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Shemot 21

21:1

וְאֵלֶּה הַמִּשְׁפָּטִים אֲשֶׁר תָּשִׂים לִפְנֵיהֶֽם׃

And these are the laws that you shall set before them.

And these are the laws that you shall set before them.

Rashi

ואלה המשפטים. כל מקום שנאמר אלה, פסל את הראשונים, ואלה, מוסיף על הראשונים (שמו"ר ל, ב), מה הראשונים מסיני אף אלו מסיני. ולמה נסמכה פרשת דינין לפרשת מזבח, לומר לך שתשים סנהדרין אצל המקדש (ס"א המזבח):

These are the laws. Wherever the word אֵלֶּה (without a vov) is used it disqualifies that which preceded it [But the word] וְאֵלֶּה (with a vov) is a continuation of that which preceded it. [Here too וְאֵלֶּה conveys that] just as the preceding words (the Ten Commandments) were [received] from Sinai these [following laws] also were [received] from Sinai. Then why was the section of judgments placed near the section dealing with the altar? This is to teach you that the chamber of the Sanhedrin should be placed near the Beis Hamikdosh (some mss: the altar).

אשר תשים לפניהם. אמר לו הקב"ה למשה, לא תעלה על דעתך לומר, אשנה להם הפרק וההלכה ב' או ג' פעמים, עד שתהא סדורה בפיהם כמשנתה, ואיני מטריח עצמי להבינם טעמי הדבר ופירושו, לכך נאמר אשר תשים לפניהם, כשלחן הערוך ומוכן לאכול לפני האדם:

That you shall set before them. God said to Moshe: “Do not allow it to enter your mind to say, ‘I will teach them the section or the law two or three times until it will become fluent in their mouths exactly as it is taught, but I will not bother myself to make them understand the reasons for each thing and its explanation.’” It therefore states: “that you shall set before them” — like a set table with everything ready to be eaten, for the person.

לפניהם. ולא לפני עובדי אלילים (גיטין פח:), ואפילו ידעת בדין אחד שהם דנין אותו כדיני ישראל, אל תביאהו בערכאות שלהם, שהמביא דיני ישראל לפני ארמים, מחלל את השם ומיקר שם האלילים להשביחם (ס"א להחשיבם), שנאמר כי לא כצורנו צורם ואויבינו פלילים (דברים לב, לא), כשאויבינו פלילים זהו עדות לעלוי יראתם:

Before them — and not before the gentiles. And even if you know of a particular law that they render the same as Jewish law, [nevertheless] do not bring the matter to their courts for one who brings law cases of Bnei Yisrael before [the courts of] gentiles profanes the Name of God and esteems the name of the idols bringing [undue] praise to them (other mss: to bring [undue] importance to them) as it is said: “For their rock is not as our Rock that our enemies should be our judges,” [thereby indicating] that when our enemies are our judges, it is testimony to the superiority of their idols.

21:2

כִּי תִקְנֶה עֶבֶד עִבְרִי שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים יַעֲבֹד וּבַשְּׁבִעִת יֵצֵא לַֽחׇפְשִׁי חִנָּֽם׃

If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].

If you buy a Hebrew slave, he shall serve [you] for six years, but in the seventh [year] he is to go out free, for naught [without liability].

Rashi

כי תקנה עבד עברי. עבד שהוא עברי, או אינו אלא עבדו של עברי, עבד כנעני שלקחתו מישראל, ועליו הוא אומר שש שנים יעבוד, ומה אני מקיים וְהִתְנַחַלְתֶּם אֹתָם (ויקרא כה, מו), בלקוח מן הכנענים, אבל בלקוח מישראל יצא בשש, תלמוד לומר כי ימכר לך אחיך העברי (דברים טו, יב), לא אמרתי אלא באחיך:

If you buy a Hebrew slave. [עֶבֶד עִבְרִי here means:] a slave who is a Hebrew. Or perhaps it means the slave of a Hebrew, [i.e.,] a gentile slave bought from a Jew and it is regarding him that it is said: “He shall serve for six years?” [Should you then ask:] how can I explain: “And you shall leave them (the gentile slaves) as an inheritance...?” [I would answer that it refers to a gentile slave] who was bought from the gentiles, but if bought from a Jew he shall go free after six years. Therefore, it states: “If your brother, the Hebrew, is sold to you [he shall serve you six years]” I tell you this (that he serves six years) only in regard to your brother [a Hebrew slave].

כי תקנה. מיד בית דין שמכרוהו בגנבתו, כמו שנאמר אִם אֵין לֹו וְנִמְכַּר בִּגְנֵבָתֹו (שמות כב, א), או אינו אלא במוכר עצמו מפני דחקו, אבל מכרוהו בית דין לא יצא בשש, כשהוא אומר וְכִי יָמוּךְ אָחִיךָ עִמָךְ וְנִמְכּר לָךְ (ויקרא כה, לט), הרי מוכר עצמו מפני דוחקו אמור, ומה אני מקיים כי תקנה, בנמכר בבית דין:

If you buy — from the hand of the court that sold him for a theft he committed as it is said: “If he (the thief) has nothing [with which to reimburse his victim], he must be sold for his theft.” Or perhaps it refers to [a slave] who sold himself because of his dire need, but if the court sells him [for theft] he would not go free after six years! [This is wrong] for when the Torah says: “When your brother becomes destitute with you and is then sold to you” — then the selling of oneself out of dire need has already been discussed! Then how do I explain [the verse] כִּי תִקְנֶה [here]? When he is sold through the court!

לחפשי. לחירות:

Free. [לַחָפְשִׁי means:] into freedom.

