Shemot
Shemot, Aliyah 5 שמות, חמישי
Part of: ShemotShemot, Aliyah 5Chapter 3Chapter 4Setumah, Exodus 3:1
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Shemot 3
לֵךְ וְאָֽסַפְתָּ אֶת־זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ אֲלֵהֶם יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹֽתֵיכֶם נִרְאָה אֵלַי אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם יִצְחָק וְיַעֲקֹב לֵאמֹר פָּקֹד פָּקַדְתִּי אֶתְכֶם וְאֶת־הֶעָשׂוּי לָכֶם בְּמִצְרָֽיִם׃
“Go, gather the elders of Yisrael, and say to them, ‘Adonoy, the God of your fathers appeared to me—the God of Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov—saying, “I have indeed been mindful of you, regarding that which is being done to you in Egypt.
“Go, gather the elders of Yisrael, and say to them, ‘Adonoy, the God of your fathers appeared to me—the God of Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov—saying, “I have indeed been mindful of you, regarding that which is being done to you in Egypt.
Rashi
וָאֹמַר אַעֲלֶה אֶתְכֶם מֵעֳנִי מִצְרַיִם אֶל־אֶרֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהָֽאֱמֹרִי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי אֶל־אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָֽשׁ׃
I have said, I will bring you up out of the suffering of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites, the Chittites, the Emorites, the Perizites, the Chivites and the Yevusites; to a land flowing with milk and honey.’”
I have said, I will bring you up out of the suffering of Egypt, to the land of the Canaanites, the Chittites, the Emorites, the Perizites, the Chivites and the Yevusites; to a land flowing with milk and honey.’”
וְשָׁמְעוּ לְקֹלֶךָ וּבָאתָ אַתָּה וְזִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל־מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם וַאֲמַרְתֶּם אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי הָֽעִבְרִיִּים נִקְרָה עָלֵינוּ וְעַתָּה נֵֽלְכָה־נָּא דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים בַּמִּדְבָּר וְנִזְבְּחָה לַֽיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃
They will listen to your voice. You and the elders of Yisrael will come to the king of Egypt, and say to him, ‘Adonoy, God of the Hebrews happened to meet with us. Now we request that you let us go into the wilderness for three days, to bring an offering [sacrifice] to Adonoy, our God.’
They will listen to your voice. You and the elders of Yisrael will come to the king of Egypt, and say to him, ‘Adonoy, God of the Hebrews happened to meet with us. Now we request that you let us go into the wilderness for three days, to bring an offering [sacrifice] to Adonoy, our God.’
Rashi
ושמעו לקולך. מאליהם, מכיון שתאמר להם לשון זה ישמעו לקולך, שכבר סימן זה מסור בידם מיעקב ומיוסף שבלשון זה הם נגאלים, יעקב אמר להם ואלהים פקוד יפקוד אתכם, יוסף אמר להם פָּקֹד יִפְקֹד אֶלֹהִים אֶתְכֶם (בראשית נ, כה):
They will listen to your voice — of their own volition (i.e., without waiting for signs). “Once you tell it to them using this expression they will listen to your voice, for this sign has already been transmitted to them through Yaakov and Yoseif that with this expression they will be redeemed.” Yaakov said to them: “And Elokim will surely consider you.” Yoseif, [too,] said to them: “Elokim will surely consider you.”
נקרה עלינו. לשון מקרה, וכן וַיִּקָּר אֶלֹהִים (במדבר כג, ד), ואנכי אקרה כה, אהא נקרה מאתו הלום:
Happened to meet with us. [נִקְרָה is derived from] the term מִקְרֶה (happening). Similarly, “And God [וַיִּקָּר] happened to meet,” [or:] וְאָנֹכִי אִקָּרֶה כֹּה .” [Meaning:] I will be met (אִקָּרֶה) by Him here.”
(אלהי העבריים. יו"ד יתירה, רמז לי' מכות. ברש"י ישן):
God of the Hebrews. [הָעִבְרִיִּים is written with] an additional yud as an allusion to the ten plagues. (From an old Rashi manuscript.)
וַאֲנִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּי לֹֽא־יִתֵּן אֶתְכֶם מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם לַהֲלֹךְ וְלֹא בְּיָד חֲזָקָֽה׃
I know that the king of Egypt will not allow you to go [on this journey], but not because of his strong hand.
I know that the king of Egypt will not allow you to go [on this journey], but not because of his strong hand.
Rashi
לא יתן אתכם מלך מצרים להלוך. אם אין אני מראה לו ידי החזקה, כלומר כל עוד שאין אני מודיעו ידי החזקה לא יתן אתכם להלוך:
The king of Egypt will not allow you to go — unless I show him My strong hand; meaning: “As long as I do not make him aware [of] My strong hand he will not allow you to leave.
לא יתן. לָא יִשְׁבּוֹק, כמו עַל כֵּן לֹא נְתַתִּיךָ (בראשית כ, ו), לֹא נְתָנֹו אֱלֹהִים לְהָרַע עִמָּדִי (שם לא, ח), וכלן לשון נתינה הם. וי"מ ולא ביד חזקה. ולא בשביל שידו חזקה כי מאז אשלח את ידי והכיתי את מצרים וגו' ומתרגמינן אותו וְלָא מִן קֳדָם דְּחֵילֵהּ תַּקִּיף. משמו של רבי יעקב ברבי מנחם נאמר לי:
Will not allow. [As Onkelos translates it:] He will not permit, as in: “Therefore I did not (נְתַתִּיךָ) allow you” — [or:] “God did not allow him to harm me.” These are all terms denoting giving. There are others who explain וְלֹא בְּיָד חֲזָקָה: “And not because his hand is strong, for ‘once I will send forth My Hand and strike Egypt, etc.’” Onkelos translates it [accordingly]: “And not because his power is strong.” In the name of R. Yaakov b. R. Menachem this was told to me.
וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת־יָדִי וְהִכֵּיתִי אֶת־מִצְרַיִם בְּכֹל נִפְלְאֹתַי אֲשֶׁר אֶֽעֱשֶׂה בְּקִרְבּוֹ וְאַחֲרֵי־כֵן יְשַׁלַּח אֶתְכֶֽם׃
I will then send forth my hand, and strike Egypt with all My wondrous deeds that I will perform in their midst. Then he [Pharaoh] will send you out.
I will then send forth my hand, and strike Egypt with all My wondrous deeds that I will perform in their midst. Then he [Pharaoh] will send you out.
וְנָתַתִּי אֶת־חֵן הָֽעָם־הַזֶּה בְּעֵינֵי מִצְרָיִם וְהָיָה כִּי תֵֽלֵכוּן לֹא תֵלְכוּ רֵיקָֽם׃
I will give this people grace in the eyes of the Egyptians; and when you go, you will not leave empty handed.
I will give this people grace in the eyes of the Egyptians; and when you go, you will not leave empty handed.
וְשָׁאֲלָה אִשָּׁה מִשְּׁכֶנְתָּהּ וּמִגָּרַת בֵּיתָהּ כְּלֵי־כֶסֶף וּכְלֵי זָהָב וּשְׂמָלֹת וְשַׂמְתֶּם עַל־בְּנֵיכֶם וְעַל־בְּנֹתֵיכֶם וְנִצַּלְתֶּם אֶת־מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Every woman shall borrow from her neighbor, and from the woman living in her house, articles of silver and gold, and clothing. You shall put them on your sons and daughters, and thus you will divest Egypt of its wealth.”
Every woman shall borrow from her neighbor, and from the woman living in her house, articles of silver and gold, and clothing. You shall put them on your sons and daughters, and thus you will divest Egypt of its wealth.”
Rashi
ומגרת ביתה. מאותה שהיא גרה אִתָּהּ בבית:
From the woman living in her house. [Meaning:] from the one that resides with her in the house.
