Tanach
Shemot 21:1-6 שמות כ״א:א׳-ו׳
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
וְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים אֲשֶׁר תָּשִׂים לִפְנֵיהֶֽם׃
And these are the laws that you shall set before them.
And these are the laws that you shall set before them.
Rashi
אשר תשים לפניהם. אמר לו הקב"ה למשה, לא תעלה על דעתך לומר, אשנה להם הפרק וההלכה ב' או ג' פעמים, עד שתהא סדורה בפיהם כמשנתה, ואיני מטריח עצמי להבינם טעמי הדבר ופירושו, לכך נאמר אשר תשים לפניהם, כשלחן הערוך ומוכן לאכול לפני האדם:
That you shall set before them. God said to Moshe: “Do not allow it to enter your mind to say, ‘I will teach them the section or the law two or three times until it will become fluent in their mouths exactly as it is taught, but I will not bother myself to make them understand the reasons for each thing and its explanation.’” It therefore states: “that you shall set before them” — like a set table with everything ready to be eaten, for the person.
לפניהם. ולא לפני עובדי אלילים (גיטין פח:), ואפילו ידעת בדין אחד שהם דנין אותו כדיני ישראל, אל תביאהו בערכאות שלהם, שהמביא דיני ישראל לפני ארמים, מחלל את השם ומיקר שם האלילים להשביחם (ס"א להחשיבם), שנאמר כי לא כצורנו צורם ואויבינו פלילים (דברים לב, לא), כשאויבינו פלילים זהו עדות לעלוי יראתם:
Before them — and not before the gentiles. And even if you know of a particular law that they render the same as Jewish law, [nevertheless] do not bring the matter to their courts for one who brings law cases of Bnei Yisrael before [the courts of] gentiles profanes the Name of God and esteems the name of the idols bringing [undue] praise to them (other mss: to bring [undue] importance to them) as it is said: “For their rock is not as our Rock that our enemies should be our judges,” [thereby indicating] that when our enemies are our judges, it is testimony to the superiority of their idols.
כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד וּבַשְּׁבִעִת יֵצֵא לַֽחׇפְשִׁי חִנָּֽם׃
If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].
If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].
Rashi
כי תקנה עבד עברי. עבד שהוא עברי, או אינו אלא עבדו של עברי, עבד כנעני שלקחתו מישראל, ועליו הוא אומר שש שנים יעבוד, ומה אני מקיים וְהִתְנַחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם (ויקרא כה, מו), בלקוח מן הכנענים, אבל בלקוח מישראל יצא בשש, תלמוד לומר כי ימכר לך אחיך העברי (דברים טו, יב), לא אמרתי אלא באחיך:
If you buy a Hebrew slave. [עֶבֶד עִבְרִי here means:] a slave who is a Hebrew. Or perhaps it means the slave of a Hebrew, [i.e.,] a gentile slave bought from a Jew and it is regarding him that it is said: “He shall serve for six years?” [Should you then ask:] how can I explain: “And you shall leave them (the gentile slaves) as an inheritance...?” [I would answer that it refers to a gentile slave] who was bought from the gentiles, but if bought from a Jew he shall go free after six years. Therefore, it states: “If your brother, the Hebrew, is sold to you [he shall serve you six years]” I tell you this (that he serves six years) only in regard to your brother [a Hebrew slave].
כי תקנה. מיד בית דין שמכרוהו בגנבתו, כמו שנאמר אִם אֵין לֹו וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתֹו (שמות כב, א), או אינו אלא במוכר עצמו מפני דחקו, אבל מכרוהו בית דין לא יצא בשש, כשהוא אומר וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ עִמָךְ וְנִמְכּר לָךְ (ויקרא כה, לט), הרי מוכר עצמו מפני דוחקו אמור, ומה אני מקיים כי תקנה, בנמכר בבית דין:
If you buy — from the hand of the court that sold him for a theft he committed as it is said: “If he (the thief) has nothing [with which to reimburse his victim], he must be sold for his theft.” Or perhaps it refers to [a slave] who sold himself because of his dire need, but if the court sells him [for theft] he would not go free after six years! [This is wrong] for when the Torah says: “When your brother becomes destitute with you and is then sold to you” — then the selling of oneself out of dire need has already been discussed! Then how do I explain [the verse] כִּי תִקְנֶה [here]? When he is sold through the court!
לחפשי. לחירות:
Free. [לַחָפְשִׁי means:] into freedom.
