּ נֵהַלְתָּ בְעׇזְּךָ אֶל־נְוֵה קׇדְשֶֽׁךָ׃
In Your kindliness You led the people You redeemed; with Your might You guided them to Your holy dwelling place.
In Your kindliness You led the people You redeemed; with Your might You guided them to Your holy dwelling place.
Rashi
נהלת. לשון מנהל. ואונקלוס תרגם לשון נושא וסובל, ולא דקדק לפרש אחר לשון העברית:
You guided — has the same derivation as מְנַהֵל — leader. Onkelos, however, translates it [סוֹבַרְהִי] relating to carrying and bearing, but he was not meticulous to explain it according to the exact Hebrew language.
שָֽׁמְעוּ עַמִּים יִרְגָּזוּן חִיל אָחַז יֹשְׁבֵי פְּלָֽשֶׁת׃
Peoples heard and they tremble, terror gripped the inhabitants of Philistia.
Peoples heard and they tremble, terror gripped the inhabitants of Philistia.
Rashi
ירגזון. מתרגזין:
And they tremble. [יִרְגָּזוּן means] מִתְרַגְּזִין — they tremble.
ישבי פלשת. מפני שהרגו את בני אפרים, שמיהרו את הקץ ויצאו בחזקה, כמפורש בדברי הימים, והרגום אנשי גת:
The inhabitants of Philistia. Because it was they who killed Ephraim’s descendants who had calculated prematurely the end [of the Egyptian exile] and went out [of Egypt] by force, as is related in Divrei Hayomim: “The men of Gath (the Philistines) killed them”
אָז נִבְהֲלוּ אַלּוּפֵי אֱדוֹם אֵילֵי מוֹאָב יֹֽאחֲזֵמוֹ רָעַד נָמֹגוּ כֹּל יֹשְׁבֵי כְנָֽעַן׃
Then the chiefs of Edom panicked, the mighty men of Moav were seized with trembling; all the inhabitants of Canaan melted away.
Then the chiefs of Edom panicked, the mighty men of Moav were seized with trembling; all the inhabitants of Canaan melted away.
Rashi
אלופי אדום אילי מואב. והלא לא היה להם לירא כלום, שהרי לא עליהם הולכים, אלא מפני אנינות (מכילתא שירה פ"ט), שהיו מתאוננים ומצטערים על כבודם של ישראל:
The chiefs of Edom the mighty men of Moav. But, surely, they had nothing to fear for they (the B’nei Yisrael) were not going against them! But [the explanation is:] it was because of greivance, for they were greived and pained over the honor of Yisrael.
נמוגו. נמסו, כמו בִּרְבִיבִים תְּמֹגְגֶנָּה (תהלים סה, יא). אמרו, עלינו הם באים, לכלותינו ולירש את ארצנו:
Melted away. [נָמוֹגוּ means] they melted away, as in: “With showers (תְּמֹגְגֶנָּה) you make it soft.” They said: “They are coming against us to annihilate us and inherit our land.”
תִּפֹּל עֲלֵיהֶם אֵימָתָה וָפַחַד בִּגְדֹל זְרוֹעֲךָ יִדְּמוּ כָּאָבֶן עַד־יַעֲבֹר עַמְּךָ יְהֹוָה עַֽד־יַעֲבֹר עַם־זוּ קָנִֽיתָ׃
Horror and dread fall upon them, at the greatness of Your arm, they are still as stone; until Your people cross over, Adonoy, until Your people You acquired cross over.
Horror and dread fall upon them, at the greatness of Your arm, they are still as stone; until Your people cross over, Adonoy, until Your people You acquired cross over.
Rashi
תפול עליהם אימתה. על הרחוקים:
Horror fall upon them. [אֵימָתָה is fear] upon those who are far away.
ופחד. על הקרובים, כענין שנאמר כִּי שָׁמַעְנוּ אֵת אֳשֶׁר הֹובִישׁ וגו' (יהושע ב, י. — מכילתא שירה פ"ט):
And dread. [פַּחַד is fear] on those who are nearby. This is similar to what is said: “For we have heard how He has dried up, etc.”
עד יעבור. עד יעבור. כתרגומו:
Until they cross over, until they cross over. As Onkelos explains it.
קנית. חבבת משאר אומות, כחפץ הקנוי בדמים יקרים שחביב על האדם:
You acquired. [I.e.,] “You hold it dearer than other nations, similar to an object acquired (קָנוּי) at a high price that is held dear by the person.
תְּבִאֵמוֹ וְתִטָּעֵמוֹ בְּהַר נַחֲלָֽתְךָ מָכוֹן לְשִׁבְתְּךָ פָּעַלְתָּ יְהֹוָה מִקְּדָשׁ אֲדֹנָי כּוֹנְנוּ יָדֶֽיךָ׃
You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of Your inheritance, the place for Your habitation, which You, Adonoy have made; the Sanctuary—my Master—[which] Your hands established.
You will bring them and plant them on the mountain of Your inheritance, the place for Your habitation, which You, Adonoy have made; the Sanctuary—my Master—[which] Your hands established.
Rashi
תביאמו. נתנבא משה שלא יכנס לארץ, לכך לא נאמר תביאנו, (נראה שלא יכנסו לארץ וכו', והכי איתא בהדיא פרק יש נוחלין (בבא בתרא דף קי"ט:) ובמכילתא (שם פ"י), הבנים יכנסו ולא האבות, אף שלא נגזרה גזירת מרגלים עדיין, מכל מקום ניבא ולא ידע מה ניבא. מהרש"ל):
You will bring them. Moshe prophesied that he would not enter the land. It therefore does not say תְּבִיאֵנוּ — “You will bring us.”
מכון לשבתך. מקדש של מטה מכוון כנגד כסא של מעלה אשר פעלת:
The place for Your habitation. The Temple below is lined up exactly opposite the Throne above that פָּעַלְתָּ — You made.
מקדש. הטעם עליו זקף גדול, להפרידו מתיבת השם שלאחריו, המקדש אשר כוננו ידיך ה'. חביב בית המקדש, שהעולם נברא ביד אחת, שנאמר אַף יָדִי יָסְדָה אֶרֶץ (ישעיה מח, יג), ומקדש בשתי ידים, ואימתי יבנה בשתי ידים, בזמן שה' ימלוך לעולם ועד, לעתיד לבא שכל המלוכה שלו:
The Sanctuary. The intonation on it (the word מִקְדָשׁ) is a zakef godol in order to separate it (מִקְדָשׁ) from the word ה' which follows it, [thus giving it the meaning of] “the Sanctuary, which your hands, Adonoy, established.” [This indicates the] preciousness of the Beis Hamikdosh, for the world was created with “one hand,” as it is said: “Truly My hand has established the earth,” whereas the Mikdosh [was made] with “two hands.” And when will it be built with “two hands?” when the time comes that “Adonoy will reign forever and ever,” in the future when all the kingdom will be His.
יְהֹוָה ׀ יִמְלֹךְ לְעֹלָם וָעֶֽד׃
Adonoy will reign forever and ever.
Adonoy will reign forever and ever.
Rashi
לעולם ועד. לשון עולמית הוא, והוי"ו בו יסוד, לפיכך הוא פתוחה, אבל וְאָנֹכִי הַיֹּודֵעַ וָעֵד (ירמיה כט, כג), שהוי"ו בו שמוש, קמוצה היא:
Forever and ever. וָעֶד is an expression denoting eternity and the letter ו' in it is part of the root therefore it is vocalized with a patach But [in the verse] “I am the One Who knows (וָעֵד) and bears witness,” where the letter ו' in it is a prefix, it bears the kametz vowel (וָעֵד).
כִּי בָא סוּס פַּרְעֹה בְּרִכְבּוֹ וּבְפָרָשָׁיו בַּיָּם וַיָּשֶׁב יְהֹוָה עֲלֵהֶם אֶת־מֵי הַיָּם וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָלְכוּ בַיַּבָּשָׁה בְּתוֹךְ הַיָּֽם׃ {פ}
When Pharaoh came with his horse and chariot and his cavalry into the sea, Adonoy returned the waters of the sea on them; and the B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea.
When Pharaoh came with his horse and chariot and his cavalry into the sea, Adonoy returned the waters of the sea on them; and the B’nei Yisrael walked on dry land in the midst of the sea.
Rashi
כי בא סוס פרעה. כאשר בא:
When Pharaoh’s horse came. [כִּי בָא means] when it came.
וַתִּקַּח מִרְיָם הַנְּבִיאָה אֲחוֹת אַהֲרֹן אֶת־הַתֹּף בְּיָדָהּ וַתֵּצֶאןָ כׇֽל־הַנָּשִׁים אַחֲרֶיהָ בְּתֻפִּים וּבִמְחֹלֹֽת׃
Miriam the prophetess, sister of Aharon, took the drum in her hand; and all the women followed her with drums and dancing.
Miriam the prophetess, sister of Aharon, took the drum in her hand; and all the women followed her with drums and dancing.
Rashi
ותקח מרים הנביאה. היכן נתנבאה, כשהיתה אחות אהרן קודם שנולד משה, אמרה עתידה אמי שתלד בן וכו', כדאיתא בסוטה (יב:). דבר אחר אחות אהרן, לפי שמסר נפשו עליה כשנצטרעה, נקראת על שמו:
Miriam, the prophetess, took. Where was it that she prophesied? It was when she was [only] Aharon’s sister, before Moshe was born. She [then] said: “My mother is destined to give birth to a son, etc.,” as is related in Maseches Sotah. An alternate explanation [as to why she is identified as] Aharon’s sister: Because he put his life in jeopardy for her when she was struck by leprosy, she is identified by his name.
את התף. כלי של מיני זמר:
The drum. An instrument for certain kinds of music.
בתופים ובמחולות. מובטחות היו צדקניות שבדור שהקב"ה עושה להם נסים, והוציאו תופים ממצרים:
With drums and dancing. The righteous women of that generations were sure that God would perform miracles for them so they took drums out of Egypt.
וַתַּעַן לָהֶם מִרְיָם שִׁירוּ לַֽיהֹוָה כִּֽי־גָאֹה גָּאָה סוּס וְרֹכְבוֹ רָמָה בַיָּֽם׃ {ס}
Miriam led them in the response: “Sing to Adonoy for He is most high; horse and its rider He hurled into the sea.”
Miriam led them in the response: “Sing to Adonoy for He is most high; horse and its rider He hurled into the sea.”