21:3

אִם־בְּגַפּוֹ יָבֹא בְּגַפּוֹ יֵצֵא אִם־בַּעַל אִשָּׁה הוּא וְיָצְאָה אִשְׁתּוֹ עִמּֽוֹ׃

If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.

If he came by himself [unmarried], he shall go out by himself. If he was married, his wife shall go out with him.

Rashi

אם בגפו יבא. שלא היה נשוי אשה, כתרגומו אם בלחודוהי. ולשון בגפו, בכנפו, שלא בא אלא כמות שהוא, יחידי בתוך לבושו, בכנף בגדו:

If he came by himself. [Meaning:] that he was unmarried, as it is translated by Onkelos: אִם בִּלְחוֹדוֹהִי —“if by himself.” The term בְּגַפּוֹ is the same as בִּכְנָפוֹ — “with his skirt,” i.e., he came in as is, alone, wrapped in his garment, in the skirt of his garment.

בגפו יצא. מגיד, שאם לא היה נשוי מתחלה, אין רבו מוסר לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים (קידושין כ.):

He shall go out by himself. This teaches that if he was unmarried at first (when he came into servitude), his master may not give him a gentile handmaid [against his will] so as to have slave-children from her.

אם בעל אשה הוא. ישראלית (מכילתא פ"ב):

If he [was] married — to a Jewish woman —

ויצאה אשתו עמו. וכי מי הכניסה שתצא, אלא מגיד הכתוב, שהקונה עבד עברי חייב במזונות אשתו ובניו (קידושין כב.):

his wife shall go out with him. But who was it that brought her in that [it has to be said that] she goes out? But the Torah teaches that he who acquires a Hebrew slave becomes obligated to support his (the slave’s) wife and children.

21:4

אִם־אֲדֹנָיו יִתֶּן־לוֹ אִשָּׁה וְיָלְדָה־לוֹ בָנִים אוֹ בָנוֹת הָאִשָּׁה וִילָדֶיהָ תִּהְיֶה לַֽאדֹנֶיהָ וְהוּא יֵצֵא בְגַפּֽוֹ׃

If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.

If his master should give him a wife, and she bears him sons or daughters, then the woman and her children belong to her master, and he shall go out by himself.

Rashi

אם אדניו יתן לו אשה. מכאן, שהרשות ביד רבו למסור לו שפחה כנענית להוליד ממנה עבדים. או אינו אלא בישראלית, תלמוד לומר האשה וילדיה תהיה לאדוניה, הא אינו מדבר אלא בכנענית, שהרי העבריה אף היא יוצאה בשש, ואפילו לפני שש אם הביאה סימנין יוצאה, שנאמר אָחִיךָ הָעִבְרִי אֹו הָעִבְרִיָה (דברים טו, יב) מלמד שאף העבריה יוצאה בשש:

If his master should give him a wife. From here [we derive] that his master has the right to give him a gentile handmaid to beget slaves from her. Or perhaps it is only a Jewish wife [that he may give him]. Therefore the Torah says: “The woman and her children belong to her master,” indicating that it refers only to a gentile woman, for a Hebrew handmaid too goes free after six years and even earlier than six years, if she shows signs of puberty, she goes free, as it is said: “[If] your Hebrew brother or sister [be sold to you they shall serve you for six years]” which teaches that also a Hebrew handmaid goes free after six [years].

21:5

וְאִם־אָמֹר יֹאמַר הָעֶבֶד אָהַבְתִּי אֶת־אֲדֹנִי אֶת־אִשְׁתִּי וְאֶת־בָּנָי לֹא אֵצֵא חׇפְשִֽׁי׃

If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”

If the slave explicitly says, “I have come to love my master, my wife and my children, I do not want to go out free.”

Rashi

את אשתי. השפחה:

My wife. The handmaid.

21:6

וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֲדֹנָיו אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים וְהִגִּישׁוֹ אֶל־הַדֶּלֶת אוֹ אֶל־הַמְּזוּזָה וְרָצַע אֲדֹנָיו אֶת־אׇזְנוֹ בַּמַּרְצֵעַ וַעֲבָדוֹ לְעֹלָֽם׃ {ס}        

His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.

His master must bring him to the judges. He must then bring him next to the door, or to the doorpost, and his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. He then serves his master forever.

Rashi

אל האלהים. לבית דין, צריך שימלך במוכריו שמכרוהו לו (מכילתא פ"ב):

To the judges. אֶל הָאֱלֹהִים means — “to court.” He (the slave) should consult with those who sold him, for it was they who sold him to him (the master).

אל הדלת או אל המזוזה. יכול שתהא המזוזה כשרה לרצוע עליה, תלמוד לומר וְנָתַתָּה בְאָזְנֹו וּבַדֶּלֶת (דברים טו, יז), בדלת ולא במזוזה, הא מה תלמוד לומר או אל המזוזה, הקיש דלת למזוזה, מה מזוזה מעומד אף דלת מעומד (קידושין כב:):

To the door or to the doorpost. This might lead you to think that the doorpost is a proper place upon which to pierce. The Torah therefore says: “You shall put the awl in his ear and in the door” — in the door but not in the doorpost. Then why does the Torah say: “or to the doorpost?” This is to compare the door with the doorpost: just as the doorpost is upright, so too must the door be upright.

