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4:1

וַיַּעַן מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר וְהֵן לֹֽא־יַאֲמִינוּ לִי וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ בְּקֹלִי כִּי יֹֽאמְרוּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ יְהֹוָֽה׃

Moshe answered and said, “They will not believe me. They will not listen to my voice. They will say, ‘Adonoy did not appear to you.’”

Moshe answered and said, “They will not believe me. They will not listen to my voice. They will say, ‘Adonoy did not appear to you.’”

4:2

וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה (מזה) [מַה־זֶּה] בְיָדֶךָ וַיֹּאמֶר מַטֶּֽה׃

Adonoy said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A rod.”

Adonoy said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A rod.”

Rashi

מזה בידך. לכך נכתב תיבה אחת לדרוש, מִזֶּה שבידך אתה חייב ללקות, שחשדת בכשרים. ופשוטו, כאדם שאומר לחבירו, מודה אתה שזו שלפניך אבן היא, אומר לו הן, אמר לו הריני עושה אותה עץ:

“What is that in your hand?” [מַה זֶה] is written as one word so that it can be explained: “From that which is in your hand you deserve to be punished, for you were suspicious of righteous people.” The plain meaning of it is as a person who says to his friend, “Do you agree that the item before you is a stone?” “Yes,” he responds. “Well, watch as I turn it into wood.”

4:3

וַיֹּאמֶר הַשְׁלִיכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיַּשְׁלִכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיְהִי לְנָחָשׁ וַיָּנׇס מֹשֶׁה מִפָּנָֽיו׃

[God] said, “Throw it on the ground.” He [Moshe] threw it on the ground and it turned into a snake. Moshe ran away from it.

[God] said, “Throw it on the ground.” He [Moshe] threw it on the ground and it turned into a snake. Moshe ran away from it.

Rashi

ויהי לנחש. רמז לו שסיפר לשון הרע על ישראל (באומרו לא יאמינו לי), ותפש אומנתו של נחש:

And it turned into a snake. He indicated to him that he spoke slanderous words against Israel, when he said, “They will not believe me,” and so he assumed for himself the occupation of the snake.

4:4

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה שְׁלַח יָֽדְךָ וֶאֱחֹז בִּזְנָבוֹ וַיִּשְׁלַח יָדוֹ וַיַּחֲזֶק בּוֹ וַיְהִי לְמַטֶּה בְּכַפּֽוֹ׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Reach out your hand and grasp its tail.” He reached out his hand and took hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Reach out your hand and grasp its tail.” He reached out his hand and took hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand.

Rashi

ויחזק בו. לשון אחיזה הוא, והרבה יש במקרא, וַיַחֲזִקוּ הָאֲנָֹשִים בְּיָדֹו (בראשית יט, טז) וְהֶחֱזִיקָה בִּמְבֹֻשָיו (דברים כה, יא), וְהֶחֱזַקְתִּי בִּזְקָנֹו (שמואל־א יז, לה), כל לשון חזוק הדבוק לבי"ת, לשון אחיזה הוא:

And took hold of it. [וַיַחֲזֶק] has the meaning of grasping. There are a number of [such uses] in Scripture: “[וַיַּחֲזִיקוּ] The men took hold of his hand,” [or:] “(וְהֶחֱזִיקָה) She took hold of his private parts,” [or:] “(וְהֶחֱזַקְתִּי) I took hold of his beard.” Wherever the verb חִזוּק is followed by the prefix ב' it has the meaning of grasping.

4:5

לְמַעַן יַאֲמִינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתָם אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹֽב׃

“This is so that they will believe that Adonoy appeared to you; the God of their fathers, God of Avraham, God of Yitzchok and God of Yaakov.”

“This is so that they will believe that Adonoy appeared to you; the God of their fathers, God of Avraham, God of Yitzchok and God of Yaakov.”

4:6

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה לוֹ עוֹד הָֽבֵא־נָא יָֽדְךָ בְּחֵיקֶךָ וַיָּבֵא יָדוֹ בְּחֵיקוֹ וַיּוֹצִאָהּ וְהִנֵּה יָדוֹ מְצֹרַעַת כַּשָּֽׁלֶג׃

Adonoy said furthermore to him [Moshe], “Put your hand into your bosom.” He put his hand into his bosom, and when he withdrew it, his hand had become a snow-like tzora’as.

Adonoy said furthermore to him [Moshe], “Put your hand into your bosom.” He put his hand into his bosom, and when he withdrew it, his hand had become a snow-like tzora’as.