Rashi
ותען להם מרים. משה אמר שירה לאנשים, הוא אומר והם עונין אחריו, ומרים אמרה שירה לנשים (מכילתא פ"י):
Miriam led them in the response. Moshe sang the song for the men — he would say it and they would respond after him. And Miriam sang the song for the women.
וַיַּסַּע מֹשֶׁה אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִיַּם־סוּף וַיֵּצְאוּ אֶל־מִדְבַּר־שׁוּר וַיֵּלְכוּ שְׁלֹֽשֶׁת־יָמִים בַּמִּדְבָּר וְלֹא־מָצְאוּ מָֽיִם׃
Moshe led [B’nei] Yisrael away from the Reed Sea, and they went out into the desert of Shur, they traveled for three days in the desert and they did not find any water.
Moshe led [B’nei] Yisrael away from the Reed Sea, and they went out into the desert of Shur, they traveled for three days in the desert and they did not find any water.
Rashi
ויסע משה. הסיען בעל כרחם, שעטרו מצרים את סוסיהם בתכשיטי זהב וכסף ואבנים טובות, והיו ישראל מוצאין אותם בים, וגדולה היתה ביזת הים מביזת מצרים, שנאמר תֹּורֵי זָהָב נַעֲשֶׂה לָךְ עִם נְקֻדֹּות הַכָּסֶף (שיר השירים א, יא. — מכילתא פסחא סוף פי"ג), לפיכך הוצרך להסיען בעל כרחם:
Moshe led. He made them travel against their will. For the Egyptians adorned their horses with gold and silver ornaments and precious stones and the Israelites kept finding them in the sea [to the point that] the booty of the sea was greater than the booty [taken out] of Egypt, as it is said: “We will make gold bracelets for you (from the booty of the sea) together with silver studs (from the booty of Egypt).” Therefore he had to make them travel against their will.
וַיָּבֹאוּ מָרָתָה וְלֹא יָֽכְלוּ לִשְׁתֹּת מַיִם מִמָּרָה כִּי מָרִים הֵם עַל־כֵּן קָרָֽא־שְׁמָהּ מָרָֽה׃
They came to Marah but they could not drink the water of Marah because it was bitter. The place was therefore called Marah [bitter].
They came to Marah but they could not drink the water of Marah because it was bitter. The place was therefore called Marah [bitter].
Rashi
ויבאו מרתה. כמו למרה. ה"א בסוף תיבה במקום למ"ד בתחלתה, והתי"ו היא במקום ה"א הנשרשת בתיבת מרה, ובסמיכתה כשהיא נדבקת לה"א שהוא מוסיף במקום הלמ"ד, תהפך הה"א של שרש לתי"ו, וכן כל ה"א שהיא שרש בתיבה תתהפך לתי"ו בסמיכתה. כמו חֵמָה אֵין לִי (ישעיה כז, ד), וַחֲמָתֹו בָּעֲרָה בֹו (אסתר א, יב), הרי ה"א של שורש נהפכת לתי"ו מפני שנסמכת אל הוא"ו הנוספת. וכן עבד ואמה, הִנֵּה אֲמָתִי בִלְהָה (בראשית ל, ג). לְנֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה (שם ב, ז), וְזִהֲמַתֹּו חַיָּתֹו לָחֶם (איוב לג, כ). בֵּין הָרָמָה (שופטים ד, ה), וּתְשֻׁבָתֹו הָרָמָתָה (שמואל־א ז, יז):
They came to Marah. [מָרָתָה is] the same as לְמָרָה — to Marah. The letter ה' at the end of the word is in place of the letter ל' at its beginning. The letter ת' is in place of the ה' which is part of the root-word מָרָה, and when it in the construct state when it is joined to a ה' which is added in place of the ל', then the root-letter ה' is changed to a ת' . Similarly any ה' that is part of the root-word changes to a ת' in the construct state, as in: “I have no חֵמָה (anger),” “וַחֲמָתוֹ (And his anger) burned within him.” There you have a ה' of a root-word changing to a ת' because it is joined to the added ו': Similarly: “A slave and an אָמָה (servant-maiden),” [which changes to] “Here is אֲמָתִי (my hand-maiden) Bilhah” [or:] “to a creature חַיָּה (of life)” [becomes] “חַיָּתוֹ (his life) makes bread repulsive to him” [or:] “Between רָמָה (Ramah and Bethel)” [which changes to] “His return was הָרָמָתָה (to Ramah).
וַיִּלֹּנוּ הָעָם עַל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר מַה־נִּשְׁתֶּֽה׃
The people complained to Moshe saying, “What shall we drink?”
The people complained to Moshe saying, “What shall we drink?”
Rashi
וילנו. לשון נפעל הוא, וכן התרגום לשון נפעל הוא, וְאִתְרָעָמוּ, וכן דרך לשון תלונה להסב הדבור אל האדם, מתלונן, מתרועם, ולא אמר לונן, רועם, וכן יאמר הלועז דקומפ"ל ישנ"ק שי"י מוסב הדבור אליו באמרו שי"י:
They complained. [וַיִּלֹּנוּ] is in the nifal form: Onkelos, too, translates it in the nifal form: וְאִתְרָעָמוּ . (In Aramaic the אִתְפְּעֵל represents the Hebrew נִפְעַל .) This is the way of expressions of complaint to revert the statement to the person [complaining], [e.g.] מִתְלוֹנֵן (complain), מִתְרוֹעֵם (resent) and it is not said in the form of לוֹנֵן, רוֹעֵם . The French man also expresses it this way: “decomplaisant se.” The action reverts to himself by the use of the expression “se.”
וַיִּצְעַק אֶל־יְהֹוָה וַיּוֹרֵהוּ יְהֹוָה עֵץ וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ אֶל־הַמַּיִם וַֽיִּמְתְּקוּ הַמָּיִם שָׁם שָׂם לוֹ חֹק וּמִשְׁפָּט וְשָׁם נִסָּֽהוּ׃
He [Moshe] cried out to Adonoy, Adonoy showed him a tree and he threw it into the water, and the water became sweet. There He set before them statutes and ordinances, and there He tested them.
He [Moshe] cried out to Adonoy, Adonoy showed him a tree and he threw it into the water, and the water became sweet. There He set before them statutes and ordinances, and there He tested them.
Rashi
שם שם לו. במרה נתן להם מקצת פרשיות של תורה שיתעסקו בהם, שבת, ופרה אדומה, ודינין (סנהדרין נו:):
There He set before them. In Marah He gave them some sections of the Torah so that they occupy themselves with [studying] them: [the sections dealing with] Shabbos the Parah Adumah (the red heifer) and the administration of justice.
ושם נסהו. לעם, וראה קשי ערפן, שלא נמלכו במשה בלשון יפה, בקש עלינו רחמים שיהיו לנו מים לשתות, אלא נתלוננו:
And there He tested them. (lit. Him). [Meaning:] the nation, and saw their stubbornness, for they did not consult with Moshe with respectful language, [i.e.] “Pray for compassion for us so that we may have water to drink,” but, rather, they complained.
וַיֹּאמֶר אִם־שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע לְקוֹל ׀ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְהַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינָיו תַּעֲשֶׂה וְהַֽאֲזַנְתָּ לְמִצְוֺתָיו וְשָׁמַרְתָּ כׇּל־חֻקָּיו כׇּֽל־הַמַּחֲלָה אֲשֶׁר־שַׂמְתִּי בְמִצְרַיִם לֹא־אָשִׂים עָלֶיךָ כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה רֹפְאֶֽךָ׃ {ס}
He said [to them,] “If you vigilantly obey the voice of Adonoy, your God, and do what is upright in His eyes, give ear to His commandments, and preserve all His statutes; [then], every sickness that I brought upon Egypt, I will not bring upon you, for I am Adonoy, Who heals you.
He said [to them,] “If you vigilantly obey the voice of Adonoy, your God, and do what is upright in His eyes, give ear to His commandments, and preserve all His statutes; [then], every sickness that I brought upon Egypt, I will not bring upon you, for I am Adonoy, Who heals you.
Rashi
אם שמוע תשמע. זו קבלה שיקבלו עליהם:
If you vigilantly obey. [שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע] implies acceptance — that they accept upon themselves [God’s commands].
תעשה. היא עשייה:
Do. [Meaning:] the actual performing [of the mitzvos].
והאזנת. תטה אזנים לדקדק בהם:
Give ear. Incline the ears in order to be exact in [fulfilling] them.
כל חקיו. דברים שאינן אלא גזירת מלך בלא שום טעם, ויצר הרע מקנטר עליהם, מה איסור באלו, למה נאסרו, כגון לבישת כלאים ואכילת חזיר ופרה אדומה וכיוצא בהם:
All His statutes. Things that are solely a decree of the king with no [given] reason, where the evil inclination finds fault with them: [by saying:] “What is the sense in their prohibition — why were they prohibited?” For example: [the prohibition against:] wearing shatnez and the eating of pork [and the mitzvah of] the Parah Adumah (red heifer), and their like.
לא אשים עליך. ואם אשים, הרי הוא כלא הושמה, כי אני ה' רופאך (מכילתא ויסע פ"א), זהו מדרשו. ולפי פשוטו כי אני ה' רופאך, ומלמדך תורה ומצות למען תנצל מהם, כרופא הזה האומר לאדם אל תאכל דברים שמחזירים אותך לידי חולי, וזהו איזון מצות, וכן הוא אומר רִפְאוּת תְּהִי לְשָׁרֶךָ (משלי ג, ח):
I will not bring upon you. [Meaning:] and if I do bring it it will be as if it were not brought — “for I am Adonoy, Who heals you.” That is its midrashic explanation. But its plain explanation is: “For I am Adonoy, Who heals you, and teaches you Torah and mitzvos so that you may be saved from them (the diseases).” It is like a doctor who tells a person: “Do not eat this particular thing lest it bring you to disease this represents listening to the mitzvos. this is what is meant when it says. “It (obedience to mitzvos) will be healthful to your navel.”
וַיָּבֹאוּ אֵילִמָה וְשָׁם שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה עֵינֹת מַיִם וְשִׁבְעִים תְּמָרִים וַיַּחֲנוּ־שָׁם עַל־הַמָּֽיִם׃
Then they came to Eilim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy date palms. and they camped there by the water.
Then they came to Eilim, where there were twelve springs of water and seventy date palms. and they camped there by the water.
Rashi
שתים עשרה עינת מים. כנגד י"ב שבטים נזדמנו להם:
Twelve springs of water — corresponding to the twelve Tribes were made available to them.