ונצלתם. כתרגומו וּתְרוֹקִנּוּן, וכן וַיְנַצְּלוּ אֶת מִצְרָיִם (שמות יב, לו), וַיִּתְנַצְּלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְֹרָאֵל אֶת עֶדְיָם (שם לג, ו), והנו"ן בו יסוד. ומנחם חברו במחברת צד"י, עם וַיַצֵּל אֱלֹהִים אֶת מִקְנֵה אֲבִיכֶם (בראשית לא, ט), אשר הציל אלהים מאבינו, ולא יאמנו דבריו, כי אם לא היתה הנו"ן יסוד והיא נקודה בחיר"ק, לא תהא משמשת בלשון ופעלתם, אלא בלשון ונפעלתם, כמו וְנִסַּחְתֶּם מֵעַל הָאֲדָמָה (דברים כח, סג), ונתתם ביד אויב, וְנִגַּפְתֶּם לִפְנֵי אֹיְבֵיכֶם (ויקרא כו, יז), וְנִתַּכְתֶּם בְּתֹוכָהּ (יחזקאל כב, כא), ואמרתם נצלנו, לשון נפעלנו, וכל נו"ן שהיא באה בתיבה לפרקים, ונופלת ממנה, כנו"ן של נוגף, נושא, נותן, נושך, כשהיא מדברת לשון ופעלתם, תנקד בשו"א בחטף, כגון וּנְשָֹאתֶם אֶת אֲבִיכֶם (בראשית מה, יט), וּנְתַתֶּם לָהֶם אֶת אֶרֶץ הַגִּלְעָד (במדבר לב, כט), ונמלתם את בשר ערלתכם. לכן אני אומר, שזאת הנקודה בחיר"ק מן היסוד היא, ויסוד שם דבר נצול, והוא מן הלשונות הכבדים, כמו דִּבּוּר, כִּפּוּר, לִמּוּד, כשידבר בלשון ופעלתם ינקד בחיר"ק, כמו וְדִבַּרְתֶּם אֶל הַסֶּלַע (שם כ, ח), וְכִפַּרְתֶּם אֶת הַבָּית (יחזקאל מה, כ), וְלִמַּדְתֶּם אֹתָם אֶת בְּנֵיכֶם (דברים יא, יט):
And you will divest [Egypt from its wealth]. As Onkelos translates it: You will empty. Similarly: “(וַיְנַצְּלוּ) And they emptied Egypt,” [or:] “(וַיִּתְנַצְּלוּ) The Israelites divested themselves of their ornaments.” The letter נ' in it is part of the root. However, Menachem places it in the Machberes [with the words beginning with a] צד"י together with: “(וַיַּצֵּל) God took away your father’s cattle” [or:] “That (הִצִּיל) God took away from our father.” His (Menachem’s) words cannot be given credence for if the נו"ן were not part of the root and [since] it is vocalized with a chirik it cannot be used to express “And you shall do something” but, rather, a term of: “Something shall be done to you,” as in: “(וְנִסַחְתֶּם) You will be uprooted from the land,” [or:] “(וְנִתַּתֶּם) You will be given over to an enemy,” [or:] “(וְנִגַפְתֶּם) You will be stricken before your enemies,” [or:] “(וְנִתַּכְתֶּם) You will be disintegrated in her midst,” [or:] “You shall say, (נִצַּלְנוּ) ‘We have been saved.’” meaning: “Something was done to us.” Whereas, every letter נו"ן which sometimes appears in a word and is sometimes omitted such as the נו"ן of: נוֹגֵף, נוֹשֵֹא, נוֹתֵן, נוֹשֵׁךְ when it speaks in terms meaning: “And you shall do something” is vocalized with a shva, e.g. “(וּנְשָׂאתֶם) You shall carry your father,” [or:] “(וּנְתַתֶּם) And you shall give them the land of Gilead,” [or:] “(וּנְמַלְתֶּם) And you shall circumcise the flesh of your foreskin.” I, therefore, say that this [letter נו"ן] that is vocalized with a chirik is part of the root and has the same root as נִצּוּל which is one of the “strong” conjugations such as דִּבּוּר, כִּפּוּר, לִמּוּד . When [these words] express the term “And you shall do something will be vocalized with a chirik, as in: “(וְדִבַּרְתֶּם) You shall speak to the stone,” [or:] “(וְכִּפַּרְתֶּם) And you will atone for the house,” [or:] “(וְלִמַּדְתֶּם) You shall teach it to your sons.”