Rashi

מצורעת כשלג. דרך צרעת להיות לבנה, אם בהרת לבנה היא, אף באות זה רמז לו שלשון הרע סִיפֵּר באומרו לא יאמינו לי, לפיכך הלקהו בצרעת, כמו שלקתה מרים על לשון הרע:

A snow-like tzora’as. It is usual for tzora’as to be white [as we find:] “If it be a white blemish.” With this sign, too, He hinted to him that he spoke slanderously when he said, “They will not believe me.” It is for this reason that He struck him with tzora’as, just as Miriam was struck for speaking slanderously.

4:7

וַיֹּאמֶר הָשֵׁב יָֽדְךָ אֶל־חֵיקֶךָ וַיָּשֶׁב יָדוֹ אֶל־חֵיקוֹ וַיּֽוֹצִאָהּ מֵֽחֵיקוֹ וְהִנֵּה־שָׁבָה כִּבְשָׂרֽוֹ׃

He [Adonoy] said, “Put your hand into your bosom again.” [Moshe] put his hand into his bosom again, and when he withdrew it from his bosom, it had become [normal] as his flesh.

He [Adonoy] said, “Put your hand into your bosom again.” [Moshe] put his hand into his bosom again, and when he withdrew it from his bosom, it had become [normal] as his flesh.

Rashi

ויוציאה מחיקו והנה שבה וגו'. מכאן, שמדה טובה ממהרת לבא ממדת פורעניות, שהרי בראשונה לא נאמר מחיקו (שמו"ר ג, יח):

And when he withdrew from his bosom, etc. We can derive from this that [when God reveals] His attribute of goodness it is much faster in coming than [when He reveals] His attribute for punishment, for in the first instance [when he was struck with tzora’as] it does not state: “from his bosom.”

4:8

וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לָךְ וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ לְקֹל הָאֹת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִינוּ לְקֹל הָאֹת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן׃

“If they do not believe you, and they do not listen to the voice [of proof] of the first [miraculous] sign; then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter [second] sign.

“If they do not believe you, and they do not listen to the voice [of proof] of the first [miraculous] sign; then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter [second] sign.

Rashi

והאמינו לקול האות האחרון. משתאמר להם בשבילכם לקיתי על שספרתי עליכם לשון הרע, יאמינו לך, שכבר למדו בכך שהמזדווגין להרע להם לוקים בנגעים, כגון פרעה ואבימלך בשביל שרה:

Then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter sign. “Once you tell them, ‘because of you I was struck [with tzora’as] for relating slanderous things about you, they will believe you, because they have already become experienced in this, that those who conspire to harm them are struck with tzora’as, such as Pharaoh and Avimelech [who were struck with tzora’as] on account of Sarah.

4:9

וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ גַּם לִשְׁנֵי הָאֹתוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּן לְקֹלֶךָ וְלָקַחְתָּ מִמֵּימֵי הַיְאֹר וְשָׁפַכְתָּ הַיַּבָּשָׁה וְהָיוּ הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר תִּקַּח מִן־הַיְאֹר וְהָיוּ לְדָם בַּיַּבָּֽשֶׁת׃

And if they will not believe even these two signs, and they will not listen to your voice, then you shall take from the water of the river and pour it on the dry land. The water that you will take from the river will turn into blood on the dry land.”

And if they will not believe even these two signs, and they will not listen to your voice, then you shall take from the water of the river and pour it on the dry land. The water that you will take from the river will turn into blood on the dry land.”

Rashi

ולקחת ממימי היאור. רמז להם שבמכה ראשונה נפרע מאלהותם, (פירוש, כשהקב"ה נפרע מן האומות, נפרע מאלהותם תחלה, שהיו עובדים לנילוס המחיה אותם, והפכם לדם. ברש"י ישן):

You shall take from the water of the river. He alluded to them that with the first plague He will exact retribution from their deity (Explanation: When God exacts retribution from the nations He first exacts retribution from their deity, for they had worshipped the Nile which gave them sustenance and He turned them (its waters) to blood. [This explanation is found] in an old Rashi manuscript.