ורצע אדוניו את אזנו במרצע. הימנית, או אינו אלא של שמאל, תלמוד לומר אזן אזן לגזירה שוה, נאמר כאן ורצע אדוניו את אזנו, ונאמר במצורע תְּנוּך אֹזֶן הַמִּטַּהֵר הַיְמָנִית (ויקרא יד, יד), מה להלן הימנית אף כאן הימנית. ומה ראה אזן להרצע מכל שאר אברים שבגוף, אמר ר' יוחנן בן זכאי, אזן זאת ששמעה על הר סיני לא תגנוב, והלך וגנב, תרצע (מכילתא פ"ב), ואם מוכר עצמו, אזן ששמעה על הר סיני כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, והלך וקנה אדון לעצמו, תרצע. רבי שמעון היה דורש מקרא זה כמין חומר, (ר"ל קשר צרור מבושם שתולין בצואר לתכשיט) מה נשתנו דלת ומזוזה מכל כלים שבבית, אמר הקב"ה, דלת ומזוזה שהיו עדים במצרים כשפסחתי על המשקוף ועל שתי המזוזות, ואמרתי כי לי בני ישראל עבדים, עבדי הם, ולא עבדים לעבדים, והלך זה וקנה אדון לעצמו, ירצע בפניהם:

And his master shall pierce his ear with an awl. The right [ear]. Or perhaps it refers to the left one? Therefore the Torah says: “אֹזֶן” [here and] אֹזֶן [elsewhere] so as to make an analogy [called a גְּזֵירָה שָׁוָה]: here it states: “And his master shall pierce אָזְנוֹ (his ear),” and regarding a metsorah it states: “The right ear lobe of the one to be purified.” Just as in the latter verse it refers to the right one, here, too, it refers to the right one. Why was the ear chosen to be pierced rather than all the other limbs of the body? Said Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai: The ear, which heard upon Mount Sinai, “You shall not steal!” and, he nevertheless, went ahead and stole, should [have his ear] pierced! And in the case where he sold himself: The ear that heard on Mount Sinai: “For to Me are the B’nei Yisrael servants” and he, nevertheless, went ahead and acquired a master for himself, should [have his ear] pierced! Rabbi Shimon expounded this verse in a beautiful manner: Why are the door and the doorpost different from other objects of the house? God, in effect, said: “The door and doorpost were witnesses in Egypt when I passed over the lintel and the two doorposts, and I said: ‘For to me are the B’nei Yisrael servants’” — they are My servants, not servants of servants, and this person went ahead and acquired a master for himself, he shall [have his ear] pierced in their presence.

ועבדו לעולם. עד היובל, או אינו אלא לעולם כמשמעו, תלמוד לומר וְאִישׁ אֶל מִשְׁפַּחְתֹּו תָּשֻׁבוּ (ויקרא כה, י), מגיד שחמשים שנה קרוים עולם, ולא שיהא עובדו כל חמשים שנה, אלא עובדו עד היובל, בין סמוך בין מופלג:

He then serves his master forever. [This means] until yovel (the Jubilee year). Or perhaps it means forever as is its literal meaning? The Torah therefore says: “And each man will return to his family.” This teaches that fifty years are referred to as forever. This does not mean that he serves him for the entire fifty years, but rather he serves him till the Jubilee, whether it is near at hand, whether it is far off.

21:7

וְכִֽי־יִמְכֹּר אִישׁ אֶת־בִּתּוֹ לְאָמָה לֹא תֵצֵא כְּצֵאת הָעֲבָדִֽים׃

If a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves.

If a man sells his daughter to be a maidservant, she shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves.

Rashi

וכי ימכר איש את בתו לאמה. בקטנה הכתוב מדבר (מכילתא פ"ג), יכול אפילו הביאה סימנים, אמרת קל וחומר, ומה מכורה קודם לכן יוצאה בסימנין, כמו שכתוב ויצאה חנם אין כסף, שאנו דורשים אותו לסימני נערות, שאינה מכורה אינו דין שלא תמכר (ערכין כט:):

If a man sell his daughter to be a maidservant. This verse speaks of a minor [daughter]. One might think [that the verse applies] even if she shows signs [of puberty]. You must say [that this is not so] a fortiori: Just as one who is sold beforehand (as a minor) goes free upon showing signs [of puberty], as is written: “She goes out free, with no repayment of money,” which we expound as referring to one who shows signs of adolescence, then one who has not yet been been sold [at this age] does logic not dictate that she not be sold at all?

לא תצא כצאת העבדים. כיציאת עבדים כנענים שיוצאים בשן ועין, אבל זו לא תצא בשן ועין, אלא עובדת שש, או עד היובל, או עד שתביא סימנין, וכל הקודם קודם לחירותה, ונותן לה דמי עינה או דמי שינה, או אינו אלא לא תצא כצאת העבדים בשש וביובל, תלמוד לומר כי ימכר לך אחיך העברי או העבריה, מקיש עבריה לעברי לכל יציאותיו, מה עברי יוצא בשש וביובל, אף עבריה יוצאה בשש וביובל, ומהו לא תצא כצאת העבדים, לא תצא בראשי איברים כעבדים כנענים, יכול העברי יוצא בראשי איברים, תלמוד לומר העברי או העבריה, מקיש עברי לעבריה, מה העבריה אינה יוצאה בראשי איברים, אף הוא אינו יוצא בראשי איברים:

