Tanach
Shemot 16:11-27 שמות ט״ז:י״א-כ״ז
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וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
שָׁמַעְתִּי אֶת־תְּלוּנֹּת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דַּבֵּר אֲלֵהֶם לֵאמֹר בֵּין הָֽעַרְבַּיִם תֹּאכְלוּ בָשָׂר וּבַבֹּקֶר תִּשְׂבְּעוּ־לָחֶם וִֽידַעְתֶּם כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶֽם׃
“I have heard the complaints of the B’nei Yisrael. Speak to them saying, ‘Between evenings [afternoon] you will eat meat, and in the morning you will have your fill of bread, and you will know that I am Adonoy, your God.
“I have heard the complaints of the B’nei Yisrael. Speak to them saying, ‘Between evenings [afternoon] you will eat meat, and in the morning you will have your fill of bread, and you will know that I am Adonoy, your God.
וַיְהִי בָעֶרֶב וַתַּעַל הַשְּׂלָו וַתְּכַס אֶת־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וּבַבֹּקֶר הָֽיְתָה שִׁכְבַת הַטַּל סָבִיב לַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃
It was evening and quails rose up and covered the camp. In the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
It was evening and quails rose up and covered the camp. In the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
Rashi
היתה שכבת הטל. הטל שוכב על המן, ובמקום אחר הוא אומר וּבְרֶדֶת הַטַּל וגו' (במדבר יא, ט), הטל יורד על הארץ, והמן יורד עליו, וחוזר ויורד טל עליו, והרי הוא כמונח בקופסא (יומא עה: — מכילתא ויסע פ"ג):
There was a layer of dew. The dew was lying on the manna. However elsewhere it says: “When the dew descended, etc. [The answer is: first] the dew descended on the earth, [then] the manna descended upon it, then the dew descended upon it and it [the manna] was as if stored in a box.
וַתַּעַל שִׁכְבַת הַטָּל וְהִנֵּה עַל־פְּנֵי הַמִּדְבָּר דַּק מְחֻסְפָּס דַּק כַּכְּפֹר עַל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
The layer of dew had risen, and behold, on the surface of the desert were thin [uncovered] flakes. It was as fine as frost on the ground.
The layer of dew had risen, and behold, on the surface of the desert were thin [uncovered] flakes. It was as fine as frost on the ground.
Rashi
ותעל שכבת הטל וגו'. כשהחמה זורחת, עולה הטל שעל המן לקראת החמה כדרך טל עולה לקראת החמה, אף אם תמלא שפופרת של ביצה טל, ותסתום את פיה ותניחה בחמה, היא עולה מאליה באויר. ורבותינו דרשו, שהטל עולה מן הארץ באויר, וכעלות שכבת הטל נתגלה המן, וראו והנה על פני המדבר וגו':
The layer of dew had risen, etc. When the sun shines then the dew which is on the manna rises towards the sun as is the way of dew to rise towards the sun. Even were you to fill an eggshell with dew and close up its opening and place it in the sun, it will, on its own, rise into the air. Our Sages explained that the dew [initially] rose from the earth into the air and when the layer of dew rose up, the manna was revealed and they saw: “and behold on the surface of the desert, etc.”
דק. דבר דק:
Thin. [Meaning:] a thin object.
מחוספס. מגולה, ואין דומה לו במקרא, ויש לפרש מחוספס, לשון חפיסה וּדְלוּסְקְמָא שבלשון משנה, כשנתגלה משכבת הטל, ראו שהיה דבר דק מחוספס בתוכו בין שתי שכבות הטל. ואונקלוס תרגם מקלף, לשון מחשוף הלבן:
Thin [uncovered] flakes. [מְחֻסְפָּס means:] “uncovered” and there is none like it (this word) in Scripture. It may be said that מְחֻסְפָּס [comes from the phrase] “(חֲפִיסָה) a box and a chest” which is a term that appears in Mishnah. When it was uncovered from the layer of dew, they saw there had been a thin object enclosed inside it between the two layers of dew. Onkelos translates it: מְקַלַּף (flaked) meaning: “(מַחְשֹף) the peeling of the white.”