וע' תמרים. כנגד שבעים זקנים:
And seventy date trees. Corresponding to the seventy elders.
Shemot 16
וַיִּסְעוּ מֵֽאֵילִם וַיָּבֹאוּ כׇּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־מִדְבַּר־סִין אֲשֶׁר בֵּין־אֵילִם וּבֵין סִינָי בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר יוֹם לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁנִי לְצֵאתָם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
They journeyed from Eilim, and the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael came to the desert of Sin, which is between Eilim and Sinai. It was the fifteenth day of the second month after they went out of the land of Egypt.
They journeyed from Eilim, and the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael came to the desert of Sin, which is between Eilim and Sinai. It was the fifteenth day of the second month after they went out of the land of Egypt.
Rashi
בחמשה עשר יום. נתפרש היום של חנייה זו, לפי שבו ביום כלתה החררה שהוציאו ממצרים והוצרכו למן, למדנו, שאכלו משירי הבצק (או משירי המצה) ששים ואחת סעודות, וירד להם מן בט"ז באייר, ויום א' בשבת היה, כדאיתא במסכת שבת (פז:):
The fifteenth day. The date of this encampment is specifically mentioned because on that day they finished the[ir supply of] cake which they took out of Egypt. and [now] they needed the manna. We learn from this that from the remains of the dough they ate sixty one meals [through the 15th of Iyar] and the manna descended for them on the sixteenth day of Iyar, which was on the first day of the week as is cited in Maseches Shabbos.
(וילינו) [וַיִּלּוֹנוּ] כׇּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל עַל־מֹשֶׁה וְעַֽל־אַהֲרֹן בַּמִּדְבָּֽר׃
The entire community of the B’nei Yisrael complained against Moshe and Aharon in the desert.
The entire community of the B’nei Yisrael complained against Moshe and Aharon in the desert.
Rashi
וילונו. לפי שכלה הלחם:
They complained. Because their [supply of] bread was finished.
וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֲלֵהֶם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִֽי־יִתֵּן מוּתֵנוּ בְיַד־יְהֹוָה בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בְּשִׁבְתֵּנוּ עַל־סִיר הַבָּשָׂר בְּאׇכְלֵנוּ לֶחֶם לָשֹׂבַע כִּֽי־הוֹצֵאתֶם אֹתָנוּ אֶל־הַמִּדְבָּר הַזֶּה לְהָמִית אֶת־כׇּל־הַקָּהָל הַזֶּה בָּרָעָֽב׃ {ס}
The B’nei Yisrael said to them, “If only we had died by the hand of Adonoy in the land of Egypt, when we sat by pots of meat and ate our fill of bread, for you have brought us out to this desert to cause this entire congregation to die of starvation.”
The B’nei Yisrael said to them, “If only we had died by the hand of Adonoy in the land of Egypt, when we sat by pots of meat and ate our fill of bread, for you have brought us out to this desert to cause this entire congregation to die of starvation.”
Rashi
מי יתן מותנו. שנמות, ואינו שם דבר כמו מותנו (בחולם), אלא כמו עשותנו, חנותנו, שובנו, לעשות אנחנו, לחנות אנחנו, למות אנחנו. ותרגומו לְוַי דְמִיתְנָא, לו מתנו, הלואי והיינו מתים:
If only we had died. [מוּתֵנוּ means:] “that we should die.” It is not a noun as is מִיתָתֵנוּ — “our death” but rather like עֲשֹוֹתֵנוּ, חֲנוֹתֵנוּ, שׁוּבֵנוּ which mean: that we should make, that we should set up camp, that we should die. Onkelos translates it (i.e., מִי יִתֵּן מוּתֵנוּ) לְוַי דְמִיתְנָא as [he translates] לוּ מַתְנוּ [meaning:] “If only that we should die.”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר לָכֶם לֶחֶם מִן־הַשָּׁמָיִם וְיָצָא הָעָם וְלָֽקְטוּ דְּבַר־יוֹם בְּיוֹמוֹ לְמַעַן אֲנַסֶּנּוּ הֲיֵלֵךְ בְּתוֹרָתִי אִם־לֹֽא׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will make bread rain from heaven for you, and the people shall go out and gather enough for each day, that I may test them [to see] if they will walk in [the way of] My teaching or not.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will make bread rain from heaven for you, and the people shall go out and gather enough for each day, that I may test them [to see] if they will walk in [the way of] My teaching or not.
Rashi
דבר יום ביומו. צורך אכילת יום ילקטו ביומו, ולא ילקטו היום לצורך מחר (מכילתא ויסע פ"ב):
Enough for each day. The food requirements for the day they shall gather on that day. They may not gather today for tomorrow’s needs.
למען אנסנו הילך בתורתי. אם ישמרו מצות התלויות בו, שלא יותירו ממנו, ולא יצאו בשבת ללקוט:
That I may test them [to see] If they will walk [in the way of] My teaching. Whether they will keep the mitzvos dealing with it [viz.,] that they not leave any of it [overnight] and that they not go out on Shabbos to gather [it].
וְהָיָה בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְהֵכִינוּ אֵת אֲשֶׁר־יָבִיאוּ וְהָיָה מִשְׁנֶה עַל אֲשֶֽׁר־יִלְקְטוּ יוֹם ׀ יֽוֹם׃
On the sixth day [when] they prepare what they bring [home], it will be twice as much as they gather every [other] day.”
On the sixth day [when] they prepare what they bring [home], it will be twice as much as they gather every [other] day.”
Rashi
והיה משנה. ליום ולמחרת:
It will be twice as much. For today and for tomorrow.
משנה. על שהיו רגילים ללקוט יום יום של שאר ימות השבוע. ואומר אני אשר יביאו והיה משנה, לאחר שיביאו ימצאו משנה במדידה, על אשר ילקטו וימדו יום יום, וזהו לָקְטוּ לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה, בלקיטתו היה נמצא לחם משנה, וזהו עַל כֵּן הוּא נֹתֵן לָכֶם בַּיֹּום הַשִּׁשִּׁי לֶחֶם יֹומָיִם, נותן לכם ברכה (פויש"ן) בבית, למלאות העומר פעמים ללחם יומים:
Twice as much. As they usually gathered each day of the rest of the days of the week. I say that אֲשֶׁר יָבִיאוּ וְהָיָה מִשְׁנֶה [should be joined] [and it means:] “After they bring it [home] they will find twice as much upon measuring it over what they had been gathering and measuring every day.” This is the meaning of לָקְטוּ לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה: [i.e.,] upon having gathered it it was found to be a double portion of bread. This, too, is the meaning of: “Therefore He gives you on the sixth day bread for two days.” He gives you a blessing (foison in Old French) in the house, to fill the omer twice, so as to have bread for two days.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן אֶֽל־כׇּל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עֶרֶב וִֽידַעְתֶּם כִּי יְהֹוָה הוֹצִיא אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Moshe and Aharon said to all the B’nei Yisrael, “In the evening you will know that [it is] Adonoy [Who] brought you out from the land of Egypt.
Moshe and Aharon said to all the B’nei Yisrael, “In the evening you will know that [it is] Adonoy [Who] brought you out from the land of Egypt.
Rashi
ערב. כמו לערב:
In the evening. [עֶרֶב is] the same as לָעֶרֶב — “in the evening.”
וידעתם כי ה' הוציא אתכם מארץ מצרים. לפי שאמרתם לנו כי הוצאתם אותנו, תדעו כי לא אנחנו המוציאים, אלא ה' הוציא אתכם שיגיז לכם את השליו:
You will know that Adonoy brought you out from the land of Egypt. “Since you said to us: ‘for you have brought us out,’ you shall [now] know that it was not we who brought [you] out but rather Adonoy Who brought you out for He will will make the quails available to you.”
וּבֹקֶר וּרְאִיתֶם אֶת־כְּבוֹד יְהֹוָה בְּשׇׁמְעוֹ אֶת־תְּלֻנֹּתֵיכֶם עַל־יְהֹוָה וְנַחְנוּ מָה כִּי (תלונו) [תַלִּינוּ] עָלֵֽינוּ׃
And in the morning you will see the glory of Adonoy, for He has heard your complaints against Adonoy. But what are we that you cause complaints against us?”
And in the morning you will see the glory of Adonoy, for He has heard your complaints against Adonoy. But what are we that you cause complaints against us?”
Rashi
ובקר וראיתם. לא על הכבוד שנאמר וְהִנֵּה כְּבֹוד ה' נִרְאָה בֶּעָנָן נאמר, אלא כך אמר להם, ערב וידעתם כי היכולת בידו ליתן תאותכם, ובשר יתן, אך לא בפנים מאירות יתננה לכם, כי שלא כהוגן שאלתם אותו, ומכרס מלאה, והלחם ששאלתם לצורך בירידתו, לבקר תראו את כבוד אור פניו, שיורידוהו לכם דרך חבה בבקר, שיש שעות להכינו, וטל מלמעלה וטל מלמטה כמונח בקופסא:
And in the morning you will see. This is not a reference to the glory that is mentioned [in the verse]: “and behold the glory of Adonoy was visible in the cloud.” But this is what he said to them: “In the evening you will know that He has the power in His hand to give you your desires and [though] He will give [you] meat He will not give it to you with a bright countenance for you asked for something improperly, and on a full stomach. But the bread for which you asked out of necessity, when it will descend in the morning you will see the glory of His bright countenance for He will bring it down to you in a loving manner: (a) in the morning, when there is time to prepare it, (b) with dew above it and dew below it as if packed in a box.
תלנותיכם על ה'. כמו אשר על ה':
Your complaints against Adonoy. [עַל ה' is] the same as אֲשֶׁר עַל ה' that are against God.