והיו המים וגו'. והיו, והיו, שני פעמים, נראה בעיני, אלו נאמר והיו המים אשר תקח מן היאור לדם ביבשת, שומע אני שבידו הם נהפכים לדם, ואז כשירדו לארץ יהיו בהוייתן, אבל עכשיו מלמדנו, שלא יהיו דם עד שיהיו ביבשת:

The water [you will take]. The word וְהָיוּ [appears] twice [in this verse]: It seems to me that had it said: "וְהָיוּ הַמַּיִּם אֲשֶׁר תִּקַּח מִן הַיְאוֹר לְדָם בַּיַּבָּשֶׁת", I would conclude that while still in his hand [the waters] will turn into blood and also upon reaching the ground they would remain as they are but, now, [by repeating וְהָיוּ, i.e., וְהָיוּ לְדָם בַּיַּבָּשֶׁת] it teaches us that they will not turn into blood until they reach the dry land.

4:10

וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה בִּי אֲדֹנָי לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי גַּם מִתְּמוֹל גַּם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁם גַּם מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ אֶל־עַבְדֶּךָ כִּי כְבַד־פֶּה וּכְבַד לָשׁוֹן אָנֹֽכִי׃

Moshe said to Adonoy, “I beg You Adonoy, I am not a man of words—not since yesterday, not since the day before—not from the time You [first] spoke to Your servant, for I am clumsy [slow] of mouth [speech] and clumsy [slow] of tongue [language].”

Moshe said to Adonoy, “I beg You Adonoy, I am not a man of words—not since yesterday, not since the day before—not from the time You [first] spoke to Your servant, for I am clumsy [slow] of mouth [speech] and clumsy [slow] of tongue [language].”

Rashi

גם מתמול וגו'. למדנו שכל שבעה ימים היה הקב"ה מפתה את משה בסנה לילך בשליחותו, מתמול שלשום מאז דברך הרי שלשה, ושלשה גמין רבויין הם, הרי ששה, והוא היה עומד ביום הז' כשאמר לו זאת, עוד שלח נא ביד תשלח, עד שחרה בו וקבל עליו. (שמו"ר ג, טז) וכל זה, שלא היה רוצה ליטול גדולה על אהרן אחיו שהיה גדול הימנו, ונביא היה, שנאמר (הלא אהרן אחיך הלוי וגו', ועוד נאמר לעלי הכהן) הֲנִגְלֹה נִגְלֵיתִי אֶל בֵּית אָבִיךָ בְּהיֹותָם בְּמִצְרַיִם (שמואל־א ב, כז), הוא אהרן, וכן וָאִוָּדַע לָהֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם וגו' (יחזקאל כ, ה) ואָֹמַר אֲלְיהֶם אִיש שִקּוּצֵי עֵינָיו הַֹשְלִיכוּ, ואותה נבואה לאהרן נאמרה:

[Not] since yesterday, etc. This teaches us that for an entire seven days God had been trying to persuade Moshe, at the thorn-bush, to go on his mission: "מִתְּמוֹל, שִׁלְשֹׁם, מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ" represent three [days]: the three words “גַּם” are extensions, making it six; and he was presently in the seventh day when he continued saying the following: “Please send the one You usually send,” until He (God) became angry and he (Moshe) accepted. All this [reluctance on the part of Moshe] was due to his not wanting to accept a greater position than his brother, Aharon, who was older than he and who was a prophet [as well], as it is said: “For I revealed Myself to your ancestor’s house when they were in Egypt, referring to Aharon.” Similarly: “I made Myself known to them in the Land of Egypt and I said to them, ‘Let each man throw away that which is repulsive in his eyes.’” And that prophecy was said to Aharon.

כבד פה. בכבידות אני מדבר, ובלשון לע"ז בלב"ו

I am clumsy of mouth. [Meaning:] I speak with difficulty. Balbe in Old French — stutterer.

4:11

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֵלָיו מִי שָׂם פֶּה לָֽאָדָם אוֹ מִֽי־יָשׂוּם אִלֵּם אוֹ חֵרֵשׁ אוֹ פִקֵּחַ אוֹ עִוֵּר הֲלֹא אָנֹכִי יְהֹוָֽה׃

Adonoy said to him, “Who gave man a mouth, or who makes [a person] dumb or deaf? [Who makes a person] see or makes him blind? Is it not I—Adonoy?”

Adonoy said to him, “Who gave man a mouth, or who makes [a person] dumb or deaf? [Who makes a person] see or makes him blind? Is it not I—Adonoy?”

Rashi

מי שם פה וגו'. מי למדך לְדַבֵּר כשהיית נדון לפני פרעה על המצרי:

Who gave a mouth, etc. [I.e.] “Who taught you how to speak when you were put on trial before Pharaoh on account of the Egyptian [whom you killed]?”