ככפור. כפור גליד"א בלע"ז דַּעְדַק כגיר, כאבני גיר, והוא מין צבע שחור, כדאמרינן גבי כסוי הדם, הגיר וְהַזַּרְנִיךְ. דַּעְדַק כְּגִיר כִּגְלִידָא עַל אַרְעָא, דק היה כגיר ושוכב מוגלד כקרח על הארץ, וכן פירושו דק ככפור, שטוח קלוש ומחובר כגליד. דק טינב"ש בלע"ז שהיה מגליד גלד דק מלמעלה, וכגיר שתרגם אונקלוס, תוספת הוא על לשון העברית, ואין לו תיבה בפסוק:
As frost. כְּפוֹר is jelede (frost) in Old French. [Onkelos translates it] דַעֲדַק כְּגִיר, [the word גִר occurring in] כְּאַבְנֵי גִר which is a type of black color as we say regarding the “covering of the blood:” “(הַגִּיר) Black fine earth and orpiment.” [Thus Onkelos translates it:], דַּעְדַּק כְּגִיר כִּגְלִידָא עַל אַרְעָא, meaning: “It was as fine as גִּיר and lay on the ground congealed as ice. And this is the explanation of דַּק כַּכְּפֹר thinly spread yet attached as a frost. דַק in Old French is tenuis (thin), for it was encrusted with a thin crust on top. The word וּכְגִיר which Onkelos uses in his translation is an addition to the Hebrew and it has no corresponding word in the verse.
וַיִּרְאוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמְרוּ אִישׁ אֶל־אָחִיו מָן הוּא כִּי לֹא יָדְעוּ מַה־הוּא וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם הוּא הַלֶּחֶם אֲשֶׁר נָתַן יְהֹוָה לָכֶם לְאׇכְלָֽה׃
The B’nei Yisrael saw it and said to one another, “It is a food,” for they did not know [exactly] what [kind] it was. Moshe said to them, “This is the bread that Adonoy is giving you to eat.
The B’nei Yisrael saw it and said to one another, “It is a food,” for they did not know [exactly] what [kind] it was. Moshe said to them, “This is the bread that Adonoy is giving you to eat.
Rashi
מן הוא. הכנת מזון הוא, כמו וַיְמַן לָהֶם הַמֶּלֶךְ (דניאל א, ה):
It is a food. [מָן הוּא means] “it is something prepared for food,” as in “The king (וַיְמַן) prepared for them.”
כי לא ידעו מה הוא. שיקראוהו בשמו:
For they did not know what it was. So that they could call it by its name.
זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה לִקְטוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אִישׁ לְפִי אׇכְלוֹ עֹמֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִסְפַּר נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם אִישׁ לַאֲשֶׁר בְּאׇהֳלוֹ תִּקָּֽחוּ׃
This is what Adonoy has commanded: Each man shall gather his requirement of food. An omer per person, according to the number of your people. shall each man take for those in his tent.”
This is what Adonoy has commanded: Each man shall gather his requirement of food. An omer per person, according to the number of your people. shall each man take for those in his tent.”
Rashi
עומר. שם מדה:
An omer. The name of a particular measure.
מספר נפשותיכם. כפי מנין נפשות שיש לאיש באהלו, תקחו עומר לכל גולגולת:
The number of your people. According to the number of people that a person has in his tent, shall they take an omer per head.
וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵן בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַֽיִּלְקְטוּ הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִֽיט׃
The B’nei Yisrael did so. They gathered it, some more, some less.
The B’nei Yisrael did so. They gathered it, some more, some less.
Rashi
המרבה והממעיט. יש שלקטו הרבה ויש שלקטו מעט, וכשבאו לביתם, ומדדו בעומר איש איש מה שלקטו, ומצאו שהמרבה ללקוט לא העדיף על עומר לגולגולת אשר באהלו, והממעיט ללקוט לא מצא חסר מעומר לגולגולת, וזהו נס גדול שנעשה בו:
Some more, some less. Some gathered much, some gathered little and when they came home each person measured with an omer what he had gathered, and they found that the one who had gathered more did not have more than an omer per person in his tent, and the one who gathered less did not find less than an omer per head, and this was a great miracle that occurred with it.
וַיָּמֹדּוּ בָעֹמֶר וְלֹא הֶעְדִּיף הַמַּרְבֶּה וְהַמַּמְעִיט לֹא הֶחְסִיר אִישׁ לְפִֽי־אׇכְלוֹ לָקָֽטוּ׃
However when they measured it with an omer, the one who had taken more had no extra, and the one who had taken less, was not lacking. They had gathered exactly enough for each one to eat.
However when they measured it with an omer, the one who had taken more had no extra, and the one who had taken less, was not lacking. They had gathered exactly enough for each one to eat.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֲלֵהֶם אִישׁ אַל־יוֹתֵר מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃
Moshe said to them, “Let no man leave any over until morning.”
Moshe said to them, “Let no man leave any over until morning.”
וְלֹא־שָׁמְעוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיּוֹתִרוּ אֲנָשִׁים מִמֶּנּוּ עַד־בֹּקֶר וַיָּרֻם תּוֹלָעִים וַיִּבְאַשׁ וַיִּקְצֹף עֲלֵהֶם מֹשֶֽׁה׃
They did not listen to Moshe, and some men left some over until morning. It became wormy and putrid, and Moshe was angry with them.