אִם־בְּגַפּוֹ יָבֹא בְּגַפּוֹ יֵצֵא אִם־בַּעַל אִשָּׁה הוּא וְיָצְאָה אִשְׁתּוֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃
If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.
If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.
Rashi
אם בגפו יבא. שלא היה נשוי אשה, כתרגומו אם בלחודוהי. ולשון בגפו, בכנפו, שלא בא אלא כמות שהוא, יחידי בתוך לבושו, בכנף בגדו:
If he came by himself. [Meaning:] that he was unmarried, as it is translated by Onkelos: אִם בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי —“if by himself.” The term בְּגַפּוֹ is the same as בִּכְנָפוֹ — “with his skirt,” i.e., he came in as is, alone, wrapped in his garment, in the skirt of his garment.
בגפו יצא. מגיד, שאם לא היה נשוי מתחלה, אין רבו מוסר לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים (קידושין כ.):
He shall go out by himself. This teaches that if he was unmarried at first (when he came into servitude), his master may not give him a gentile handmaid [against his will] so as to have slave-children from her.
אם בעל אשה הוא. ישראלית (מכילתא פ"ב):
If he [was] married — to a Jewish woman —
ויצאה אשתו עמו. וכי מי הכניסה שתצא, אלא מגיד הכתוב, שהקונה עבד עברי חייב במזונות אשתו ובניו (קידושין כב.):
his wife shall go out with him. But who was it that brought her in that [it has to be said that] she goes out? But the Torah teaches that he who acquires a Hebrew slave becomes obligated to support his (the slave’s) wife and children.
אִם־אֲדֹנָיו יִתֶּן־לוֹ אִשָּׁה וְיָלְדָה־לוֹ בָנִים אוֹ בָנוֹת הָאִשָּׁה וִילָדֶיהָ תִּהְיֶה לַֽאדֹנֶיהָ וְהוּא יֵצֵא בְגַפּֽוֹ׃
If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.
If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.
Rashi
אם אדניו יתן לו אשה. מכאן, שהרשות ביד רבו למסור לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים. או אינו אלא בישראלית, תלמוד לומר האשה וילדיה תהיה לאדוניה, הא אינו מדבר אלא בכנענית, שהרי העבריה אף היא יוצאה בשש, ואפילו לפני שש אם הביאה סימנין יוצאה, שנאמר אָחִיךָ הָעִבְרִי אֹו הָעִבְרִיָה (דברים טו, יב) מלמד שאף העבריה יוצאה בשש:
If his master should give him a wife. From here [we derive] that his master has the right to give him a gentile handmaid to beget slaves from her. Or perhaps it is only a Jewish wife [that he may give him]. Therefore the Torah says: “The woman and her children belong to her master,” indicating that it refers only to a gentile woman, for a Hebrew handmaid too goes free after six years and even earlier than six years, if she shows signs of puberty, she goes free, as it is said: “[If] your Hebrew brother or sister [be sold to you they shall serve you for six years]” which teaches that also a Hebrew handmaid goes free after six [years].
וְאִם־אָמֹר יֹאמַר הָעֶבֶד אָהַבְתִּי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי אֶת־אִשְׁתִּי וְאֶת־בָּנָי לֹא אֵצֵא חׇפְשִֽׁי׃
If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”
If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”
Rashi
את אשתי. השפחה:
My wife. The handmaid.
וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֲדֹנָיו אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֶל־הַדֶּלֶת אוֹ אֶל־הַמְּזוּזָה וְרָצַע אֲדֹנָיו אֶת־אׇזְנוֹ בַּמַּרְצֵעַ וַעֲבָדוֹ לְעֹלָֽם׃ {ס}
His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.
His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.
Rashi
אל האלהים. לבית דין, צריך שימלך במוכריו שמכרוהו לו (מכילתא פ"ב):
To the judges. אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים means — “to court.” He (the slave) should consult with those who sold him, for it was they who sold him to him (the master).
אל הדלת או אל המזוזה. יכול שתהא המזוזה כשרה לרצוע עליה, תלמוד לומר וְנָתַתָּה בְאָזְנֹו וּבַדֶּלֶת (דברים טו, יז), בדלת ולא במזוזה, הא מה תלמוד לומר או אל המזוזה, הקיש דלת למזוזה, מה מזוזה מעומד אף דלת מעומד (קידושין כב:):
To the door or to the doorpost. This might lead you to think that the doorpost is a proper place upon which to pierce. The Torah therefore says: “You shall put the awl in his ear and in the door” — in the door but not in the doorpost. Then why does the Torah say: “or to the doorpost?” This is to compare the door with the doorpost: just as the doorpost is upright, so too must the door be upright.