Shemot 4
וַיַּעַן מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר וְהֵן לֹֽא־יַאֲמִינוּ לִי וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ בְּקֹלִי כִּי יֹֽאמְרוּ לֹֽא־נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ יְהֹוָֽה׃
Moshe answered and said, “They will not believe me. They will not listen to my voice. They will say, ‘Adonoy did not appear to you.’”
Moshe answered and said, “They will not believe me. They will not listen to my voice. They will say, ‘Adonoy did not appear to you.’”
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה (מזה) [מַה־זֶּה] בְיָדֶךָ וַיֹּאמֶר מַטֶּֽה׃
Adonoy said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A rod.”
Adonoy said to him, “What is that in your hand?” He said, “A rod.”
Rashi
מזה בידך. לכך נכתב תיבה אחת לדרוש, מִזֶּה שבידך אתה חייב ללקות, שחשדת בכשרים. ופשוטו, כאדם שאומר לחבירו, מודה אתה שזו שלפניך אבן היא, אומר לו הן, אמר לו הריני עושה אותה עץ:
“What is that in your hand?” [מַה זֶה] is written as one word so that it can be explained: “From that which is in your hand you deserve to be punished, for you were suspicious of righteous people.” The plain meaning of it is as a person who says to his friend, “Do you agree that the item before you is a stone?” “Yes,” he responds. “Well, watch as I turn it into wood.”
וַיֹּאמֶר הַשְׁלִיכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיַּשְׁלִכֵהוּ אַרְצָה וַיְהִי לְנָחָשׁ וַיָּנׇס מֹשֶׁה מִפָּנָֽיו׃
[God] said, “Throw it on the ground.” He [Moshe] threw it on the ground and it turned into a snake. Moshe ran away from it.
[God] said, “Throw it on the ground.” He [Moshe] threw it on the ground and it turned into a snake. Moshe ran away from it.
Rashi
ויהי לנחש. רמז לו שסיפר לשון הרע על ישראל (באומרו לא יאמינו לי), ותפש אומנתו של נחש:
And it turned into a snake. He indicated to him that he spoke slanderous words against Israel, when he said, “They will not believe me,” and so he assumed for himself the occupation of the snake.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה שְׁלַח יָֽדְךָ וֶאֱחֹז בִּזְנָבוֹ וַיִּשְׁלַח יָדוֹ וַיַּחֲזֶק בּוֹ וַיְהִי לְמַטֶּה בְּכַפּֽוֹ׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Reach out your hand and grasp its tail.” He reached out his hand and took hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Reach out your hand and grasp its tail.” He reached out his hand and took hold of it, and it became a rod in his hand.
Rashi
ויחזק בו. לשון אחיזה הוא, והרבה יש במקרא, וַיַחֲזִקוּ הָאֲנָֹשִים בְּיָדֹו (בראשית יט, טז) וְהֶחֱזִיקָה בִּמְבֹֻשָיו (דברים כה, יא), וְהֶחֱזַקְתִּי בִּזְקָנֹו (שמואל־א יז, לה), כל לשון חזוק הדבוק לבי"ת, לשון אחיזה הוא:
And took hold of it. [וַיַחֲזֶק] has the meaning of grasping. There are a number of [such uses] in Scripture: “[וַיַּחֲזִיקוּ] The men took hold of his hand,” [or:] “(וְהֶחֱזִיקָה) She took hold of his private parts,” [or:] “(וְהֶחֱזַקְתִּי) I took hold of his beard.” Wherever the verb חִזוּק is followed by the prefix ב' it has the meaning of grasping.
לְמַעַן יַאֲמִינוּ כִּֽי־נִרְאָה אֵלֶיךָ יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי אֲבֹתָם אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם אֱלֹהֵי יִצְחָק וֵאלֹהֵי יַעֲקֹֽב׃
“This is so that they will believe that Adonoy appeared to you; the God of their fathers, God of Avraham, God of Yitzchok and God of Yaakov.”