או מי ישום אלם. מי עשה פרעה אלם שלא נתאמץ במצות הריגתך, ואת משרתיו חרשים שלא שמעו בצוותו עליך, וְלָאִסְפַּקְלָטוֹרִין (שבת קח.) ההורגים מי עשאם עִוְרִים, שלא ראו כשברחת מן הבימה ונמלטת (תנחומא שמות י):

Or who makes a person dumb. [I.e.] “Who made Pharaoh to be dumb so that he exerted no effort [to fulfil his] command to have you killed, [and who made] his servants deaf so that they would not hear his decree about you. And as for the killer excutioners — who made them blind so that they would not see when you ran away from the [execution] platform and escaped.

הלא אנכי. ששמי ה' עשיתי כל זאת:

Is it not I — [Adonoy]? [I.e.] “Is it not I whose Name is Adonoy who did all this?”

4:12

וְעַתָּה לֵךְ וְאָנֹכִי אֶֽהְיֶה עִם־פִּיךָ וְהוֹרֵיתִיךָ אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּֽר׃

Now go. I will be with your mouth, and teach you what to say.”

Now go. I will be with your mouth, and teach you what to say.”

4:13

וַיֹּאמֶר בִּי אֲדֹנָי שְֽׁלַֽח־נָא בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח׃

[Moshe] said, “I beg You Adony [my Master,] please send the one You usually send.”

[Moshe] said, “I beg You Adony [my Master,] please send the one You usually send.”

Rashi

ביד תשלח. ביד מי שאתה רגיל לשלוח והוא אהרן. דבר אחר, ביד אחר שתרצה לשלוח, שאין סופי להכניסם לארץ ולהיות גואלם לעתיד, יש לך שלוחים הרבה:

The one You usually send [בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח means:] “Through the one You usually send,” namely, Aharon. An alternate explanation: “Through someone else whom you will wish to send, for I am not destined to bring them into the land, nor to be their redeemer in the future — you have many messengers.”

4:14

וַיִּֽחַר־אַף יְהֹוָה בְּמֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּֽי־דַבֵּר יְדַבֵּר הוּא וְגַם הִנֵּה־הוּא יֹצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ וְרָאֲךָ וְשָׂמַח בְּלִבּֽוֹ׃

Adonoy displayed anger toward Moshe and said, “Is not Aharon, the Levite, your brother? I know that he knows how to speak. Behold he is setting out to meet you, and when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart.

Adonoy displayed anger toward Moshe and said, “Is not Aharon, the Levite, your brother? I know that he knows how to speak. Behold he is setting out to meet you, and when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart.

Rashi

ויחר אף. (זבחים קב.) רבי יהושע בן קרחה אומר, כל חרון אף שבתורה נאמר בו רושם, וזה לא נאמר בו רושם, ולא מצינו שבא עונש על ידי אותו חרון, אמר לו רבי יוסי אף בזו נאמר בו רושם, הלא אהרן אחיך הלוי, שהיה עתיד להיות לוי ולא כהן, והכהונה הייתי אומר לצאת ממך, מעתה לא יהיה כן, אלא הוא יהיה כהן ואתה הלוי, שנאמר וּמשֶׁה אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים בָּנָיו יִקָּרְאוּ עַל שֵׁבֶט הַלֵּוִי (דברי הימים־א כג, יד):

[Adonoy] displayed anger. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korcho says: Wherever anger [of God] is mentioned in the Torah, an impression (i.e., some punishment) is mentioned, but, in this case no impression is mentioned, and we do not find any punishment as a result of that anger! Rabbi Yosi responded to him: In this case, too, an impression is mentioned: "הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי" “For he was destined to be a Levite and not a kohein (priest) and I had planned that the priesthood would descend from you. But now this will not be so, but, rather, he will be a kohein and you a Levite.” As it is said: “And the descendants of Moshe, the man of God will be attributed to the Tribe of Leivi.”

הנה הוא יצא לקראתך. כשתלך למצרים:

Behold he is setting out to meet you — when you set out to go to Egypt.

וראך ושמח בלבו. לא כשאתה סבור שיהא מקפיד עליך שאתה עולה לגדולה, ומשם זכה אהרן לַעֲדִי החשן הנתון על הלב:

And when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart. “It is not as you think that he will resent you for your having reached a high position.” As a result of this, Aharon merited the adornment of the choshen which is placed over the heart.