ונחנו מה. מה אנחנו חשובין:
But what are we. [I.e.,] What is our importance —
כי תלינו עלינו. שתרעימו עלינו את הכל, את בניכם ונשיכם ובנותיכם וערב רב. ועל כרחי אני זקוק לפרש תלינו בלשון תפעילו, מפני דגשותו וקרייתו, שאילו היה רפה, הייתי מפרשו בלשון תפעילו, כמו וַיָּלֶן הָעָם עַל משֶׁה (שמות יז, ג), או אם היה דגוש ואין בו יו"ד ונקרא תלונו, הייתי מפרשו לשון תתלוננו, עכשיו הוא משמע תלינו את אחרים, כמו במרגלים וַיַּלִּינוּ עָלָיו אֶת כָּל הָעֵדָה (במדבר יד, ב):
that you cause complaints against us? That you should set everyone complaining against us — your sons, your wives, your daughters, and the mixture of nationalities. It is with no choice that I am forced to explain the word תַלִּינוּ as meaning “to cause another to do” because of its dagesh and the way it is read. For if it had been the “weak” form (without a dagesh) I would have explained it in the form תִּפְעֲלוּ, as in “(וַיָּלֶן) The nation complained against Moshe.” Or if it had had a dagesh, without a letter י' [after the ל'] and would have been read: תִּלוֹנוּ, I would have explained it in the form of תִּתְלוֹנְנוּ — “you have made yourselves complainers.” But now [in the form of תַלִּינוּ] it has the meaning of: “You have caused others to complain,” as in the case of the spies [where it says]: “They caused to complain against him the entire congregation.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה בְּתֵת יְהֹוָה לָכֶם בָּעֶרֶב בָּשָׂר לֶאֱכֹל וְלֶחֶם בַּבֹּקֶר לִשְׂבֹּעַ בִּשְׁמֹעַ יְהֹוָה אֶת־תְּלֻנֹּתֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר־אַתֶּם מַלִּינִם עָלָיו וְנַחְנוּ מָה לֹא־עָלֵינוּ תְלֻנֹּתֵיכֶם כִּי עַל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
[Then] Moshe said, “When Adonoy gives you meat to eat in the evening, and a filling meal of bread in the morning, Adonoy will have heard your complaints, that you cause complaints against Him. What are we? Your complaints are not against us but against Adonoy.”
[Then] Moshe said, “When Adonoy gives you meat to eat in the evening, and a filling meal of bread in the morning, Adonoy will have heard your complaints, that you cause complaints against Him. What are we? Your complaints are not against us but against Adonoy.”
Rashi
בשר לאכול. ולא לשובע, למדה תורה דרך ארץ שאין אוכלין בשר לשובע. ומה ראה להוריד לחם בבקר ובשר בערב, לפי שהלחם שאלו כהוגן, שאי אפשר לו לאדם בלא לחם, אבל בשר שאלו שלא כהוגן, שהרבה בהמות היו להם, ועוד שהיה אפשר להם בלא בשר, לפיכך נתן להם בשעת טורח שלא כהוגן:
Meat to eat. But not to [your] fill. The Torah, thereby, teaches proper manners — that meat should not be eaten to satiety. Why did He see fit to make the bread fall in the morning, whereas the meat [fell] in the evening? Because for bread they asked properly for it is impossible for man [to live] without bread, but for meat they asked improperly because they had an abundance of cattle. Furthermore, they could get along without meat. He therefore gave it to them at an inconvenient time [which was correspondingly] improper.
אשר אתם מלינים עליו. את האחרים, השומעים אתכם מתלוננים:
That you cause complaints against Him. [I.e., “You cause] others to do so, who hear you complain.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן אֱמֹר אֶֽל־כׇּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל קִרְבוּ לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה כִּי שָׁמַע אֵת תְּלֻנֹּתֵיכֶֽם׃
Then Moshe said to Aharon, “Say to the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael: Come near before Adonoy, for He has heard your complaints.”
Then Moshe said to Aharon, “Say to the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael: Come near before Adonoy, for He has heard your complaints.”
Rashi
קרבו. למקום שהענן ירד:
Come near [before Adonoy]. To the place where the cloud will descend.
וַיְהִי כְּדַבֵּר אַהֲרֹן אֶל־כׇּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּפְנוּ אֶל־הַמִּדְבָּר וְהִנֵּה כְּבוֹד יְהֹוָה נִרְאָה בֶּעָנָֽן׃ {פ}
As Aharon spoke to the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael, they turned toward to the desert, and behold the glory of Adonoy was visible in the cloud.
As Aharon spoke to the entire community of the B’nei Yisrael, they turned toward to the desert, and behold the glory of Adonoy was visible in the cloud.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
שָׁמַעְתִּי אֶת־תְּלוּנֹּת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דַּבֵּר אֲלֵהֶם לֵאמֹר בֵּין הָֽעַרְבַּיִם תֹּאכְלוּ בָשָׂר וּבַבֹּקֶר תִּשְׂבְּעוּ־לָחֶם וִֽידַעְתֶּם כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃
“I have heard the complaints of the B’nei Yisrael. Speak to them saying, ‘Between evenings [afternoon] you will eat meat, and in the morning you will have your fill of bread, and you will know that I am Adonoy, your God.
“I have heard the complaints of the B’nei Yisrael. Speak to them saying, ‘Between evenings [afternoon] you will eat meat, and in the morning you will have your fill of bread, and you will know that I am Adonoy, your God.
וַיְהִי בָעֶרֶב וַתַּעַל הַשְּׂלָו וַתְּכַס אֶת־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וּבַבֹּקֶר הָֽיְתָה שִׁכְבַת הַטַּל סָבִיב לַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃
It was evening and quails rose up and covered the camp. In the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
It was evening and quails rose up and covered the camp. In the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
Rashi
השליו. מין עוף, ושמן מאד (יומא עה.:):
Quails. It is a kind of bird and it is very fat.
היתה שכבת הטל. הטל שוכב על המן, ובמקום אחר הוא אומר וּבְרֶדֶת הַטַּל וגו' (במדבר יא, ט), הטל יורד על הארץ, והמן יורד עליו, וחוזר ויורד טל עליו, והרי הוא כמונח בקופסא (יומא עה: — מכילתא ויסע פ"ג):
There was a layer of dew. The dew was lying on the manna. However elsewhere it says: “When the dew descended, etc. [The answer is: first] the dew descended on the earth, [then] the manna descended upon it, then the dew descended upon it and it [the manna] was as if stored in a box.
וַתַּעַל שִׁכְבַת הַטָּל וְהִנֵּה עַל־פְּנֵי הַמִּדְבָּר דַּק מְחֻסְפָּס דַּק כַּכְּפֹר עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
The layer of dew had risen, and behold, on the surface of the desert were thin [uncovered] flakes. It was as fine as frost on the ground.
The layer of dew had risen, and behold, on the surface of the desert were thin [uncovered] flakes. It was as fine as frost on the ground.
Rashi
ותעל שכבת הטל וגו'. כשהחמה זורחת, עולה הטל שעל המן לקראת החמה כדרך טל עולה לקראת החמה, אף אם תמלא שפופרת של ביצה טל, ותסתום את פיה ותניחה בחמה, היא עולה מאליה באויר. ורבותינו דרשו, שהטל עולה מן הארץ באויר, וכעלות שכבת הטל נתגלה המן, וראו והנה על פני המדבר וגו':
The layer of dew had risen, etc. When the sun shines then the dew which is on the manna rises towards the sun as is the way of dew to rise towards the sun. Even were you to fill an eggshell with dew and close up its opening and place it in the sun, it will, on its own, rise into the air. Our Sages explained that the dew [initially] rose from the earth into the air and when the layer of dew rose up, the manna was revealed and they saw: “and behold on the surface of the desert, etc.”
דק. דבר דק:
Thin. [Meaning:] a thin object.
מחוספס. מגולה, ואין דומה לו במקרא, ויש לפרש מחוספס, לשון חפיסה וּדְלוּסְקְמָא שבלשון משנה, כשנתגלה משכבת הטל, ראו שהיה דבר דק מחוספס בתוכו בין שתי שכבות הטל. ואונקלוס תרגם מקלף, לשון מחשוף הלבן:
Thin [uncovered] flakes. [מְחֻסְפָּס means:] “uncovered” and there is none like it (this word) in Scripture. It may be said that מְחֻסְפָּס [comes from the phrase] “(חֲפִיסָה) a box and a chest” which is a term that appears in Mishnah. When it was uncovered from the layer of dew, they saw there had been a thin object enclosed inside it between the two layers of dew. Onkelos translates it: מְקַלַּף (flaked) meaning: “(מַחְשֹף) the peeling of the white.”
ככפור. כפור גליד"א בלע"ז דַּעְדַק כגיר, כאבני גיר, והוא מין צבע שחור, כדאמרינן גבי כסוי הדם, הגיר וְהַזַּרְנִיךְ. דַּעְדַק כְּגִיר כִּגְלִידָא עַל אַרְעָא, דק היה כגיר ושוכב מוגלד כקרח על הארץ, וכן פירושו דק ככפור, שטוח קלוש ומחובר כגליד. דק טינב"ש בלע"ז שהיה מגליד גלד דק מלמעלה, וכגיר שתרגם אונקלוס, תוספת הוא על לשון העברית, ואין לו תיבה בפסוק:
As frost. כְּפוֹר is jelede (frost) in Old French. [Onkelos translates it] דַעֲדַק כְּגִיר, [the word גִר occurring in] כְּאַבְנֵי גִר which is a type of black color as we say regarding the “covering of the blood:” “(הַגִּיר) Black fine earth and orpiment.” [Thus Onkelos translates it:], דַּעְדַּק כְּגִיר כִּגְלִידָא עַל אַרְעָא, meaning: “It was as fine as גִּיר and lay on the ground congealed as ice. And this is the explanation of דַּק כַּכְּפֹר thinly spread yet attached as a frost. דַק in Old French is tenuis (thin), for it was encrusted with a thin crust on top. The word וּכְגִיר which Onkelos uses in his translation is an addition to the Hebrew and it has no corresponding word in the verse.
וַיִּרְאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל־אָחִיו מָן הוּא כִּי לֹא יָדְעוּ מַה־הוּא וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם הוּא הַלֶּחֶם אֲשֶׁר נָתַן יְהֹוָה לָכֶם לְאׇכְלָֽה׃
The B’nei Yisrael saw it and said to one another, “It is a food,” for they did not know [exactly] what [kind] it was. Moshe said to them, “This is the bread that Adonoy is giving you to eat.
The B’nei Yisrael saw it and said to one another, “It is a food,” for they did not know [exactly] what [kind] it was. Moshe said to them, “This is the bread that Adonoy is giving you to eat.
Rashi
מן הוא. הכנת מזון הוא, כמו וַיְמַן לָהֶם הַמֶּלֶךְ (דניאל א, ה):
It is a food. [מָן הוּא means] “it is something prepared for food,” as in “The king (וַיְמַן) prepared for them.”
כי לא ידעו מה הוא. שיקראוהו בשמו:
For they did not know what it was. So that they could call it by its name.
זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה לִקְטוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אִישׁ לְפִי אׇכְלוֹ עֹמֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִסְפַּר נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אִישׁ לַאֲשֶׁר בְּאׇהֳלוֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ׃
This is what Adonoy has commanded: Each man shall gather his requirement of food. An omer per person, according to the number of your people. shall each man take for those in his tent.”
This is what Adonoy has commanded: Each man shall gather his requirement of food. An omer per person, according to the number of your people. shall each man take for those in his tent.”
Rashi
עומר. שם מדה:
An omer. The name of a particular measure.
מספר נפשותיכם. כפי מנין נפשות שיש לאיש באהלו, תקחו עומר לכל גולגולת:
The number of your people. According to the number of people that a person has in his tent, shall they take an omer per head.
וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַֽיִּלְקְטוּ הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִֽיט׃
The B’nei Yisrael did so. They gathered it, some more, some less.
The B’nei Yisrael did so. They gathered it, some more, some less.
Rashi
המרבה והממעיט. יש שלקטו הרבה ויש שלקטו מעט, וכשבאו לביתם, ומדדו בעומר איש איש מה שלקטו, ומצאו שהמרבה ללקוט לא העדיף על עומר לגולגולת אשר באהלו, והממעיט ללקוט לא מצא חסר מעומר לגולגולת, וזהו נס גדול שנעשה בו:
Some more, some less. Some gathered much, some gathered little and when they came home each person measured with an omer what he had gathered, and they found that the one who had gathered more did not have more than an omer per person in his tent, and the one who gathered less did not find less than an omer per head, and this was a great miracle that occurred with it.
וַיָּמֹדּוּ בָעֹמֶר וְלֹא הֶעְדִּיף הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִיט לֹא הֶחְסִיר אִישׁ לְפִֽי־אׇכְלוֹ לָקָֽטוּ׃
However when they measured it with an omer, the one who had taken more had no extra, and the one who had taken less, was not lacking. They had gathered exactly enough for each one to eat.
However when they measured it with an omer, the one who had taken more had no extra, and the one who had taken less, was not lacking. They had gathered exactly enough for each one to eat.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם אִישׁ אַל־יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃
Moshe said to them, “Let no man leave any over until morning.”
Moshe said to them, “Let no man leave any over until morning.”
וְלֹא־שָׁמְעוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיּוֹתִרוּ אֲנָשִׁים מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּקֶר וַיָּרֻם תּוֹלָעִים וַיִּבְאַשׁ וַיִּקְצֹף עֲלֵהֶם מֹשֶֽׁה׃
They did not listen to Moshe, and some men left some over until morning. It became wormy and putrid, and Moshe was angry with them.
They did not listen to Moshe, and some men left some over until morning. It became wormy and putrid, and Moshe was angry with them.
Rashi
ויותירו אנשים. דתן ואבירם (שמו"ר כה, י):
Some men left [some] over. [They were] Dosson and Aviram.
וירם תולעים. לשון רמה:
It became wormy. [The word וַיָּרֻם is derived] from רִמָּה — “worm.”
ויבאש. הרי זה מקרא הפוך, שבתחלה הבאיש ולבסוף התליע, כענין שנאמר וְלֹּא הִבְאִישׁ וְרִמָּה לֹא הָיְתָה בֹּו, וכן דרך כל המתליעים:
And putrid. This verse is inverted for it first became putrid and then wormy, as is indicated by what is said: “It did not become putrid and it had no worms,” this is the usual manner for all things that turn wormy.
וַיִּלְקְטוּ אֹתוֹ בַּבֹּקֶר בַּבֹּקֶר אִישׁ כְּפִי אׇכְלוֹ וְחַם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְנָמָֽס׃
They gathered it each morning, each man according to what he would eat. [When] the sun became hot, it melted.
They gathered it each morning, each man according to what he would eat. [When] the sun became hot, it melted.
Rashi
וחם השמש ונמס. הנשאר בשדה נמוח ונעשה נחלים, ושותין ממנו אילים וצבאים, ואומות העולם צדין מהם וטועמים בהם טעם מן (מכילתא ויסע פ"ד), ויודעים מה שבחן של ישראל. ונמס, פשר, לשון פושרים, ע"י השמש מתחמם ומפשיר:
[When] the sun became hot it melted. That which remained in the field melted and turned into running streams and bucks and deer drank from it and the nations of the world captured some of them and through them had a taste of the manna, and thereby knew the praises of Israel. [The word וְנָמָס is translated by Onkelos] פָּשָׁר from the word פּוֹשְׁרִים — lukewarm water — because of the sun it became warm and turned into lukewarm liquid.
ונמס. דישטנ"פריר (צו גיין צו שמעלצען), ודוגמתו בסנהדרין בסוף ד' מיתות (סז:):
Destemprer [in Old French] similar to [what is found] in Sanhedrin at the end of the Chapter “Four deaths.”
וַיְהִי ׀ בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לָֽקְטוּ לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה שְׁנֵי הָעֹמֶר לָאֶחָד וַיָּבֹאוּ כׇּל־נְשִׂיאֵי הָֽעֵדָה וַיַּגִּידוּ לְמֹשֶֽׁה׃
When the sixth day came, what they had gathered [was a] double [portion of] bread, two omers for each individual. All the leaders of the community came and told Moshe [about it].
When the sixth day came, what they had gathered [was a] double [portion of] bread, two omers for each individual. All the leaders of the community came and told Moshe [about it].
Rashi
לקטו לחם משנה. כשמדדו את לקיטתם באהליהם, מצאו כפלים שני העומר לאחד. ומדרש אגדה, לחם משונה, אותו היום נשתנה לשבח בריחו וטעמו (מכילתא ויסע פ"ב), (שאם להגיד ששנים היו והלא כתיב שני העומר לאחד, אלא משונה בטעם וריח):
[Lit.] They gathered double bread. In their tents they measured what they gathered and they found it to be twice as much — two omers for each one. There is a Midrash Aggadah: [לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה meaning:] לֶחֶם מְשׁוּנֶּה — “different bread;” on that day it changed for the better regarding its smell and its taste.
ויגידו למשה. שאלוהו מה היום מיומים, ומכאן יש ללמוד שעדיין לא הגיד להם משה פרשת שבת, שנצטוה לומר להם וְהָיָה בַּיֹּום הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְהֵכִינוּ וגו', עד ששאלו את זאת אמר להם הוא אשר דבר ה' שנצטויתי לומר לכם, ולכך ענשו הכתוב, שאמר לו עַד אָנָה מֵאַנְתֶּם, ולא הוציאו מן הכלל:
And told Moshe about it. They asked him: “What is [different about] today from other days?” From here we may learn that Moshe had yet not told them the section pertaining to Shabbos which he had been commanded to tell them: “On the sixth day [when] they prepare, etc.” Until they asked: “What is this?” He responded to them: “This is what Adonoy has said,” i.e., “that I had been commanded to tell you.” It is for this [oversight] that Scripture (God) punished him, when He said to him (i.e., addressing Moshe) “How long will you refuse [to keep My commands]?” and he (Moshe) was not excluded from the general group.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה שַׁבָּתוֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹדֶשׁ לַֽיהֹוָה מָחָר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאפוּ אֵפוּ וְאֵת אֲשֶֽׁר־תְּבַשְּׁלוּ בַּשֵּׁלוּ וְאֵת כׇּל־הָעֹדֵף הַנִּיחוּ לָכֶם לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת עַד־הַבֹּֽקֶר׃
He said to them, “This is what Adonoy has said: Tomorrow is a [day of] rest, Adonoy’s holy Shabbos. Bake what you want to bake, and cook what you want to cook, and whatever is left over, put aside for yourselves, to preserve it until the morning.”
He said to them, “This is what Adonoy has said: Tomorrow is a [day of] rest, Adonoy’s holy Shabbos. Bake what you want to bake, and cook what you want to cook, and whatever is left over, put aside for yourselves, to preserve it until the morning.”
Rashi
את אשר תאפו אפו. מה שאתם רוצים לאפות בתנור, אֱפוּ היום הכל לשני ימים, ומה שאתם צריכים לבשל ממנו במים, בשלו היום. לשון אפייה נופל בלחם ולשון בישול בתבשיל:
Bake what you want to bake. What you wish to bake [of the two omers] in the oven, bake today everything [you need] for two days, and whatever of it you need to cook in water, cook today. The term אֲפִיָיה — “bake,” applies to bread whereas the term בִּישּׁוּל — “cook,” to a boiled dish.
למשמרת. לגניזה:
To preserve. [I.e.,] for storage.
וַיַּנִּיחוּ אֹתוֹ עַד־הַבֹּקֶר כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה מֹשֶׁה וְלֹא הִבְאִישׁ וְרִמָּה לֹא־הָיְתָה בּֽוֹ׃
They put it aside until morning as Moshe had commanded. It did not turn putrid and there were no worms in it.
They put it aside until morning as Moshe had commanded. It did not turn putrid and there were no worms in it.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אִכְלֻהוּ הַיּוֹם כִּֽי־שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם לַיהֹוָה הַיּוֹם לֹא תִמְצָאֻהוּ בַּשָּׂדֶֽה׃
Moshe said, “Eat it today, for today is Shabbos to Adonoy. Today you will not find it [manna] in the field.
Moshe said, “Eat it today, for today is Shabbos to Adonoy. Today you will not find it [manna] in the field.
Rashi
ויאמר משה אכלהו היום וגו'. שחרית שהיו רגילין לצאת וללקוט, באו לשאול אם נצא אם לאו, אמר להם את שבידכם אכלו. לערב חזרו לפניו ושאלוהו מהו לצאת, אמר להם שבת היום, ראה אותם דואגים שמא פסק המן ולא ירד עוד, אמר להם היום לא תמצאוהו, מה תלמוד לומר היום, היום לא תמצאוהו אבל מחר תמצאוהו (מכילתא ויסע פ"ד):
Moshe said, “eat it today”, etc. In the morning, when they were accustomed to go out and gather the manna, they came to ask, “Shall we go out or not?” He responded to them: [אִכְלֻהוּ הַיּוֹם] [I.e.,] “That which is in your possession, eat.” In the evening they again came before him and asked him, “What about going out [now]? He answered them, “It is Shabbos today!” He then saw them worrrying lest the manna ceased, and will descend no more. He then said to them, “Today you will not find it.” Why the stress on the word “today”? “Today you will not find it, but tomorrow you will find it.”
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תִּלְקְטֻהוּ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שַׁבָּת לֹא יִֽהְיֶה־בּֽוֹ׃
Six days you shall gather it, but the seventh day is Shabbos, there will be none on [that day].”