“This is so that they will believe that Adonoy appeared to you; the God of their fathers, God of Avraham, God of Yitzchok and God of Yaakov.”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה לוֹ עוֹד הָֽבֵא־נָא יָֽדְךָ בְּחֵיקֶךָ וַיָּבֵא יָדוֹ בְּחֵיקוֹ וַיּוֹצִאָהּ וְהִנֵּה יָדוֹ מְצֹרַעַת כַּשָּֽׁלֶג׃
Adonoy said furthermore to him [Moshe], “Put your hand into your bosom.” He put his hand into his bosom, and when he withdrew it, his hand had become a snow-like tzora’as.
Adonoy said furthermore to him [Moshe], “Put your hand into your bosom.” He put his hand into his bosom, and when he withdrew it, his hand had become a snow-like tzora’as.
Rashi
מצורעת כשלג. דרך צרעת להיות לבנה, אם בהרת לבנה היא, אף באות זה רמז לו שלשון הרע סִיפֵּר באומרו לא יאמינו לי, לפיכך הלקהו בצרעת, כמו שלקתה מרים על לשון הרע:
A snow-like tzora’as. It is usual for tzora’as to be white [as we find:] “If it be a white blemish.” With this sign, too, He hinted to him that he spoke slanderously when he said, “They will not believe me.” It is for this reason that He struck him with tzora’as, just as Miriam was struck for speaking slanderously.
וַיֹּאמֶר הָשֵׁב יָֽדְךָ אֶל־חֵיקֶךָ וַיָּשֶׁב יָדוֹ אֶל־חֵיקוֹ וַיּֽוֹצִאָהּ מֵֽחֵיקוֹ וְהִנֵּה־שָׁבָה כִּבְשָׂרֽוֹ׃
He [Adonoy] said, “Put your hand into your bosom again.” [Moshe] put his hand into his bosom again, and when he withdrew it from his bosom, it had become [normal] as his flesh.
He [Adonoy] said, “Put your hand into your bosom again.” [Moshe] put his hand into his bosom again, and when he withdrew it from his bosom, it had become [normal] as his flesh.
Rashi
ויוציאה מחיקו והנה שבה וגו'. מכאן, שמדה טובה ממהרת לבא ממדת פורעניות, שהרי בראשונה לא נאמר מחיקו (שמו"ר ג, יח):
And when he withdrew from his bosom, etc. We can derive from this that [when God reveals] His attribute of goodness it is much faster in coming than [when He reveals] His attribute for punishment, for in the first instance [when he was struck with tzora’as] it does not state: “from his bosom.”
וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לָךְ וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּ לְקֹל הָאֹת הָרִאשׁוֹן וְהֶֽאֱמִינוּ לְקֹל הָאֹת הָאַחֲרֽוֹן׃
“If they do not believe you, and they do not listen to the voice [of proof] of the first [miraculous] sign; then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter [second] sign.
“If they do not believe you, and they do not listen to the voice [of proof] of the first [miraculous] sign; then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter [second] sign.
Rashi
והאמינו לקול האות האחרון. משתאמר להם בשבילכם לקיתי על שספרתי עליכם לשון הרע, יאמינו לך, שכבר למדו בכך שהמזדווגין להרע להם לוקים בנגעים, כגון פרעה ואבימלך בשביל שרה:
Then they will believe the voice [of proof] of the latter sign. “Once you tell them, ‘because of you I was struck [with tzora’as] for relating slanderous things about you, they will believe you, because they have already become experienced in this, that those who conspire to harm them are struck with tzora’as, such as Pharaoh and Avimelech [who were struck with tzora’as] on account of Sarah.
וְהָיָה אִם־לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ גַּם לִשְׁנֵי הָאֹתוֹת הָאֵלֶּה וְלֹא יִשְׁמְעוּן לְקֹלֶךָ וְלָקַחְתָּ מִמֵּימֵי הַיְאֹר וְשָׁפַכְתָּ הַיַּבָּשָׁה וְהָיוּ הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר תִּקַּח מִן־הַיְאֹר וְהָיוּ לְדָם בַּיַּבָּֽשֶׁת׃
And if they will not believe even these two signs, and they will not listen to your voice, then you shall take from the water of the river and pour it on the dry land. The water that you will take from the river will turn into blood on the dry land.”
And if they will not believe even these two signs, and they will not listen to your voice, then you shall take from the water of the river and pour it on the dry land. The water that you will take from the river will turn into blood on the dry land.”