They did not listen to Moshe, and some men left some over until morning. It became wormy and putrid, and Moshe was angry with them.
Rashi
ויותירו אנשים. דתן ואבירם (שמו"ר כה, י):
Some men left [some] over. [They were] Dosson and Aviram.
וירם תולעים. לשון רמה:
It became wormy. [The word וַיָּרֻם is derived] from רִמָּה — “worm.”
ויבאש. הרי זה מקרא הפוך, שבתחלה הבאיש ולבסוף התליע, כענין שנאמר וְלֹּא הִבְאִישׁ וְרִמָּה לֹא הָיְתָה בֹּו, וכן דרך כל המתליעים:
And putrid. This verse is inverted for it first became putrid and then wormy, as is indicated by what is said: “It did not become putrid and it had no worms,” this is the usual manner for all things that turn wormy.
וַיִּלְקְטוּ אֹתוֹ בַּבֹּקֶר בַּבֹּקֶר אִישׁ כְּפִי אׇכְלוֹ וְחַם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְנָמָֽס׃
They gathered it each morning, each man according to what he would eat. [When] the sun became hot, it melted.
They gathered it each morning, each man according to what he would eat. [When] the sun became hot, it melted.
Rashi
וחם השמש ונמס. הנשאר בשדה נמוח ונעשה נחלים, ושותין ממנו אילים וצבאים, ואומות העולם צדין מהם וטועמים בהם טעם מן (מכילתא ויסע פ"ד), ויודעים מה שבחן של ישראל. ונמס, פשר, לשון פושרים, ע"י השמש מתחמם ומפשיר:
[When] the sun became hot it melted. That which remained in the field melted and turned into running streams and bucks and deer drank from it and the nations of the world captured some of them and through them had a taste of the manna, and thereby knew the praises of Israel. [The word וְנָמָס is translated by Onkelos] פָּשָׁר from the word פּוֹשְׁרִים — lukewarm water — because of the sun it became warm and turned into lukewarm liquid.
ונמס. דישטנ"פריר (צו גיין צו שמעלצען), ודוגמתו בסנהדרין בסוף ד' מיתות (סז:):
Destemprer [in Old French] similar to [what is found] in Sanhedrin at the end of the Chapter “Four deaths.”
וַיְהִי ׀ בַּיּוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי לָֽקְטוּ לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה שְׁנֵי הָעֹמֶר לָאֶחָד וַיָּבֹאוּ כׇּל־נְשִׂיאֵי הָֽעֵדָה וַיַּגִּידוּ לְמֹשֶֽׁה׃
When the sixth day came, what they had gathered [was a] double [portion of] bread, two omers for each individual. All the leaders of the community came and told Moshe [about it].
When the sixth day came, what they had gathered [was a] double [portion of] bread, two omers for each individual. All the leaders of the community came and told Moshe [about it].
Rashi
לקטו לחם משנה. כשמדדו את לקיטתם באהליהם, מצאו כפלים שני העומר לאחד. ומדרש אגדה, לחם משונה, אותו היום נשתנה לשבח בריחו וטעמו (מכילתא ויסע פ"ב), (שאם להגיד ששנים היו והלא כתיב שני העומר לאחד, אלא משונה בטעם וריח):
[Lit.] They gathered double bread. In their tents they measured what they gathered and they found it to be twice as much — two omers for each one. There is a Midrash Aggadah: [לֶחֶם מִשְׁנֶה meaning:] לֶחֶם מְשׁוּנֶּה — “different bread;” on that day it changed for the better regarding its smell and its taste.
ויגידו למשה. שאלוהו מה היום מיומים, ומכאן יש ללמוד שעדיין לא הגיד להם משה פרשת שבת, שנצטוה לומר להם וְהָיָה בַּיֹּום הַשִּׁשִּׁי וְהֵכִינוּ וגו', עד ששאלו את זאת אמר להם הוא אשר דבר ה' שנצטויתי לומר לכם, ולכך ענשו הכתוב, שאמר לו עַד אָנָה מֵאַנְתֶּם, ולא הוציאו מן הכלל:
And told Moshe about it. They asked him: “What is [different about] today from other days?” From here we may learn that Moshe had yet not told them the section pertaining to Shabbos which he had been commanded to tell them: “On the sixth day [when] they prepare, etc.” Until they asked: “What is this?” He responded to them: “This is what Adonoy has said,” i.e., “that I had been commanded to tell you.” It is for this [oversight] that Scripture (God) punished him, when He said to him (i.e., addressing Moshe) “How long will you refuse [to keep My commands]?” and he (Moshe) was not excluded from the general group.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם הוּא אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה שַׁבָּתוֹן שַׁבַּת־קֹדֶשׁ לַֽיהֹוָה מָחָר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־תֹּאפוּ אֵפוּ וְאֵת אֲשֶֽׁר־תְּבַשְּׁלוּ בַּשֵּׁלוּ וְאֵת כׇּל־הָעֹדֵף הַנִּיחוּ לָכֶם לְמִשְׁמֶרֶת עַד־הַבֹּֽקֶר׃
He said to them, “This is what Adonoy has said: Tomorrow is a [day of] rest, Adonoy’s holy Shabbos. Bake what you want to bake, and cook what you want to cook, and whatever is left over, put aside for yourselves, to preserve it until the morning.”