Six days you shall gather it, but the seventh day is Shabbos, there will be none on [that day].”
Rashi
וביום השביעי שבת. שבת הוא, המן לא יהיה בו. ולא בא הכתוב אלא לרבות יום הכפורים וימים טובים (מכילתא שם):
But the seventh day is Shabbos. [Meaning:] “It is Shabbos; there will be no manna on it.” This verse comes only to add Yom Kippur and holidays.
וַֽיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יָצְאוּ מִן־הָעָם לִלְקֹט וְלֹא מָצָֽאוּ׃ {ס}
When the seventh day came some of the people went out to gather, but they found none.
When the seventh day came some of the people went out to gather, but they found none.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה עַד־אָנָה מֵֽאַנְתֶּם לִשְׁמֹר מִצְוֺתַי וְתוֹרֹתָֽי׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “How long will you refuse to keep My commandments and My teachings.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “How long will you refuse to keep My commandments and My teachings.”
Rashi
עד אנה מאנתם. משל הדיוט הוא, בַּהֲדֵי הוּצָא לָקֵי כַּרְבָּא (ב"ק צב.), ע"י הרשעים מתגנין הכשרין:
How long will you refuse. There is a proverb among common people: “The cabbage is stricken with the weeds.” Through the wicked, the righteous are disgraced.
רְאוּ כִּֽי־יְהֹוָה נָתַן לָכֶם הַשַּׁבָּת עַל־כֵּן הוּא נֹתֵן לָכֶם בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לֶחֶם יוֹמָיִם שְׁבוּ ׀ אִישׁ תַּחְתָּיו אַל־יֵצֵא אִישׁ מִמְּקֹמוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִֽי׃
See, because Adonoy gave you the Shabbos, therefore He gave you on the sixth day bread for two days. Every man must remain in his place. No man may go out of his place on the seventh day.
See, because Adonoy gave you the Shabbos, therefore He gave you on the sixth day bread for two days. Every man must remain in his place. No man may go out of his place on the seventh day.
Rashi
ראו. בעיניכם כי ה' בכבודו מזהיר אתכם על השבת, שהרי נס נעשה בכל ערב שבת, לתת לכם לחם יומים:
See. With your own eyes that God Himself warns you regarding the Shabbos, for a miracle occurs every Shabbos eve when He gives you bread for two days.
שבו איש תחתיו. מכאן סמכו חכמים ד' אמות ליוצא חוץ לתחום, ג' לגופו, וא' לפישוט ידים ורגלים:
Every man must remain in his place. From here the Sages found an allusion [to the law] that there are four amos [designated] for someone who has gone out of the [Shabbos] limit: three for his body and one more to stretch his arms and legs.
אל יצא איש ממקומו. אלו אלפים אמה של תחום שבת, ולא במפורש, שאין תחומין אלא מדברי סופרים, ועיקרו של מקרא על לוקטי המן נאמר:
[No man] may go out, etc. [An allusion to] the 2,000 amos of the Shabbos-limit. But this is not explicit [in the verse] for [the laws of] Shabbos-limits are only Rabbinic prohibitions. The main thrust of the verse was said regarding the manna gatherers.
וַיִּשְׁבְּתוּ הָעָם בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִעִֽי׃
The people rested on the seventh day.
The people rested on the seventh day.
וַיִּקְרְאוּ בֵֽית־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־שְׁמוֹ מָן וְהוּא כְּזֶרַע גַּד לָבָן וְטַעְמוֹ כְּצַפִּיחִת בִּדְבָֽשׁ׃
The House of Yisrael named it [the food] man[na]. It was like white coriander seed, and it tasted like wafers in honey.
The House of Yisrael named it [the food] man[na]. It was like white coriander seed, and it tasted like wafers in honey.
Rashi
והוא כזרע גד לבן. עשב ששמו קוליינד"רי (קאריאדער) וזרע שלו עגול ואינו לבן, והמן היה לבן, ואינו נמשל לזרע גד אלא לענין העגול כזרע גד היה, והוא לבן:
It was like white coriander seed. A kind of herb called aliendre [in Old French] whose seed is round but not white, Whereas the manna was white. It is compared to the coriander seed only in so far its roundness is concerned. [Thus the verse is to be understood:] “It was like a coriander seed but it (the manna) is white.”
כצפיחת. בצק שמטגנין אותו בדבש, וקורין לו אַסְקְרִיטוּן בלשון משנה, והוא תרגום של אונקלוס:
Like wafers. Dough which is fried in honey, and is called אִסְקְרִיטִין in the language of the Mishnah. This (אִסְקְרִיטִין) is Onkelos’ translation.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה מְלֹא הָעֹמֶר מִמֶּנּוּ לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם לְמַעַן ׀ יִרְאוּ אֶת־הַלֶּחֶם אֲשֶׁר הֶאֱכַלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר בְּהוֹצִיאִי אֶתְכֶם מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Moshe said, “This is what Adonoy has commanded: Fill an omer [measure] with it to preserve it for your generations. That they may see the bread with which I fed you in the desert when I brought you out of the land of Egypt.”
Moshe said, “This is what Adonoy has commanded: Fill an omer [measure] with it to preserve it for your generations. That they may see the bread with which I fed you in the desert when I brought you out of the land of Egypt.”
Rashi
למשמרת. לגניזה:
To preserve. For storage.
לדורותיכם. בימי ירמיהו. כשהיה ירמיהו מוכיחם למה אין אתם עוסקים בתורה, והם אומרים נניח מלאכתנו ונעסוק בתורה מהיכן נתפרנס, הוציא להם צנצנת המן, אמר להם אַתֶּם רְאוּ דְבַר ה' (ירמיהו ב, לא), שמעו לא נאמר, אלא ראו, בזה נתפרנסו אבותיכם, הרבה שלוחין יש לו למקום להכין מזון ליראיו:
For your generations. In the days of Yirmiyahu: When Yirmiyahu would admonish them: “Why are you not involved in the study of Torah?” they would respond: “Shall we abandon our work and study the Torah?! From where will we support ourselves?” He would take out the jar of manna and say to them: “This generation! See this thing of God!” It does not say: “Hear!” but rather: “See! With this your forefathers were supported. God has many messengers to prepare sustenance for those who fear Him.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן קַח צִנְצֶנֶת אַחַת וְתֶן־שָׁמָּה מְלֹֽא־הָעֹמֶר מָן וְהַנַּח אֹתוֹ לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
Moshe said to Aharon, “Take a jar and put an omer full of manna in it, and place it before Adonoy to be preserved for your generations.”
Moshe said to Aharon, “Take a jar and put an omer full of manna in it, and place it before Adonoy to be preserved for your generations.”
Rashi
צנצנת. צלוחית של חרס כתרגומו:
A jar. A flask made of earthenware, as Onkelos translates it (צְלוֹחִית).
והנח אותו לפני ד'. לפני הארון, ולא נאמר מקרא זה עד שנבנה אהל מועד, אלא שנכתב כאן בפרשת המן:
Place it before Adonoy. In front of the Ark This verse was not said until the “meeting-tent” was built but it was written here in the section dealing with the manna.
כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיַּנִּיחֵהוּ אַהֲרֹן לִפְנֵי הָעֵדֻת לְמִשְׁמָֽרֶת׃
As Adonoy commanded Moshe, Aharon placed it before the Testimony for preservation.
As Adonoy commanded Moshe, Aharon placed it before the Testimony for preservation.
וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָֽכְלוּ אֶת־הַמָּן אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה עַד־בֹּאָם אֶל־אֶרֶץ נוֹשָׁבֶת אֶת־הַמָּן אָֽכְלוּ עַד־בֹּאָם אֶל־קְצֵה אֶרֶץ כְּנָֽעַן׃
The B’nei Yisrael ate the manna for forty years, until they came to an inhabited land. They ate the manna until they came to the edge of the land of Canaan.
The B’nei Yisrael ate the manna for forty years, until they came to an inhabited land. They ate the manna until they came to the edge of the land of Canaan.
Rashi
ארבעים שנה. והלא חסר ל' יום, שהרי בט"ו באייר ירד להם המן תחלה, ובט"ו בניסן פסק, שנאמר וַיִּשְׁבֹּות הַמָּן מִמָּחֳרָת (יהושע ה, יב), אלא מגיד שהעוגות שהוציאו ישראל ממצרים טעמו בהם טעם מן:
Forty years. But were they not thirty days short [of 40 years]! For on the fifteenth day of Iyar the manna descended for the the first time and on the fifteenth of Nissan it ceased, as it is said: “And the manna ceased the next day.” But [the answer is:] this indicates that in the cakes that B’nei Yisrael brought out of Egypt they tasted a manna taste.
אל ארץ נושבת. לאחר שעברו את הירדן (קידושין לח.). (ס"א, שאותה שבעבר הירדן מיושבת וטובה, שנאמר אֶעְבְּרָה נָּא וְאֶרְאֶה אֶת הָאָרֶץ הַטֹּובָה אֲשֶׁר בְּעֵבֶר הַיַרְדְּן (דברים ג, כה), ותרגום של נושבת יָתְבָתָא, ר"ל מיושבת. רש"י ישן):
To an inhabited land. [Until] after they crossed the Jordan. (Another version of Rashi: for that [land] which is across the Jordan is inhabited and good, As it is said: [Moshe said:] “Please, let me cross and see the good land which is on the other side of the Jordan.” Onkelos translates נוֹשָבֶת as יָתְבָתָא, he means: settled. From an old Rashi manuscript)
אל קצה ארץ כנען. בתחלת הגבול, קודם שעברו את הירדן והוא ערבות מואב, נמצאו מכחישין זה את זה, אלא בערבות מואב כשמת משה בז' באדר פסק המן מלירד, ונסתפקו ממן שלקטו בו ביום, עד שהקריבו העומר בששה עשר בניסן, שנאמר וַיֹאכְלוּ מֵעֲבוּר הָאָרֶץ מִמָּחֳרַת הַפֶּסַח (יהושע ה, יא):
To the edge of the land of Canaan. At the beginning of the border, before [actually] crossing the Jordan. This refers to Arvos Moav. Consequently they contradict each other. But [the answer is:] When Moshe died in Arvos Moav on the seventh of Adar, the manna ceased and they had sufficient manna from what they gathered on that day until they brought the [korbon] Omer on the sixteenth of Nissan, as it is said: “They ate from the produce of the land on the day following the [first day of] Pesach.”