Rashi
ולקחת ממימי היאור. רמז להם שבמכה ראשונה נפרע מאלהותם, (פירוש, כשהקב"ה נפרע מן האומות, נפרע מאלהותם תחלה, שהיו עובדים לנילוס המחיה אותם, והפכם לדם. ברש"י ישן):
You shall take from the water of the river. He alluded to them that with the first plague He will exact retribution from their deity (Explanation: When God exacts retribution from the nations He first exacts retribution from their deity, for they had worshipped the Nile which gave them sustenance and He turned them (its waters) to blood. [This explanation is found] in an old Rashi manuscript.
והיו המים וגו'. והיו, והיו, שני פעמים, נראה בעיני, אלו נאמר והיו המים אשר תקח מן היאור לדם ביבשת, שומע אני שבידו הם נהפכים לדם, ואז כשירדו לארץ יהיו בהוייתן, אבל עכשיו מלמדנו, שלא יהיו דם עד שיהיו ביבשת:
The water [you will take]. The word וְהָיוּ [appears] twice [in this verse]: It seems to me that had it said: "וְהָיוּ הַמַּיִּם אֲשֶׁר תִּקַּח מִן הַיְאוֹר לְדָם בַּיַּבָּשֶׁת", I would conclude that while still in his hand [the waters] will turn into blood and also upon reaching the ground they would remain as they are but, now, [by repeating וְהָיוּ, i.e., וְהָיוּ לְדָם בַּיַּבָּשֶׁת] it teaches us that they will not turn into blood until they reach the dry land.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה בִּי אֲדֹנָי לֹא אִישׁ דְּבָרִים אָנֹכִי גַּם מִתְּמוֹל גַּם מִשִּׁלְשֹׁם גַּם מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ אֶל־עַבְדֶּךָ כִּי כְבַד־פֶּה וּכְבַד לָשׁוֹן אָנֹֽכִי׃
Moshe said to Adonoy, “I beg You Adonoy, I am not a man of words—not since yesterday, not since the day before—not from the time You [first] spoke to Your servant, for I am clumsy [slow] of mouth [speech] and clumsy [slow] of tongue [language].”
Moshe said to Adonoy, “I beg You Adonoy, I am not a man of words—not since yesterday, not since the day before—not from the time You [first] spoke to Your servant, for I am clumsy [slow] of mouth [speech] and clumsy [slow] of tongue [language].”
Rashi
גם מתמול וגו'. למדנו שכל שבעה ימים היה הקב"ה מפתה את משה בסנה לילך בשליחותו, מתמול שלשום מאז דברך הרי שלשה, ושלשה גמין רבויין הם, הרי ששה, והוא היה עומד ביום הז' כשאמר לו זאת, עוד שלח נא ביד תשלח, עד שחרה בו וקבל עליו. (שמו"ר ג, טז) וכל זה, שלא היה רוצה ליטול גדולה על אהרן אחיו שהיה גדול הימנו, ונביא היה, שנאמר (הלא אהרן אחיך הלוי וגו', ועוד נאמר לעלי הכהן) הֲנִגְלֹה נִגְלֵיתִי אֶל בֵּית אָבִיךָ בְּהיֹותָם בְּמִצְרַיִם (שמואל־א ב, כז), הוא אהרן, וכן וָאִוָּדַע לָהֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם וגו' (יחזקאל כ, ה) ואָֹמַר אֲלְיהֶם אִיש שִקּוּצֵי עֵינָיו הַֹשְלִיכוּ, ואותה נבואה לאהרן נאמרה:
[Not] since yesterday, etc. This teaches us that for an entire seven days God had been trying to persuade Moshe, at the thorn-bush, to go on his mission: "מִתְּמוֹל, שִׁלְשֹׁם, מֵאָז דַּבֶּרְךָ" represent three [days]: the three words “גַּם” are extensions, making it six; and he was presently in the seventh day when he continued saying the following: “Please send the one You usually send,” until He (God) became angry and he (Moshe) accepted. All this [reluctance on the part of Moshe] was due to his not wanting to accept a greater position than his brother, Aharon, who was older than he and who was a prophet [as well], as it is said: “For I revealed Myself to your ancestor’s house when they were in Egypt, referring to Aharon.” Similarly: “I made Myself known to them in the Land of Egypt and I said to them, ‘Let each man throw away that which is repulsive in his eyes.’” And that prophecy was said to Aharon.