ורצע אדוניו את אזנו במרצע. הימנית, או אינו אלא של שמאל, תלמוד לומר אזן אזן לגזירה שוה, נאמר כאן ורצע אדוניו את אזנו, ונאמר במצורע תְּנוּך אֹזֶן הַמִּטַּהֵר הַיְמָנִית (ויקרא יד, יד), מה להלן הימנית אף כאן הימנית. ומה ראה אזן להרצע מכל שאר אברים שבגוף, אמר ר' יוחנן בן זכאי, אזן זאת ששמעה על הר סיני לא תגנוב, והלך וגנב, תרצע (מכילתא פ"ב), ואם מוכר עצמו, אזן ששמעה על הר סיני כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, והלך וקנה אדון לעצמו, תרצע. רבי שמעון היה דורש מקרא זה כמין חומר, (ר"ל קשר צרור מבושם שתולין בצואר לתכשיט) מה נשתנו דלת ומזוזה מכל כלים שבבית, אמר הקב"ה, דלת ומזוזה שהיו עדים במצרים כשפסחתי על המשקוף ועל שתי המזוזות, ואמרתי כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, עבדי הם, ולא עבדים לעבדים, והלך זה וקנה אדון לעצמו, ירצע בפניהם:
And his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. The right [ear]. Or perhaps it refers to the left one? Therefore the Torah says: “אֹזֶן” [here and] אֹזֶן [elsewhere] so as to make an analogy [called a גְּזֵירָה שָׁוָה]: here it states: “And his master shall pierce אָזְנוֹ (his ear),” and regarding a metsorah it states: “The right ear lobe of the one to be purified.” Just as in the latter verse it refers to the right one, here, too, it refers to the right one. Why was the ear chosen to be pierced rather than all the other limbs of the body? Said Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai: The ear, which heard upon Mount Sinai, “You shall not steal!” and, he nevertheless, went ahead and stole, should [have his ear] pierced! And in the case where he sold himself: The ear that heard on Mount Sinai: “For to Me are the B’nei Yisrael servants” and he, nevertheless, went ahead and acquired a master for himself, should [have his ear] pierced! Rabbi Shimon expounded this verse in a beautiful manner: Why are the door and the doorpost different from other objects of the house? God, in effect, said: “The door and doorpost were witnesses in Egypt when I passed over the lintel and the two doorposts, and I said: ‘For to me are the B’nei Yisrael servants’” — they are My servants, not servants of servants, and this person went ahead and acquired a master for himself, he shall [have his ear] pierced in their presence.
ועבדו לעולם. עד היובל, או אינו אלא לעולם כמשמעו, תלמוד לומר וְאִישׁ אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתֹּו תָּשֻׁבוּ (ויקרא כה, י), מגיד שחמשים שנה קרוים עולם, ולא שיהא עובדו כל חמשים שנה, אלא עובדו עד היובל, בין סמוך בין מופלג:
He then serves his master forever. [This means] until yovel (the Jubilee year). Or perhaps it means forever as is its literal meaning? The Torah therefore says: “And each man will return to his family.” This teaches that fifty years are referred to as forever. This does not mean that he serves him for the entire fifty years, but rather he serves him till the Jubilee, whether it is near at hand, whether it is far off.
ואלה המשפטים. כל מקום שנאמר אלה, פסל את הראשונים, ואלה, מוסיף על הראשונים (שמו"ר ל, ב), מה הראשונים מסיני אף אלו מסיני. ולמה נסמכה פרשת דינין לפרשת מזבח, לומר לך שתשים סנהדרין אצל המקדש (ס"א המזבח):
These are the laws. Wherever the word אֵלֶּה (without a vov) is used it disqualifies that which preceded it [But the word] וְאֵלֶּה (with a vov) is a continuation of that which preceded it. [Here too וְאֵלֶּה conveys that] just as the preceding words (the Ten Commandments) were [received] from Sinai these [following laws] also were [received] from Sinai. Then why was the section of judgments placed near the section dealing with the altar? This is to teach you that the chamber of the Sanhedrin should be placed near the Beis Hamikdosh (some mss: the altar).