She shall not go out [free] in the manner of male slaves. [I.e.,] in the manner that gentile slaves go free, for they go free [for the loss] of a “tooth and an eye.” But this woman does not go free for the loss of “tooth and eye” but rather she serves for six years or until the Jubilee, or until she shows signs of puberty. Whichever [of these] comes first brings her freedom first. However, he (the master) must reimburse her for the value of her eye or the value of her tooth. Or perhaps this is not so, but rather “she shall not go free in the manner of the slaves” [means in the manner of Hebrew slaves who go free] after six years or the Jubilee year? The Torah therefore says: “If there should be sold to you your Hebrew brother or your Hebrew sister,” thereby comparing the Hebrew woman to the Hebrew man in regard to all manners of their attaining their freedom: Just as the Hebrew man goes free after six years and the Jubilee year so too the Hebrew woman goes free after six years and the Jubilee year. Then what is the meaning of לֹא תֵצֵא כְצֵאת הָעֲבָדִים? [It means:] she shall not go free [for the loss] of the ends of the limbs as do the gentile slaves. One might think that the Hebrew slave does go free for the loss of the ends of the limbs, Therefore the Torah says: “The Hebrew slave or the Hebrew maidservant,” thereby comparing the Hebrew man to the Hebrew woman: just as the Hebrew woman does not go out free for the loss of the ends of the limbs so too does he (the Hebrew man) not go free for the loss of the ends of the limbs.

21:8

אִם־רָעָה בְּעֵינֵי אֲדֹנֶיהָ אֲשֶׁר־[לוֹ] (לא) יְעָדָהּ וְהֶפְדָּהּ לְעַם נׇכְרִי לֹא־יִמְשֹׁל לְמׇכְרָהּ בְּבִגְדוֹ־בָֽהּ׃

If she is displeasing to her master, who had not designated her as his wife, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no power [right] to sell her to an alien people for he has dealt deceitfully with her.

If she is displeasing to her master, who had not designated her as his wife, he must allow her to be redeemed. He has no power [right] to sell her to an alien people for he has dealt deceitfully with her.

Rashi

אם רעה בעיני אדניה. שלא נשאה חן בעיניו לכנסה (מכילתא פ"ג):

If she is displeasing to her master. [Meaning:] she has not found favor in his eyes so that he might marry her.

אשר לא יעדה. שהיה לו ליעדה ולהכניסה לו לאשה, וכסף קנייתה הוא כסף קדושיה. וכאן רמז לך הכתוב שמצוה ביעוד, ורמז לך שאינה צריכה קדושין אחרים:

Who had not designated her as his wife. [Meaning:] that he should have designated her and should have married her. The money used for her purchase serves as the “money” for executing the marriage. Here the Torah implies that it is a mitzvah for him to marry her. It [also] indicates to you that she requires no other marriage ritual.

והפדה. יתן לה מקום להפדות ולצאת, שאף הוא מסייע בפדיונה, ומה הוא מקום שנותן לה, שמגרע מפדיונה במספר השנים שעשתה אצלו כאילו היא שכורה אצלו, כיצד, הרי שקנאה במנה ועשתה אצלו ב' שנים, אומרים לו, יודע היית שעתידה לצאת לסוף שש שנה, נמצא שקנית עבודת כל שנה ושנה בששית המנה, ועשתה אצלך ב' שנים, הרי שלישית המנה, טול שני שלישיות המנה ותצא מאצלך:

He must allow her to be redeemed. [וְהֶפְדָּהּ means:] he must give her the opportunity to be redeemed and to go free, for he, too, must aid in her redemption. And what is this opportunity that he gives to her? He deducts from her redemption price according to the number of years that she has served him, as if she had been hired by him. How is this [calculated]? If [for example] he bought her for a maneh and she has worked for him for two years, they say to him: “You were aware that she was destined to go free at the end of six years. Consequently you have bought each year’s work for one-sixth of a maneh. Now she has served you for two years. Thereby [giving you] one-third of a maneh’s [worth of service]. Take therefore two-thirds of a maneh and let her go free from your possession.”

לעם נכרי לא ימשל למכרה. שאינו רשאי למכרה לאחר, לא האדון ולא האב (קידושין יח:):

He has no power to sell her to an alien people. [Meaning:] that he may not sell her to another man — neither the master nor the father [may do so].

בבגדו בה. אם בא לבגוד בה, שלא לקיים בה מצות יעוד, וכן אביה, מאחר שבגד בה ומכרה לזה:

For he has dealt deceitfully with her. [Meaning:] if he (the master) intends to deal deceitfully with her by not fulfilling with her the mitzvah of designating her as his wife. So too the father [may not sell her again], since he has dealt deceitfully with her by selling her to this one.

21:9

וְאִם־לִבְנוֹ יִֽיעָדֶנָּה כְּמִשְׁפַּט הַבָּנוֹת יַעֲשֶׂה־לָּֽהּ׃

If he has designated her as a wife for his son, he must grant her exactly the same rights as daughters.

If he has designated her as a wife for his son, he must grant her exactly the same rights as daughters.

Rashi

ואם לבנו ייעדנה. האדון, מלמד שאף בנו קם תחתיו ליעדה אם ירצה אביו, ואינו צריך לקדושין אחרים, אלא אומר לה, הרי את מיועדת לי בכסף שקיבל אביך בדמיך:

If he has designated her as a wife for his son. [“He” refers to] the master. This teaches that the son, too, may stand in his (the master’s) place for the purpose of designating her as his wife, if his father consents, and he will not require another marriage ritual, but rather just says to her: “You are hereby designated to me as a wife for the money that your father accepted as your price.”

כמשפט הבנות. שאר כסות ועונה:

The same rights as daughters. [The rights to] food, clothing, and marital relations.

21:10

אִם־אַחֶרֶת יִֽקַּֽח־לוֹ שְׁאֵרָהּ כְּסוּתָהּ וְעֹנָתָהּ לֹא יִגְרָֽע׃

If he takes himself another [wife], her sustenance, her clothing and her conjugal rights he must not diminish.