כבד פה. בכבידות אני מדבר, ובלשון לע"ז בלב"ו
I am clumsy of mouth. [Meaning:] I speak with difficulty. Balbe in Old French — stutterer.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֵלָיו מִי שָׂם פֶּה לָֽאָדָם אוֹ מִֽי־יָשׂוּם אִלֵּם אוֹ חֵרֵשׁ אוֹ פִקֵּחַ אוֹ עִוֵּר הֲלֹא אָנֹכִי יְהֹוָֽה׃
Adonoy said to him, “Who gave man a mouth, or who makes [a person] dumb or deaf? [Who makes a person] see or makes him blind? Is it not I—Adonoy?”
Adonoy said to him, “Who gave man a mouth, or who makes [a person] dumb or deaf? [Who makes a person] see or makes him blind? Is it not I—Adonoy?”
Rashi
מי שם פה וגו'. מי למדך לְדַבֵּר כשהיית נדון לפני פרעה על המצרי:
Who gave a mouth, etc. [I.e.] “Who taught you how to speak when you were put on trial before Pharaoh on account of the Egyptian [whom you killed]?”
או מי ישום אלם. מי עשה פרעה אלם שלא נתאמץ במצות הריגתך, ואת משרתיו חרשים שלא שמעו בצוותו עליך, וְלָאִסְפַּקְלָטוֹרִין (שבת קח.) ההורגים מי עשאם עִוְרִים, שלא ראו כשברחת מן הבימה ונמלטת (תנחומא שמות י):
Or who makes a person dumb. [I.e.] “Who made Pharaoh to be dumb so that he exerted no effort [to fulfil his] command to have you killed, [and who made] his servants deaf so that they would not hear his decree about you. And as for the killer excutioners — who made them blind so that they would not see when you ran away from the [execution] platform and escaped.
הלא אנכי. ששמי ה' עשיתי כל זאת:
Is it not I — [Adonoy]? [I.e.] “Is it not I whose Name is Adonoy who did all this?”
וְעַתָּה לֵךְ וְאָנֹכִי אֶֽהְיֶה עִם־פִּיךָ וְהוֹרֵיתִיךָ אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּֽר׃
Now go. I will be with your mouth, and teach you what to say.”
Now go. I will be with your mouth, and teach you what to say.”
וַיֹּאמֶר בִּי אֲדֹנָי שְֽׁלַֽח־נָא בְּיַד־תִּשְׁלָֽח׃
[Moshe] said, “I beg You Adony [my Master,] please send the one You usually send.”
[Moshe] said, “I beg You Adony [my Master,] please send the one You usually send.”
Rashi
ביד תשלח. ביד מי שאתה רגיל לשלוח והוא אהרן. דבר אחר, ביד אחר שתרצה לשלוח, שאין סופי להכניסם לארץ ולהיות גואלם לעתיד, יש לך שלוחים הרבה:
The one You usually send [בְּיַד תִּשְׁלָח means:] “Through the one You usually send,” namely, Aharon. An alternate explanation: “Through someone else whom you will wish to send, for I am not destined to bring them into the land, nor to be their redeemer in the future — you have many messengers.”
וַיִּֽחַר־אַף יְהֹוָה בְּמֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי יָדַעְתִּי כִּֽי־דַבֵּר יְדַבֵּר הוּא וְגַם הִנֵּה־הוּא יֹצֵא לִקְרָאתֶךָ וְרָאֲךָ וְשָׂמַח בְּלִבּֽוֹ׃
Adonoy displayed anger toward Moshe and said, “Is not Aharon, the Levite, your brother? I know that he knows how to speak. Behold he is setting out to meet you, and when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart.
Adonoy displayed anger toward Moshe and said, “Is not Aharon, the Levite, your brother? I know that he knows how to speak. Behold he is setting out to meet you, and when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart.