4:15

וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֵלָיו וְשַׂמְתָּ אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים בְּפִיו וְאָנֹכִי אֶֽהְיֶה עִם־פִּיךָ וְעִם־פִּיהוּ וְהוֹרֵיתִי אֶתְכֶם אֵת אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֽׂוּן׃

You will speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you what to do.

You will speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you what to do.

4:16

וְדִבֶּר־הוּא לְךָ אֶל־הָעָם וְהָיָה הוּא יִֽהְיֶה־לְּךָ לְפֶה וְאַתָּה תִּֽהְיֶה־לּוֹ לֵֽאלֹהִֽים׃

He will speak to the people for you. He will be your spokesman, and you will be his master.

He will speak to the people for you. He will be your spokesman, and you will be his master.

Rashi

ודבר הוא לך. בשבילך ידבר אל העם, וזה יוכיח על כל לך ולי ולו ולכם ולהם הסמוכים לדבור, שכולם לשון על הם:

He will speak to the people for you. [לְךָ here means:] “For you will he speak to the people.” This is an indication that wherever לְךָ, לִי, לוֹ, לָכֶם, לָהֶם are preceded by the verb דִבּוּר (speaking), they all have the meaning of עַל (for).

יהיה לך לפה. למליץ, לפי שאתה כבד פה:

Will be your spokesman (lit. mouth). [לְפֶה here, means:] “as a spokesman, since you have a speech impediment.”

לאלהים. לרב ולשר:

[His] master [לֵאלֹהִים, here, means:] a master and a superior.

4:17

וְאֶת־הַמַּטֶּה הַזֶּה תִּקַּח בְּיָדֶךָ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה־בּוֹ אֶת־הָאֹתֹֽת׃ {פ}

Take this rod in your hand, for with it you will perform the [miraculous] signs.”

Take this rod in your hand, for with it you will perform the [miraculous] signs.”

4:18

וַיֵּלֶךְ מֹשֶׁה וַיָּשׇׁב ׀ אֶל־יֶתֶר חֹֽתְנוֹ וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ אֵלְכָה נָּא וְאָשׁוּבָה אֶל־אַחַי אֲשֶׁר־בְּמִצְרַיִם וְאֶרְאֶה הַעוֹדָם חַיִּים וַיֹּאמֶר יִתְרוֹ לְמֹשֶׁה לֵךְ לְשָׁלֽוֹם׃

Moshe went and returned to Yeser, his father-in-law, and said to him, “I would like to leave and return to my brothers in Egypt, to see if they are still alive.” Yisro said to Moshe, “Go in peace.”

Moshe went and returned to Yeser, his father-in-law, and said to him, “I would like to leave and return to my brothers in Egypt, to see if they are still alive.” Yisro said to Moshe, “Go in peace.”

Rashi

וישב אל יתר חתנו. ליטול רשות, שהרי נשבע לו (שלא יזוז ממדין כי אם ברשותו). (מכילתא יתרו) ושבעה שמות היו לו, רעואל, יתר, יתרו, קיני, וכו':

And returned to Yeser, his father-in-law — in order to obtain permission, for he had sworn to him. [His father, in-law] had seven names: Reuel, Yeser, Yisro, Keini, Chovev, Chever, and Putiel.

4:19

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בְּמִדְיָן לֵךְ שֻׁב מִצְרָיִם כִּי־מֵתוּ כׇּל־הָאֲנָשִׁים הַֽמְבַקְשִׁים אֶת־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ׃

Adonoy said to Moshe in Midian, “Go, return to Egypt, for they have died—all the men who had sought your life.”

Adonoy said to Moshe in Midian, “Go, return to Egypt, for they have died—all the men who had sought your life.”

Rashi

כי מתו כל האנשים. מי הם, דתן ואבירם, חיים היו, אלא שירדו מנכסיהם, והעני חשוב כמת (נדרים סד:):

For they have died — all the men. Who were they (these men)? Dasan and Aviram. [Actually,] they were still alive, but had become paupers and a poor person is considered as if dead.

4:20

וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת־אִשְׁתּוֹ וְאֶת־בָּנָיו וַיַּרְכִּבֵם עַֽל־הַחֲמֹר וַיָּשׇׁב אַרְצָה מִצְרָיִם וַיִּקַּח מֹשֶׁה אֶת־מַטֵּה הָאֱלֹהִים בְּיָדֽוֹ׃

Moshe [then] took his wife and his sons, set them to ride on the donkey, and he returned to the land of Egypt. Moshe took the rod of God in his hand.