If he takes himself another [wife], her sustenance, her clothing and her conjugal rights he must not diminish.

Rashi

אם אחרת יקח לו. עליה:

If he takes himself another [wife] — besides her.

שארה כסותה ועונתה לא יגרע. מן האמה שייעד לו כבר:

Her sustenance, her clothing, and her conjugal rights he must not diminish — from the maidservant whom he had already designated as his wife.

שארה. מזונות (כתובות מז:):

Her sustenance. [שְׁאֵרָהּ means:] food.

כסותה. כמשמעו:

Her clothing. [כְּסוּתָהּ is translated in] its literal sense.

ענתה. תשמיש:

Her conjugal rights. [עֹנָתָהּ refers to] marital relations.

21:11

וְאִם־שְׁלׇשׁ־אֵלֶּה לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה לָהּ וְיָצְאָה חִנָּם אֵין כָּֽסֶף׃ {ס}        

If he does not do these three things to her, she goes out free with no repayment of money.

If he does not do these three things to her, she goes out free with no repayment of money.

Rashi

ואם שלש אלה לא יעשה לה. אם אחת משלש אלה לא יעשה לה, ומה הן השלש, ייעדנה לו, או לבנו, או יגרע מפדיונה ותצא, וזה לא יעדה לא לו, ולא לבנו, והיא לא היה בידה לפדות את עצמה:

If he does not do these three things to her If he does none of these three things to her — what are the three things [referred to here]? [they are:] 1. He should designate her as his wife, or, 2. [as the wife] of his son or, 3. he shall deduct from her redemption price and she would go out free. But this man has not designated her as a wife, neither for himself, nor for his son nor did she have the means to redeem herself, [then —]

ויצאה חנם. ריבה לה יציאה לזו יותר ממה שריבה לעבדים, ומה היא היציאה, ללמדך שתצא בסימנין, ותשהה עמו עוד עד שתביא סימנין, ואם הגיעו שש שנים קודם סימנין, כבר למדנו שתצא, שנאמר הָעִבְרִי אֹו הָעִבְרִיָּה וַעֲבָדְךָ שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים (דברים טו, יב), ומהו האמור כאן ויצאה חנם, שאם קדמו סימנים לשש שנים תצא בהן (מכילתא פ"ג), או אינו אומר שתצא אלא בבגרות (קידושין ד.), תלמוד לומר אין כסף, לרבות יציאת בגרות, ואם לא נאמרו שניהם, הייתי אומר ויצאה חנם זו בגרות, לכך נאמרו שניהם שלא ליתן פתחון פה לבעל הדין לחלוק:

she goes out free. The Torah adds a way of going free for this woman in addition to the ways provided for male slaves. And what is this [additional] way of going free? [The verse intends] to teach you that she gains her freedom by showing signs [of puberty] but she must stay with him until she demonstrates signs [of puberty]. Should the six years [of her service] arrive before her signs [of puberty] then we have already learned the she goes free, as it is said: “[If a] Hebrew man or woman [be sold to you] they shall serve you for six years, [and in the seventh year you shall set him free].” Then what is meant by what is said here: “She goes out for nothing?” That if her signs [of puberty] appear before [she completes] the six years [of service], she goes free as a result of them. Or perhaps the Torah means to say [here] that she goes free only upon reaching adulthood? The Torah therefore states: “With no repayment of money” — to add her being freed as a result of reaching adulthood. But if they were not both said I would have assumed that וְיָצְאָה חִנָּם refers to the reaching of adulthood. Therefore they are both said so as not to give an opening to one who may want to oppose [the said conclusion] to dispute it.

21:12

מַכֵּה אִישׁ וָמֵת מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies, he shall be put to death.

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies, he shall be put to death.

Rashi

מכה איש ומת. כמה כתובים נאמרו בפרשת רוצחין, ומה שבידי לפרש למה באו כולם, אפרש:

If one strikes a man and he [the victim] dies. Many verses were written in the sections concerning murderers and whatever is in my ability to explain as to why they were stated, I shall explain.

מכה איש ומת. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר וְאִישׁ כִּי יַכֶּה כָּל נֶפֶשׁ אָדָם מֹות יוּמָת (ויקרא כד, יז), שומע אני הכאה בלא מיתה, תלמוד לומר מכה איש ומת, אינו חייב אלא בהכאה של מיתה (סנהדרין פד:). ואם נאמר מכה איש ולא נאמר ואיש כי יכה, הייתי אומר אינו חייב עד שיכה איש, הכה את האשה ואת הקטן מנין, תלמוד לומר כי יכה כל נפש אדם, אפילו קטן ואפילו אשה. ועוד, אילו נאמר מכה איש, שומע אני אפילו קטן שהכה והרג יהא חייב, תלמוד לומר ואיש כי יכה (שם), ולא קטן שהכה. ועוד, כי יכה כל נפש אדם אפילו נפלים במשמע, תלמוד לומר מכה איש, שאינו חייב עד שיכה בן קיימא, הראוי להיות איש (מכילתא פ"ד):

If one strikes a man and he dies. Why was said? Since it is said: “If a man should strike any human being he shall be put to death,” I might conclude [from this:] [even if it is] a blow which does not cause death. Therefore the Torah says [here]: “If one strikes a man and he dies” [thereby clarifying that] he is not liable unless he struck a blow which caused death. If [only] מַכֵּה אִיש — “If one strikes a man” was said, and וְאִישׁ כִּי יַכֶּה — “If a man should strike” was not said, I would have concluded that he is not liable unless he strikes an adult man; but were he to strike a woman or a minor how would we know [that he is liable]? Therefore the Torah says: “If he should strike any human being” — even a minor, even a woman. Furthermore, had it said [only] מַכֵּה אִישׁ I would have concluded that even were a minor to strike a blow and kill he would be liable. Therefore the Torah says: “If a man should strike a blow,” but not a minor who struck a blow. Furthermore, [had it said only:] “If he should strike any human being” even a baby that cannot live would be included. The Torah therefore says: “If one strikes a man.” indicating that he is not liable unless he kills a viable person who is fit to be “a man.”