Rashi
ויחר אף. (זבחים קב.) רבי יהושע בן קרחה אומר, כל חרון אף שבתורה נאמר בו רושם, וזה לא נאמר בו רושם, ולא מצינו שבא עונש על ידי אותו חרון, אמר לו רבי יוסי אף בזו נאמר בו רושם, הלא אהרן אחיך הלוי, שהיה עתיד להיות לוי ולא כהן, והכהונה הייתי אומר לצאת ממך, מעתה לא יהיה כן, אלא הוא יהיה כהן ואתה הלוי, שנאמר וּמשֶׁה אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים בָּנָיו יִקָּרְאוּ עַל שֵׁבֶט הַלֵּוִי (דברי הימים־א כג, יד):
[Adonoy] displayed anger. Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korcho says: Wherever anger [of God] is mentioned in the Torah, an impression (i.e., some punishment) is mentioned, but, in this case no impression is mentioned, and we do not find any punishment as a result of that anger! Rabbi Yosi responded to him: In this case, too, an impression is mentioned: "הֲלֹא אַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ הַלֵּוִי" “For he was destined to be a Levite and not a kohein (priest) and I had planned that the priesthood would descend from you. But now this will not be so, but, rather, he will be a kohein and you a Levite.” As it is said: “And the descendants of Moshe, the man of God will be attributed to the Tribe of Leivi.”
הנה הוא יצא לקראתך. כשתלך למצרים:
Behold he is setting out to meet you — when you set out to go to Egypt.
וראך ושמח בלבו. לא כשאתה סבור שיהא מקפיד עליך שאתה עולה לגדולה, ומשם זכה אהרן לַעֲדִי החשן הנתון על הלב:
And when he sees you he will rejoice in his heart. “It is not as you think that he will resent you for your having reached a high position.” As a result of this, Aharon merited the adornment of the choshen which is placed over the heart.
וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֵלָיו וְשַׂמְתָּ אֶת־הַדְּבָרִים בְּפִיו וְאָנֹכִי אֶֽהְיֶה עִם־פִּיךָ וְעִם־פִּיהוּ וְהוֹרֵיתִי אֶתְכֶם אֵת אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֽׂוּן׃
You will speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you what to do.
You will speak to him and put the words in his mouth. I will be with your mouth and with his mouth, and I will teach you what to do.
וְדִבֶּר־הוּא לְךָ אֶל־הָעָם וְהָיָה הוּא יִֽהְיֶה־לְּךָ לְפֶה וְאַתָּה תִּֽהְיֶה־לּוֹ לֵֽאלֹהִֽים׃
He will speak to the people for you. He will be your spokesman, and you will be his master.
He will speak to the people for you. He will be your spokesman, and you will be his master.
Rashi
ודבר הוא לך. בשבילך ידבר אל העם, וזה יוכיח על כל לך ולי ולו ולכם ולהם הסמוכים לדבור, שכולם לשון על הם:
He will speak to the people for you. [לְךָ here means:] “For you will he speak to the people.” This is an indication that wherever לְךָ, לִי, לוֹ, לָכֶם, לָהֶם are preceded by the verb דִבּוּר (speaking), they all have the meaning of עַל (for).
יהיה לך לפה. למליץ, לפי שאתה כבד פה:
Will be your spokesman (lit. mouth). [לְפֶה here, means:] “as a spokesman, since you have a speech impediment.”
לאלהים. לרב ולשר:
[His] master [לֵאלֹהִים, here, means:] a master and a superior.
וְאֶת־הַמַּטֶּה הַזֶּה תִּקַּח בְּיָדֶךָ אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה־בּוֹ אֶת־הָאֹתֹֽת׃ {פ}
Take this rod in your hand, for with it you will perform the [miraculous] signs.”
Take this rod in your hand, for with it you will perform the [miraculous] signs.”
את זקני ישראל. מיוחדים לישיבה. ואם תאמר זקנים סתם, היאך אפשר לו לאסוף זקנים של ס' רבוא:
The elders of Yisrael — those designated [to attend] meetings. Should you claim [that זִקְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל refers to] any and all elderly people, how would it be possible for him to gather [all] the elders of [a male population of] 600,000?