וְהָעֹמֶר עֲשִׂרִית הָאֵיפָה הֽוּא׃ {פ}
The omer is a tenth of an eiphoh.
The omer is a tenth of an eiphoh.
Rashi
עשירית האיפה. האיפה שלש סאין, והסאה ו' קבין, והקב ד' לוגין, והלוג ששה ביצים, נמצא עשירית האיפה מ"ג ביצים וחומש ביצה, והוא שיעור לחלה ולמנחות:
A tenth of an eiphah. The eiphah equals three Se’ahs; a se’ah is 6 kabin (3×6=18); a kab is 4 logs (18×4=72); a log is equivalent to 6 eggs (72×6=432). Consequently 1/10 of an eiphah (432/10) is equal to 43 1/5 (43.2) eggs. This is the minimum amount [of dough] that requires the separation of “challah” and for the meal offerings.
Shemot 17
וַיִּסְעוּ כׇּל־עֲדַת בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּדְבַּר־סִין לְמַסְעֵיהֶם עַל־פִּי יְהֹוָה וַֽיַּחֲנוּ בִּרְפִידִים וְאֵין מַיִם לִשְׁתֹּת הָעָֽם׃
The entire community of B’nei Yisrael journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, traveling according to the word of Adonoy. They camped in Rephidim, and there was no water for the people to drink.
The entire community of B’nei Yisrael journeyed from the wilderness of Sin, traveling according to the word of Adonoy. They camped in Rephidim, and there was no water for the people to drink.
וַיָּרֶב הָעָם עִם־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמְרוּ תְּנוּ־לָנוּ מַיִם וְנִשְׁתֶּה וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם מֹשֶׁה מַה־תְּרִיבוּן עִמָּדִי מַה־תְּנַסּוּן אֶת־יְהֹוָֽה׃
The people quarreled with Moshe, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moshe said to them, “Why are you quarreling with me? Why are you testing Adonoy?”
The people quarreled with Moshe, and said, “Give us water to drink.” Moshe said to them, “Why are you quarreling with me? Why are you testing Adonoy?”
Rashi
מה תנסון. לומר היוכל לתת מים בארץ ציה:
Why are you testing — by saying: “Is He capable of giving water in an arid land?”
וַיִּצְמָא שָׁם הָעָם לַמַּיִם וַיָּלֶן הָעָם עַל־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר לָמָּה זֶּה הֶעֱלִיתָנוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם לְהָמִית אֹתִי וְאֶת־בָּנַי וְאֶת־מִקְנַי בַּצָּמָֽא׃
The people were suffering thirst for [the lack of] water, and the people complained against Moshe and said, “Why did you bring us up from Egypt—to kill me and my children, and my livestock with thirst?”
The people were suffering thirst for [the lack of] water, and the people complained against Moshe and said, “Why did you bring us up from Egypt—to kill me and my children, and my livestock with thirst?”
וַיִּצְעַק מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה לֵאמֹר מָה אֶעֱשֶׂה לָעָם הַזֶּה עוֹד מְעַט וּסְקָלֻֽנִי׃
Moshe cried out to Adonoy saying, “What shall I do for this people? Before long they will stone me.”
Moshe cried out to Adonoy saying, “What shall I do for this people? Before long they will stone me.”
Rashi
עוד מעט. אם אמתין, עוד מעט וסקלוני:
Before long. I.e., “If I wait a little longer they will stone me.”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה עֲבֹר לִפְנֵי הָעָם וְקַח אִתְּךָ מִזִּקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמַטְּךָ אֲשֶׁר הִכִּיתָ בּוֹ אֶת־הַיְאֹר קַח בְּיָדְךָ וְהָלָֽכְתָּ׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Pass to the front of the people and take with you the elders of the [B’nei] Yisrael. The staff with which you struck the river; take in to your hand, and go.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Pass to the front of the people and take with you the elders of the [B’nei] Yisrael. The staff with which you struck the river; take in to your hand, and go.
Rashi
עבור לפני העם. וראה אם יסקלוך, למה הוצאת לעז על בני:
Pass to the front of the people. “And see whether they will stone you! Why did you slander My children?!”
וקח אתך מזקני ישראל. לעדות, שיראו שעל ידך המים יוצאים מן הצור, ולא יאמרו מעינות היו שם מימי קדם:
And take with you the elders of Yisrael. [As witnesses —]that they may see that it is through you that the waters will come out from the rock, and they will not claim that there were springs there from earlier days.
ומטך אשר הכית בו את היאור. מה תלמוד לומר אשר הכית בו את היאור, אלא שהיו ישראל אומרים על המטה, שאינו מוכן אלא לפורענות, בו לקה פרעה, ומצרים כמה מכות, במצרים ועל הים, לכך נאמר אשר הכית בו את היאור, יראו עתה שאף לטובה הוא מוכן:
The staff with which you struck the river. Why does it state: “with which you struck the river.” But [the answer is:] Because the B’nei Yisrael said of the staff that it was intended only for the purpose of punishment. With it Pharaoh and the Egyptians were struck with many plagues in Egypt and on the sea. Therefore it states: “with which you struck the river.” Now they will see that it was intended also for good.
הִנְנִי עֹמֵד לְפָנֶיךָ שָּׁם ׀ עַֽל־הַצּוּר בְּחֹרֵב וְהִכִּיתָ בַצּוּר וְיָצְאוּ מִמֶּנּוּ מַיִם וְשָׁתָה הָעָם וַיַּעַשׂ כֵּן מֹשֶׁה לְעֵינֵי זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Choreiv. You shall strike the rock and water will come out of it, and the people [will be able] to drink. Moshe did this in the sight [presence] of the elders of the [B’nei] Yisrael.
Behold, I will stand before you there on the rock in Choreiv. You shall strike the rock and water will come out of it, and the people [will be able] to drink. Moshe did this in the sight [presence] of the elders of the [B’nei] Yisrael.
Rashi
והכית בצור. על הצור לא נאמר, אלא בצור, מכאן שהמטה היה של מין דבר חזק ושמו סְנַפִּירִינוֹן, והצור נבקע מפניו.
You shall strike the rock. It does not say עַל הַצּוּר — “onto the rock” but, rather, בַּצּוּר — “into the rock.” From here we can derive that the staff was made of a strong substance called sapphire and the rock was split by it.
וַיִּקְרָא שֵׁם הַמָּקוֹם מַסָּה וּמְרִיבָה עַל־רִיב ׀ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל נַסֹּתָם אֶת־יְהֹוָה לֵאמֹר הֲיֵשׁ יְהֹוָה בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם־אָֽיִן׃ {פ}
He [Moshe] named the place Massah and Merivah because the B’nei Yisrael had quarreled [Merivah] and because they had tested [Massah] Adonoy, saying, “Is Adonoy among us or not?”
He [Moshe] named the place Massah and Merivah because the B’nei Yisrael had quarreled [Merivah] and because they had tested [Massah] Adonoy, saying, “Is Adonoy among us or not?”
וַיָּבֹא עֲמָלֵק וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם־יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּרְפִידִֽם׃
Amaleik came and fought with [B’nei] Yisrael in Rephidim.
Amaleik came and fought with [B’nei] Yisrael in Rephidim.
Rashi
ויבא עמלק וגו'. סמך פרשה זו למקרא זה לומר, תמיד אני ביניכם ומזומן לכל צרכיכם, ואתם אומרים היש ה' בקרבנו אם אין, חייכם שהכלב בא ונושך אתכם, ואתם צועקים לי ותדעו היכן אני. משל לאדם שהרכיב בנו על כתפו ויצא לדרך, היה אותו הבן רואה חפץ ואומר, אבא טול חפץ זה ותן לי, והוא נותן לו, וכן שנייה, וכן שלישית, פגעו באדם אחד, אמר לו אותו הבן ראית את אבא, אמר לו אביו, אינך יודע היכן אני, השליכו מעליו ובא הכלב ונשכו:
Amaleik came, etc., [The Torah] places this section adjacent to the [previous] verse in order to convey: “I (God) am always amongst you and ready to fulfill all your needs, and yet you say: “Is Adonoy among us or not?” [I swear] by your lives that the dog (Amaleik) will come and bite you, and you will cry out to Me and then you will know where I am.” A parable: [this may be compared] to a man who placed his son on his shoulders and went out on a journey. Whenever the son saw a desirable object he would say: “Father, take that object and give it to me.” And he (the father) would give it to him. This happened a second and third time. They met a certain person whereupon the son said to him (that person), “Have you seen my father?” His father said to him, “Do you not know where I am?!” Whereupon he threw him off himself and the dog came and bit him.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּחַר־לָנוּ אֲנָשִׁים וְצֵא הִלָּחֵם בַּעֲמָלֵק מָחָר אָנֹכִי נִצָּב עַל־רֹאשׁ הַגִּבְעָה וּמַטֵּה הָאֱלֹהִים בְּיָדִֽי׃
Moshe said to Yehoshua, “Choose men for us and go out to battle Amaleik. Tomorrow, I will stand on top of the hill with the staff of God in my hand.”
Moshe said to Yehoshua, “Choose men for us and go out to battle Amaleik. Tomorrow, I will stand on top of the hill with the staff of God in my hand.”
Rashi
בחר לנו. לי ולך, השוהו לו, מכאן אמרו, יהי כבוד תלמידך חביב עליך כשלך, וכבוד חברך כמורא רבך מנין, שנאמר וַיֹּאמֶר אַהֲרֹן אֶל משֶׁה בִּי אֲדֹנִי (במדבר יב, יא), והלא אהרן גדול מאחיו היה, ועושה את חברו כרבו. ומורא רבך כמורא שמים מנין, שנאמר אֲדֹנִי משֶׁה כְּלָאֵם (שם יא, כח), כלם מן העולם, חייבין הם כלייה, המורדים בך כאילו מרדו בהקב"ה:
Choose for us — “for me and for you.” He (Moshe) equated him (Yehoshua) to himself. From this they [the Sages] said: “The honor of your disciple should be as dear to you as your own.” And [the statement of the Sages that follows:]” the honor of your colleague [should be] equal to the reverence of your teacher” — from where is that derived? For it is said: “Aharon said to Moshe, ‘I beg you, my master.’” Was not Aharon older than his brother? Yet he related to his colleague as his teacher. [The following statement:] “and reverence of your teacher should be equal to the reverence for God” — from where is that derived? For it is said [Yehoshua said to Moshe:] “Moshe, my master, כְּלָאֵם,” meaning: destroy them from this world. Those that rebel against you deserve to be destroyed as if they had rebelled against God.