Moshe [then] took his wife and his sons, set them to ride on the donkey, and he returned to the land of Egypt. Moshe took the rod of God in his hand.

Rashi

על החמור. חמור המיוחד, הוא החמור שחבש אברהם לעקידת יצחק, והוא שעתיד מלך המשיח להגלות עליו, שנאמר עָנִי וְרֹכֵב עַל חֲמֹור (זכריה ט, ט):

The donkey. [Meaning:] the donkey designated for this. This is the same donkey that Avraham saddled at the binding of Yitzchok, and the same one upon which the King Moshiach is destined to reveal himself, as it is said: [“The king will come to you] humble and riding on a donkey.”

וישב ארצה מצרים ויקח משה את מטה. אין מוקדם ומאוחר מדוקדקים במקרא:

And he returned to the land of Egypt. Moshe took the rod “Earlier” or “later” are not exact in Scripture.

4:21

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בְּלֶכְתְּךָ לָשׁוּב מִצְרַיְמָה רְאֵה כׇּל־הַמֹּֽפְתִים אֲשֶׁר־שַׂמְתִּי בְיָדֶךָ וַעֲשִׂיתָם לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה וַאֲנִי אֲחַזֵּק אֶת־לִבּוֹ וְלֹא יְשַׁלַּח אֶת־הָעָֽם׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “On your way back to Egypt, see [keep in mind] all the wondrous [signs] that I have placed in your hand, and do them before Pharaoh. I will harden his heart, and he will not send the people out.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “On your way back to Egypt, see [keep in mind] all the wondrous [signs] that I have placed in your hand, and do them before Pharaoh. I will harden his heart, and he will not send the people out.

Rashi

בלכתך לשוב מצרימה וגו'. דע, שעל מנת כן תלך, שתהא גבור בשליחותי לעשות כל מופתי לפני פרעה ולא תירא ממנו:

On your way back to Egypt. “Know, that your going is on the condition that you are strong in [carrying out] My mission, by doing all My wonders before Pharaoh without fear of him.”

אשר שמתי בידך. לא על שלשה אותות האמורות למעלה, שהרי לא לפני פרעה צוה לעשותם אלא לפני ישראל שיאמינו לו, ולא מצינו שעשאם לפניו, אלא מופתים שאני עתיד לשום בידך במצרים, כמו כִּי יְדַבֵּר אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה וגו' (שמות ז, ט), ואל תתמה על אשר כתיב אשר שמתי, שכן משמעו, כשתדבר עמו כבר שַׂמְתִּים בידך:

That I have placed in your hand. This does not refer to the three signs mentioned above, for, those, He did not command him to do before Pharaoh, but rather, before the Israelites so that they may believe him; and we do not find that he did them before him. But [this refers to] “the wonders (i.e., the plagues) which I shall, in the future, place in your hand in Egypt.” As it is said: “When Pharaoh speaks to you, etc.” Do not wonder as to why it is written: אֲשֶׁר שַׂמְתִּי — that I have placed (past tense) because it should be understood thus: “When you speak with him, I will have already placed them in your hand.”

4:22

וְאָמַרְתָּ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה כֹּה אָמַר יְהֹוָה בְּנִי בְכֹרִי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

You will say to Pharaoh, This is what Adonoy said, Yisroel is My son, My firstborn.

You will say to Pharaoh, This is what Adonoy said, Yisroel is My son, My firstborn.

Rashi

ואמרת אל פרעה. כשתשמע שלבו חזק וימאן לשלוח, אמור לו כן:

You will say to Pharaoh. “When you hear that his heart is hardened and he refuses to send [the people away], tell him thus:

בני בכרי. לשון גדולה, כמו אַף אָנִי בְּכֹור אֶתְּנֵהוּ (תהלים פט, כח), זו פשוטו. ומדרשו, כאן חתם הקב"ה על מכירת הבכורה שלקח יעקב מעשו:

[Yisrael] is my son, my firstborn. [בְּכוֹרִי, here means:] of greatness as in: “I will also make him great.” This is its plain meaning. But, the midrashic explanation is: Here, God put His seal on the sale of the birthright which Yaakov had bought from Eisov.

4:23

וָאֹמַר אֵלֶיךָ שַׁלַּח אֶת־בְּנִי וְיַֽעַבְדֵנִי וַתְּמָאֵן לְשַׁלְּחוֹ הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי הֹרֵג אֶת־בִּנְךָ בְּכֹרֶֽךָ׃

And I have said to you, send out My son and let him serve Me. If you refuse to send him, behold, I will slay your [own] firstborn son.”