21:13

וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה וְהָאֱלֹהִים אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ וְשַׂמְתִּי לְךָ מָקוֹם אֲשֶׁר יָנוּס שָֽׁמָּה׃ {ס}        

But if he did not lie in wait [to ambush him] but God brought it to his hand, then I will designate for you a place, to which he can flee [and find refuge].

But if he did not lie in wait [to ambush him] but God brought it to his hand, then I will designate for you a place, to which he can flee [and find refuge].

Rashi

ואשר לא צדה. לא ארב לו ולא נתכוין. צדה לשון ארב, וכן הוא אומר וְאַתָּה צֹדֶה אֶת נַפְשִׁי לְקַחְתָּהּ (שמואל־א כד, יא). ולא יתכן לומר צדה לשון הצד ציד, שצידת חיות אין נופל ה"א בפועל שלה, ושם דבר בה ציד, וזה שם דבר בו צדייה ופועל שלו צודה, וזהו פועל שלו צד. ואומר אני פתרונו כתרגומו ודלא כמן ליה. ומנחם חברו בחלק צד ציד, ואין אני מודה לו, ואם יש לחברו באחת ממחלוקת של צד, נחברנו בחלק עַל צַד תִּנָשֵׂאוּ (ישעיה סו, יב), צִדָּה אֹורֶה (שמואל־א כ, כ), וּמִלִּין לְצַד עִלָּאָה יְמַלִּל (דניאל ז, כה), אף כאן אשר לא צדה, לא צדד למצוא לו שום צד מיתה, ואף זה יש להרהר עליו, מכל מקום לשון אורב הוא:

But if he did not lie in wait. [I.e.,] he did not wait for him in ambush and he had no intent [to kill him]. Lie in wait (צָדָה) “means to lie in ambush.” Similarly it states: “You (צֹדֶה) lie in ambush for my soul, to take it.” It is impossible to say that צָדָה is derived from הַצָּד צַיִד — [“the one that has hunted game”], for the [verb for] “hunting” of animals does not take the letter hey in its verb, and the noun [for hunting] is צַיִד whereas the other one’s noun is צְדִיָּה (lying in wait ) and its verb is צוֹדֶה (to lie in wait) whereas this one’s verb (to hunt) is צָד . [Therefore] I say that its meaning is as Onkelos translates it: “and if he did not lie in ambush for him.” However, Menachem [Ibn Saruk] lists it in his Machberes under the section of צָד צַיִד (hunting) but I do not agree with him. If it is to be listed in one of the צָד sections we should preferably list it in the section: “you will be carried on (צַד) her side” [or:] “I will shoot arrows (צִדָּה) on that side” [or:] “And he shall speak (לְצַד) towards the One Above.” Here, too, אֲשֶׁר לֹא צָדָה [would mean]: he has not taken any side (i.e., opportunity) to find any side (i.e., occasion) for killing. This explanation, too, is questionable yet [this latter explanation is preferable to Menachem’s for] it has the connotation of “ambush.”

והאלהים אנה לידו. זמן לידו, לשון לֹא תְאֻנֶה אֵלֶיךָ רָעָה (תהלים צא, י), לֹא יְאֻנֶּה לַצַּדִּיק כָּל אָוֶן (משלי יב, כא), מִתְאַנֵּה הוּא לִי (מלכים־ב ה, ז), מזדמן למצוא לי עלה:

But God brought it to his hand. [אִנָּה לְיָדוֹ means:] prepared it for his hand, from the same derivation as: “No evil shall (תְאֻנֶּה) befall you,” [or:] “No iniquity (יְאֻנֶּה) shall befall a tzaddik, ” [or:] “(מִתְאַנֶּה) He makes himself ready for me.” I.e., he prepares to find some opportunity against me.

והאלהים אנה לידו. ולמה תצא זאת מלפניו, הוא שאמר דוד, כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר מְשַׁל הַקַּדְמֹנִי מֵרְשָׁעִים יֵצֵא רָשַׁע (שמואל־א כד, יג), ומשל הקדמוני היא התורה, שהיא משל הקב"ה שהוא קדמונו של עולם, והיכן אמרה תורה מרשעים יצא רשע, והאלהים אנה לידו, במה הכתוב מדבר, בשני בני אדם, אחד הרג שוגג ואחד הרג מזיד, ולא היו עדים בדבר שיעידו, זה לא נהרג וזה לא גלה, והקב"ה מזמנן לפונדק אחד, זה שהרג במזיד יושב תחת הסולם, וזה שהרג שוגג עולה בסולם ונופל על זה שהרג במזיד והורגו, ועדים מעידים עליו ומחייבים אותו לגלות, נמצא זה שהרג בשוגג גולה, וזה שהרג במזיד נהרג:

But God brought it to his hand. Why would such a thing result from Him? This is what David meant when he said: “As the proverb of the Ancient One says: ‘Wickedness emanates from the wicked.’” The “proverb of the Ancient One” refers to the Torah, which is the “proverb” of God, Who is the “Ancient One” (i.e., precedes) of the universe. And where is it that the Torah said that wickedness emanates from the wicked? [Here where] “God brought it to his hand”; for what is the case that this verse discusses? [It concerns] two people — one killed accidentally and the other killed with premeditation but there were no witnesses who could testify [against them]. [Hence] the latter one was not executed and the former was not sent into exile. God then causes them to meet at the same inn. The one who killed with premeditation is sitting under a ladder and the one who killed accidentally goes up the ladder and falls upon the one who killed with premeditation, and kills him, and witnesses testify against him making him liable to be exiled. The result is that the one who killed accidentally is exiled and the one who killed with premeditation is killed.