He said to them, “This is what Adonoy has said: Tomorrow is a [day of] rest, Adonoy’s holy Shabbos. Bake what you want to bake, and cook what you want to cook, and whatever is left over, put aside for yourselves, to preserve it until the morning.”
Rashi
את אשר תאפו אפו. מה שאתם רוצים לאפות בתנור, אֱפוּ היום הכל לשני ימים, ומה שאתם צריכים לבשל ממנו במים, בשלו היום. לשון אפייה נופל בלחם ולשון בישול בתבשיל:
Bake what you want to bake. What you wish to bake [of the two omers] in the oven, bake today everything [you need] for two days, and whatever of it you need to cook in water, cook today. The term אֲפִיָיה — “bake,” applies to bread whereas the term בִּישּׁוּל — “cook,” to a boiled dish.
למשמרת. לגניזה:
To preserve. [I.e.,] for storage.
וַיַּנִּיחוּ אֹתוֹ עַד־הַבֹּקֶר כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה מֹשֶׁה וְלֹא הִבְאִישׁ וְרִמָּה לֹא־הָיְתָה בּֽוֹ׃
They put it aside until morning as Moshe had commanded. It did not turn putrid and there were no worms in it.
They put it aside until morning as Moshe had commanded. It did not turn putrid and there were no worms in it.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אִכְלֻהוּ הַיּוֹם כִּֽי־שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם לַיהֹוָה הַיּוֹם לֹא תִמְצָאֻהוּ בַּשָּׂדֶֽה׃
Moshe said, “Eat it today, for today is Shabbos to Adonoy. Today you will not find it [manna] in the field.
Moshe said, “Eat it today, for today is Shabbos to Adonoy. Today you will not find it [manna] in the field.
Rashi
ויאמר משה אכלהו היום וגו'. שחרית שהיו רגילין לצאת וללקוט, באו לשאול אם נצא אם לאו, אמר להם את שבידכם אכלו. לערב חזרו לפניו ושאלוהו מהו לצאת, אמר להם שבת היום, ראה אותם דואגים שמא פסק המן ולא ירד עוד, אמר להם היום לא תמצאוהו, מה תלמוד לומר היום, היום לא תמצאוהו אבל מחר תמצאוהו (מכילתא ויסע פ"ד):
Moshe said, “eat it today”, etc. In the morning, when they were accustomed to go out and gather the manna, they came to ask, “Shall we go out or not?” He responded to them: [אִכְלֻהוּ הַיּוֹם] [I.e.,] “That which is in your possession, eat.” In the evening they again came before him and asked him, “What about going out [now]? He answered them, “It is Shabbos today!” He then saw them worrrying lest the manna ceased, and will descend no more. He then said to them, “Today you will not find it.” Why the stress on the word “today”? “Today you will not find it, but tomorrow you will find it.”
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תִּלְקְטֻהוּ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שַׁבָּת לֹא יִֽהְיֶה־בּֽוֹ׃
Six days you shall gather it, but the seventh day is Shabbos, there will be none on [that day].”
Six days you shall gather it, but the seventh day is Shabbos, there will be none on [that day].”
Rashi
וביום השביעי שבת. שבת הוא, המן לא יהיה בו. ולא בא הכתוב אלא לרבות יום הכפורים וימים טובים (מכילתא שם):
But the seventh day is Shabbos. [Meaning:] “It is Shabbos; there will be no manna on it.” This verse comes only to add Yom Kippur and holidays.
וַֽיְהִי בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי יָצְאוּ מִן־הָעָם לִלְקֹט וְלֹא מָצָֽאוּ׃ {ס}
When the seventh day came some of the people went out to gather, but they found none.
When the seventh day came some of the people went out to gather, but they found none.
השליו. מין עוף, ושמן מאד (יומא עה.:):
Quails. It is a kind of bird and it is very fat.