And I have said to you, send out My son and let him serve Me. If you refuse to send him, behold, I will slay your [own] firstborn son.”

Rashi

ואומר אליך. בשליחותו של מקום:

“And I have said to you — as a messenger of God, ‘Send My son out, etc.’”

שלח את בני וגו'. הנה אנכי הרג וגו'. היא מכה אחרונה, ובה התרהו תחלה מפני שהיא קשה, וזה הוא שנאמר באיוב הֶן אֵל יַשְׂגִּיב בְּכֹחֹו, לפיכך, מִי כָמֹהוּ מֹורֶה (איוב לו, כב), בשר ודם המבקש להנקם מחבירו, מעלים את דבריו שלא יבקש הצלה, אבל הקב"ה ישגיב בכחו ואין יכולת להמלט מידו כי אם בשובו אליו, לפיכך הוא מורהו ומתרה בו לשוב:

Behold, I will slay, etc. This will be the last plague [Yet, God] warns him with this first — because it is the most severe. This is what is meant regarding Iyov: “For God is powerful in His might,” therefore, “Who is a teacher like Him,” [the explanation being:] A human being, who seeks to take revenge from his fellow-man, is secretive about it so that the other will not seek to escape. But, God “is powerful in His might” and there is no possible escape from His Hand, unless he returns to Him (repents). Therefore He teaches him and warns him to repent.

4:24

וַיְהִי בַדֶּרֶךְ בַּמָּלוֹן וַיִּפְגְּשֵׁהוּ יְהֹוָה וַיְבַקֵּשׁ הֲמִיתֽוֹ׃

He [Moshe] was along the way, in the inn, Adonoy confronted him, and wanted to kill him.

He [Moshe] was along the way, in the inn, Adonoy confronted him, and wanted to kill him.

Rashi

ויהי בדרך במלון. משה:

When he was along the way, in the inn. Moshe.

ויבקש המיתו. למשה, לפי שלא מל את אליעזר בנו, ועל שנתרשל נענש עונש מיתה. תניא אמר רבי יוסי ח"ו לא נתרשל, אלא אמר, אמול ואצא לדרך, סכנה היא לתינוק עד שלשה ימים, אמול ואשהה שלשה ימים, הקב"ה צוני לך שוב מצרים, ומפני מה נענש מיתה, לפי שנתעסק במלון תחלה (במסכת נדרים לא:), והיה המלאך נעשה כמין נחש, ובולעו מראשו ועד יריכיו, וחוזר ובולעו מרגליו ועד אותו מקום, הבינה צפורה שבשביל המילה הוא:

And wanted to kill him. I.e., the angel [wanted to kill] Moshe because he did not circumcise his son, Eliezer, and because he was negligent he deserved the punishment of death. The Beraisa taught: [however,] Rabbi Yosi said: God forbid! [Actually,] he was not negligent, but, he thought: “If I circumcise him and set out on a journey, the child’s life will be in danger for three days. [However,] I might circumcise him and wait three days, [but,] God has commanded me, “Go! Return to Egypt.” Then, why was he punished? Because his first concern was his lodging. Maseches Nedarim: The angel turned into a kind of snake and swallowed him (Moshe) from his head to his thigh [and spit him out] and then again swallowed him from his feet to that place (the membrum). Zipporah understood that this was on account of [delaying] the circumcision.

4:25

וַתִּקַּח צִפֹּרָה צֹר וַתִּכְרֹת אֶת־עׇרְלַת בְּנָהּ וַתַּגַּע לְרַגְלָיו וַתֹּאמֶר כִּי חֲתַן־דָּמִים אַתָּה לִֽי׃

Tzipporah took a flint-stone and cut off her son’s foreskin, and threw it at his feet, saying, “You are a bridegroom of blood to me.”

Tzipporah took a flint-stone and cut off her son’s foreskin, and threw it at his feet, saying, “You are a bridegroom of blood to me.”

Rashi

ותגע לרגליו. השליכתו לפני רגליו של משה:

And threw it at his feet. I.e., She threw it at Moshe’s feet

ותאמר. על בנה:

saying, regarding her son —

כי חתן דמים אתה לי. אתה היית גורם להיות החתן שלי נרצח עליך. הורג אישי אתה לי:

“You are a bridegroom of blood to me.” I.e., “You were to have caused my bridegroom to be slain on account of you; you would thus have been my husband’s killer.”