ושמתי לך מקום. אף במדבר שינוס שמה. ואי זה מקום קולטו, זה מחנה לויה (מכות יב:):

Then I will designate for you a place. even [for now] in the desert so that [the murderer] can flee there. Which was the place that gave him refuge? It was the camp of the Levites.

21:14

וְכִֽי־יָזִד אִישׁ עַל־רֵעֵהוּ לְהׇרְגוֹ בְעׇרְמָה מֵעִם מִזְבְּחִי תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לָמֽוּת׃ {ס}        

But if a man plots against his neighbor to kill him intentionally, you may [even] take him from My altar to put him to death.

But if a man plots against his neighbor to kill him intentionally, you may [even] take him from My altar to put him to death.

Rashi

וכי יזיד. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר מכה איש וגו', שומע אני אפילו רופא שהמית, ושליח בית דין שהמית במלקות ארבעים, והאב המכה את בנו, והרב הרודה את תלמידו, והשוגג, תלמוד לומר וכי יזיד ולא שוגג, להרגו בערמה ולא שליח בית דין והרופא והרודה בנו ותלמידו, שאף על פי שהם מזידין, אין מערימין:

If a man plots. Why is this [verse] said? Because [from that which] it states: “If one strikes a man, etc.” I might conclude [that all the following are liable to death:] a doctor who killed [in the course of treatment], and a court-officer who killed [inadvertently, while adminstering] forty lashes, and a father who strikes his son [inadvertently killing him.] and a teacher who disciplines his student [thereby killing him] and who [attempting to kill an animal] kills a man. The Torah therefore says: “If he plots,” but not inadvertently; “to kill him intentionally,” but not a court officer, or a doctor or one who disciplines his son or student, for, though they [struck their blows] intentionally, they did not plan [to kill].

מעם מזבחי. אם היה כהן ורוצה לעבוד עבודה, תקחנו למות (סנהדרין לה:, יומא פה.):

From My altar. Even if he is a kohein and wishes to perform the service you must take him to be executed.

21:15

וּמַכֵּה אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Whoever strikes his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Rashi

ומכה אביו ואמו. לפי שלמדנו על החובל בחבירו שהוא בתשלומין ולא במיתה, הוצרך לומר על החובל באביו שהוא במיתה. ואינו חייב אלא בהכאה שיש בה חבורה (סנהדרין פד:):

Whoever strikes his father or his mother. Since we have learned that one who wounds his fellow man is liable to pay for damages but he is not to be put to death, it was necessary to state that one who wounds his father is to be put to death. But he is liable only with a blow which causes a wound.

אביו ואמו. או זה או זה:

His father or his mother. [Meaning:] either one or the other.

מות יומת. בחנק:

He shall be put to death — by strangulation.

21:16

וְגֹנֵב אִישׁ וּמְכָרוֹ וְנִמְצָא בְיָדוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever steals [kidnaps] a man and sells him, if he is found in his hand, he shall be put to death.

Whoever steals [kidnaps] a man and sells him, if he is found in his hand, he shall be put to death.

Rashi

וגנב איש ומכרו. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר כִּי יִמָּצֵא אִישׁ גֹּנֵב נֶפֶשׁ מֵאֶחָיו (דברים כד, ז), אין לי אלא איש שגנב נפש, אשה או טומטום או אנדרוגינוס שגנבו מנין, תלמוד לומר וגונב איש ומכרו. ולפי שנאמר כאן וגונב איש, אין לי אלא גונב איש, גונב אשה מנין, תלמוד לומר וגונב נפש (שם), לכך הוצרכו שניהם, מה שחסר זה גלה זה (מכילתא פ"ה):

Whoever steals a man and sells him. Why is this said? Since it is said: “If a man be found to have stolen a person from among his fellow — men [he shall die]” I would know only [that this applies to] a man who stole another person. But a woman, or one whose gender is indistinguishable, or a hermaphrodite [who stole], how would we know [that this law applies]? Therefore the Torah says: “Whoever steals a person and sells him.” And since it is stated here: “Whoever steals a man,” I might think that [this applies] only if he steals a man. How would I know if he steals a woman? Therefore the Torah says: “If he steals a person.” It is for this reason that both [verses] are necessary, what one omits the other reveals.

ונמצא בידו. שראוהו עדים שגנבו ומכרו, ונמצא בידו כבר קודם מכירה (סנהדרין פה:):

If he is found in his hand. [Meaning:] that witnesses saw him stealing him and selling him and he was already in his (the thief’s) possession before he sold him.