וצא הלחם. צא מן הענן והלחם בו (מכילתא עמלק פ"א):
Go out to battle. Go out of the cloud and battle him.
מחר. בעת המלחמה, אנכי נצב:
“Tomorrow — at the time of battle, I will stand.”
בחר לנו אנשים. גבורים ויראי חטא, שתהא זכותן מסייעתן. דבר אחר בחר לנו אנשים, שיודעין לבטל כשפים, לפי שבני עמלק מכשפים היו:
Choose men for us — who are strong and sin-fearing (righteous) so that they may be helped by their merit. An alternate explanation: “Choose men for us — who know how to negate witchcraft,” since the Amaleikites were witchcraft practitioners.
וַיַּעַשׂ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ כַּאֲשֶׁר אָֽמַר־לוֹ מֹשֶׁה לְהִלָּחֵם בַּעֲמָלֵק וּמֹשֶׁה אַהֲרֹן וְחוּר עָלוּ רֹאשׁ הַגִּבְעָֽה׃
Yehoshua did as Moshe told him—to battle Amaleik. Moshe, Aharon and Chur went up to the top of the hill.
Yehoshua did as Moshe told him—to battle Amaleik. Moshe, Aharon and Chur went up to the top of the hill.
Rashi
ומשה אהרן וחור. מכאן לתענית שצריכים שלשה לעבור לפני התיבה, שבתענית היו שרוים:
Moshe, Aharon, and Chur. From here we derive that during a fast three people are required to go before the reader’s stand for they (the B’nei Yisrael) were then engaged in fasting.
חור. בנה של מרים היה, וכלב בעלה:
Chur. He was Miriam’s son and Koleiv was her husband.
וְהָיָה כַּאֲשֶׁר יָרִים מֹשֶׁה יָדוֹ וְגָבַר יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכַאֲשֶׁר יָנִיחַ יָדוֹ וְגָבַר עֲמָלֵֽק׃
When Moshe raised his hand, [B’nei] Yisrael prevailed; but when he let his hand down [to rest] Amaleik prevailed.
When Moshe raised his hand, [B’nei] Yisrael prevailed; but when he let his hand down [to rest] Amaleik prevailed.
Rashi
כאשר ירים משה ידו. וכי ידיו של משה נוצחות היו המלחמה וכו', כדאיתא בר"ה (כט.):
When Moshe raised his hand. “But was it the hands of Moshe that caused victory in battle, etc.” as is cited in (Maseches) Rosh Hashanah (29a).
וִידֵי מֹשֶׁה כְּבֵדִים וַיִּקְחוּ־אֶבֶן וַיָּשִׂימוּ תַחְתָּיו וַיֵּשֶׁב עָלֶיהָ וְאַהֲרֹן וְחוּר תָּֽמְכוּ בְיָדָיו מִזֶּה אֶחָד וּמִזֶּה אֶחָד וַיְהִי יָדָיו אֱמוּנָה עַד־בֹּא הַשָּֽׁמֶשׁ׃
Moshe’s hands became heavy. They took a stone and placed it under him and he sat upon it. Aharon and Chur supported his hands, one of them on one side and one on the other side. His hands remained an expression of faith [as he prayed] until sunset.
Moshe’s hands became heavy. They took a stone and placed it under him and he sat upon it. Aharon and Chur supported his hands, one of them on one side and one on the other side. His hands remained an expression of faith [as he prayed] until sunset.
Rashi
וידי משה כבדים. בשביל שנתעצל במצוה ומנה אחר תחתיו, נתייקרו ידיו:
Moshe’s hands became heavy. Because he was lax in the performance of a mitzvah, by appointing another in his stead, his hands became heavy.
ויקחו. אהרן וחור:
They took. Aharon and Chur [took] —
אבן וישימו תחתיו. ולא ישב לו על כר וכסת, אמר, ישראל שרויין בצער, אף אני אהיה עמהם בצער:
a stone, and placed it under him. He did not seat himself on a pillow or cushion, for he said: “Yisrael is in a state of suffering. I, too, will be with them in suffering.”
ויהי ידיו אמונה. ויהי משה ידיו באמונה, פרושות השמים בתפלה נאמנה ונכונה:
His hands remained an expression of faith. I.e., Moshe was [in a state] [wherein his] hands were with faithfulness [meaning:] spread towards the heavens with faithful and well-intended prayer.
עד בא השמש. שהיו עמלקים מחשבין את השעות באיצטרו"לוגיאה, באיזו שעה הם נוצחים, והעמיד להם משה חמה וערבב את השעות:
Until sunset. For the Amaleikites calculated the hours according to astrology as to what hour is best for them to triumph. Moshe held the sun back against them thereby confusing the hours.
וַיַּחֲלֹשׁ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת־עֲמָלֵק וְאֶת־עַמּוֹ לְפִי־חָֽרֶב׃ {פ}
Yehoshua weakened Amaleik and his people with the edge of the sword.
Yehoshua weakened Amaleik and his people with the edge of the sword.
Rashi
ויחלש יהושע. חתך ראשי גבוריו (תנחומא בשלח כ"ח) ולא השאיר אלא חלשים שבהם, ולא הרגם כולם, מכאן אנו למדים, שעשו על פי הדבור של שכינה:
Yehoshua weakened. He cut off the heads of his [Amaleik’s] mighty warriors and left only the weak among them and did not kill them all. From this we may conclude that they acted according to a specific command of the shechinah.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כְּתֹב זֹאת זִכָּרוֹן בַּסֵּפֶר וְשִׂים בְּאׇזְנֵי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ כִּֽי־מָחֹה אֶמְחֶה אֶת־זֵכֶר עֲמָלֵק מִתַּחַת הַשָּׁמָֽיִם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Write this as a remembrance in the Book, [the Torah] and repeat it in Yehoshua’s ears, for I will totally obliterate the memory of Amaleik from under the heavens.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Write this as a remembrance in the Book, [the Torah] and repeat it in Yehoshua’s ears, for I will totally obliterate the memory of Amaleik from under the heavens.
Rashi
כתב זאת זכרון. שבא עמלק להזדווג לישראל קודם לכל האומות (מכילתא עמלק פ"ב):
Write this as a remembrance — that Amaleik came to attack Yisrael prior to any other nation.
ושים באזני יהושע. המכניס את ישראל לארץ, שיצוה את ישראל לשלם לו את גמולו, כאן נרמז לו למשה שיהושע מכניס את ישראל לארץ:
And put it into the ears of Yehoshua [Yehoshua being] the one that will bring Yisrael into the land. Let him command Yisrael to pay him [Amaleik] his deserved reward [punishment]. This was an intimation to Moshe that Yehoshua will bring Yisrael into the land.
כי מחה אמחה. לכך אני מזהירך כן, כי חפץ אני למחותו:
For I will totally obliterate. It is for this reason that I admonish you about this, because I want to obliterate him.
וַיִּבֶן מֹשֶׁה מִזְבֵּחַ וַיִּקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יְהֹוָה ׀ נִסִּֽי׃
Moshe built an altar and called it Adonoy nissi [Adonoy is my miracle].
Moshe built an altar and called it Adonoy nissi [Adonoy is my miracle].
Rashi
ויקרא שמו. של מזבח:
And called its name. [The name] of the altar.
ה' נסי. הקב"ה עשה לנו כאן נס גדול, לא שהמזבח קרוי ה', אלא המזכיר שמו של מזבח, זוכר את הנס שעשה המקום, ה' הוא נס שלנו:
Adonoy is my miracle. [Meaning:] God performed a great miracle here for us. It does not mean that the altar was called ה' but rather whoever will mention the name of the altar will mention the miracle which God performed: “God is our Miracle.”
וַיֹּאמֶר כִּֽי־יָד עַל־כֵּס יָהּ*(בכתר ארם צובה היה כתוב כֵּסְיָהּ בתיבה אחת) מִלְחָמָה לַיהֹוָה בַּֽעֲמָלֵק מִדֹּר דֹּֽר׃ {פ}
He said, “The hand is on God’s throne, Adonoy will be at war with Amaleik for all generations.”
He said, “The hand is on God’s throne, Adonoy will be at war with Amaleik for all generations.”
Rashi
ויאמר. משה:
He said. Moshe [said].
כי יד על כס יה. ידו של הקב"ה הורמה לישבע בכסאו, להיות לו מלחמה ואיבה בעמלק עולמית, ומהו כס ולא נאמר כסא, ואף השם נחלק לחציו, נשבע הקב"ה, שאין שמו שלם ואין כסאו שלם עד שימחה שמו של עמלק כולו, וכשימחה שמו, יהיה השם שלם והכסא שלם, שנאמר הָאֹויֵב תַּמּוּ חֳרָבֹות לָנֶצַח (תהלים ט, ז), זהו עמלק שכתוב בו וְעֶבְרָתֹו שְׁמָרָה נֶצַח (עמוס א, יא), וְעָרִים נָתַשְׁתָּ אָבַד זִכְרָם הֵמָּה (תהלים שם), מהו אומר אחריו, וַה' לְעֹולָם יֵשֵׁב, הרי השם שלם, כֹּונֵן לַמִּשְׁפָּט כִּסְאֹו, הרי הכסא שלם:
“The hand is on God’s throne. The hand of God is raised to swear by His Throne to have eternal war and animosity against Amaleik. Why is it written כֵּס and not כִּסֵּא and also the Name is cut in half (י־ה)? God swore that His Name will not be whole, nor will His Throne be whole until the name of Amaleik is totally obliterated. And when his name will be obliterated the Name will be whole and the Throne will be whole, as it is said: “The enemy is finished, whose swords were eternal,” which refers to Amaleik about whom it is written: “He held onto his anger forever” [The verse in Tehillim now continues:] “And cities you uprooted their memory has perished.” And what is said afterwards? “But Adonoy (י־ה־ו־ה) is forever enthroned,” whereby the Name has become whole. “He establishes (כִּסְאוֹ) His Throne for judgment,” whereby the Throne has become whole.
ויהי בשלח פרעה וגו' ולא נחם. ולא נהגם, כמו לֵךְ נְחֵה אֶת הָעָם (שמות לב, לד), בְּהִתְהַלֶּכְךָ תַּנְחֶה אֹתָךְ (משלי ו, כב):
When Pharaoh sent away, etc. Elohim did not lead them. [וְלֹא נָחָם means] He did not lead them, as in: “Go, (נְחֵה) lead the nation!” [or] “When you go, (תַּנְחֶה) it will lead you.”