4:26

וַיִּרֶף מִמֶּנּוּ אָז אָֽמְרָה חֲתַן דָּמִים לַמּוּלֹֽת׃ {פ}

He then withdrew from him [Moshe. Then she said, “[You are] a bridegroom of blood [to me] because of the circumcision.”

He then withdrew from him [Moshe. Then she said, “[You are] a bridegroom of blood [to me] because of the circumcision.”

Rashi

וירף. המלאך ממנו. אז, בינה שעל המילה בא להורגו:

He withdrew. The angel [withdrew] from him.

אמרה חתן דמים למולת. חתני היה נרצח על דבר המילה. (שינה רש"י בלשונו, לעיל כתב אתה היית גורם, דקשה לרש"י, מה זה אז אמרה חתן דמים, והלא גם לעיל אמרה חתן דמים, אלא מתחלה סברה דזה וזה גורם, חטא המילה וחטא אחר, אח"כ כשראתה וירף לגמרי, אז הבינה דעל דבר המילה לבד בא, ובזה מתורץ גם כן שינוי לשון בתרגום אונקלוס בחתן דמים, ודו"ק כנ"ל):

Then — she understood that on account of [delaying] the circumcision, he had come to kill him, [and] she said, “Bridegroom of blood because of the circumcision.” [Meaning:] My bridegroom would have been killed on account of [delaying] the circumcision.

למולת. על דבר המולות, שם דבר הוא, והלמ"ד משמשת בלשון על, כמו וְאָמַר פַּרְעֹה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (שמות יד, ג). ואונקלוס תרגם דמים, על דם המילה:

Because of the circumcision. [לַמּוּלוֹת means:] on account of the circumcision. [מוּלוֹת] is a noun, and the letter lamed serves as a prefix meaning: regarding, as in: “And Pharaoh said (לִבְנֵי) regarding the B’nei Yisrael.” However, Onkelos translates דָּמִים (blood) as referring to the blood of the circumcision.

4:27

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן לֵךְ לִקְרַאת מֹשֶׁה הַמִּדְבָּרָה וַיֵּלֶךְ וַֽיִּפְגְּשֵׁהוּ בְּהַר הָאֱלֹהִים וַיִּשַּׁק־לֽוֹ׃

Adonoy said to Aharon, “Go meet Moshe in the desert.” He [Aharon] went and met him at the mountain of God and he kissed him.

Adonoy said to Aharon, “Go meet Moshe in the desert.” He [Aharon] went and met him at the mountain of God and he kissed him.

4:28

וַיַּגֵּד מֹשֶׁה לְאַֽהֲרֹן אֵת כׇּל־דִּבְרֵי יְהֹוָה אֲשֶׁר שְׁלָחוֹ וְאֵת כׇּל־הָאֹתֹת אֲשֶׁר צִוָּֽהוּ׃

Moshe told Aharon all the words of Adonoy with which He had sent him; and all the [miraculous] signs that He had commanded him [to demonstrate].

Moshe told Aharon all the words of Adonoy with which He had sent him; and all the [miraculous] signs that He had commanded him [to demonstrate].

4:29

וַיֵּלֶךְ מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן וַיַּאַסְפוּ אֶת־כׇּל־זִקְנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Moshe and Aharon went [to Egypt] and they gathered all the elders of the B’nei Yisrael.

Moshe and Aharon went [to Egypt] and they gathered all the elders of the B’nei Yisrael.

4:30

וַיְדַבֵּר אַהֲרֹן אֵת כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיַּעַשׂ הָאֹתֹת לְעֵינֵי הָעָֽם׃

Aharon spoke all the words that Adonoy had spoken to Moshe, and he demonstrated the [miraculous] signs in the eyes [sight] of the people.

Aharon spoke all the words that Adonoy had spoken to Moshe, and he demonstrated the [miraculous] signs in the eyes [sight] of the people.

4:31

וַֽיַּאֲמֵן הָעָם וַֽיִּשְׁמְעוּ כִּֽי־פָקַד יְהֹוָה אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכִי רָאָה אֶת־עׇנְיָם וַֽיִּקְּדוּ וַיִּֽשְׁתַּחֲוֽוּ׃

The people believed. When they heard that Adonoy was mindful of the B’nei Yisrael, and that He had seen their suffering, they bowed their heads and prostrated themselves.

The people believed. When they heard that Adonoy was mindful of the B’nei Yisrael, and that He had seen their suffering, they bowed their heads and prostrated themselves.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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