מות יומת. בחנק. כל מיתה האמורה בתורה סתם, חנק היא. והפסיק הענין וכתב וגונב איש בין מכה אביו ואמו למקלל אביו ואמו, ונראה לי היינו פלוגתא, דמר סבר מקשינן הכאה לקללה, ומר סבר לא מקשינן (שם):

He shall be put to death — by strangulation. Wherever the Torah mentions an unspecified death it refers to strangulation. (It [the Torah] interrupted the context and wrote: “Whoever steals a man” between “Whoever strikes his father or mother” and “Whoever curses his father or mother.” It seems to me that this is the basis for the dispute [between the Sages], where one maintains that we compare striking to cursing and the other holds that we do not compare them)

21:17

וּמְקַלֵּל אָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃ {ס}        

Whoever curses his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Whoever curses his father or his mother shall be put to death.

Rashi

ומקלל אביו ואמו. למה נאמר, לפי שהוא אומר אִישׁ אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִקַלֵּל אֶת אָבִיו (ויקרא כ, ט), אין לי אלא איש שקלל את אביו, אשה שקללה את אביה מנין, תלמוד לומר ומקלל אביו ואמו, סתם, בין איש ובין אשה, אם כן למה נאמר איש אשר יקלל, להוציא את הקטן:

Whoever curses his father or his mother. Why is this said? Since it states: “If a man curses his father” I might think that only a man who cursed his father [is liable]. But if a woman cursed her father, how would we know [that she is liable]? The Torah therefore says: “Whoever curses his father or mother,” generalizing so as to include both man and woman. If so then why is it necessary to state: “If a man curses?” It is to exclude a minor [from liability].

מות יומת. בסקילה. וכל מקום שנאמר דמיו בו, בסקילה, ובנין אב לכולם, בָּאֶבֶן יִרְגְּמוּ אֹתָם דְּמֵיהֶם בָּם (שם כ, כז), ובמקלל אביו ואמו נאמר דָּמָיו בֹּו (ת"כ פ' קדושים — קידושין ל:):

He shall be put to death — by stoning. Wherever it is said: “His blood is upon him” [then the death penalty] is stoning. The original verse [from which we know this to be] in all cases [is:] “They shall be stoned with rocks, their blood is upon them,” and regarding one who curses his father or mother it states: “His blood is upon him”

21:18

וְכִֽי־יְרִיבֻן אֲנָשִׁים וְהִכָּה־אִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְאֶגְרֹף וְלֹא יָמוּת וְנָפַל לְמִשְׁכָּֽב׃

When men quarrel and one man hits his fellow with a stone or with [his] fist; and he [the victim] does not die but becomes bedridden,

When men quarrel and one man hits his fellow with a stone or with [his] fist; and he [the victim] does not die but becomes bedridden,

Rashi

וכי יריבון אנשים. למה נאמר, לפי שנאמר עין תחת עין, לא למדנו אלא דמי איבריו, אבל שבת ורפוי לא למדנו, לכך נאמרה פרשה זו (מכילתא פ"ו):

When men quarrel. Why is this said? From that which is said: “An eye for an eye” we would learn only [the requirement to compensate] the value of his (the injured person’s) limbs but [the requirement to compensate for] the loss of work and medical costs we would not have learned. Therefore this section needed to be said.

ונפל למשכב. כתרגומו ויפל לבוטלן, לחולי שמבטלו ממלאכתו:

But becomes bed ridden. As Onkelos translates it: “And he will fall into idleness,” [i.e.,] to illness that will keep him from his work.

21:19

אִם־יָקוּם וְהִתְהַלֵּךְ בַּחוּץ עַל־מִשְׁעַנְתּוֹ וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּֽא׃ {ס}        

If he gets up and is able to walk on the outside on his own power, the one who struck him shall be acquitted. Still he must pay for his loss of work, and must pay for his complete cure.

If he gets up and is able to walk on the outside on his own power, the one who struck him shall be acquitted. Still he must pay for his loss of work, and must pay for his complete cure.

Rashi

על משענתו. על בוריו וכחו (מכילתא שם):

On his own power. [Meaning:] on his health and his strength.

ונקה המכה. וכי תעלה על דעתך שיהרג זה שלא הרג, אלא ללמדך כאן, שחובשים אותו עד שנראה אם יתרפא זה, וכן משמעו, כשקם זה והלך על משענתו, אז ונקה המכה, אבל עד שלא יקום זה, לא נקה המכה:

The one who struck him shall be acquitted. Would it enter your mind that this person, who has not killed would be killed?! But here you are taught [by וְנִקָּה הַמַּכֶּה] that he is imprisoned until it becomes clear whether the other one (the victim) will recover. And this is the meaning [of this verse]: When the other (the victim) rises and walks “with his cane” (i.e., his health returns) then the one who struck the blow is acquitted but as long as the other has not risen, then the one who struck the blow is not acquitted.

רק שבתו. בטול מלאכתו מחמת החולי, אם קטע ידו או רגלו, רואין בטול מלאכתו מחמת החולי, כאילו הוא שומר קשואין, שהרי אף לאחר החולי אינו ראוי למלאכת יד ורגל, והוא כבר נתן לו מחמת נזקו דמי ידו ורגלו, שנאמר יד תחת יד רגל תחת רגל:

Still he must pay for his loss of work. His loss of work due to the illness. [E.g.,] if he cut off the other’s hand or foot, we calculate his loss of work due to the illness [caused by his injury] as if he wore a watchman over gourds for even after his illness is over he will not be fit for work that requires hands or feet and he has already compensated him, as a result of [his paying him] his damages, the value of his hand or foot, as it is said: “A hand for a hand, a foot for a foot.”

ורפא ירפא. כתרגומו, ישלם שכר הרופא (בבא קמא פה:):

And must pay for his complete cure. As Onkelos translates it: [וַאֲגַר אָסְיָא יְשַׁלֵּם] — he must pay the doctor’s fee.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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