Tanach
Shemot 19:1-25 שמות י״ט:א׳-כ״ה
Part of: YitroYitro, Aliyah 4Yitro, Aliyah 5Yitro, Aliyah 6Chapter 19
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בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁי לְצֵאת בְּנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה בָּאוּ מִדְבַּר סִינָֽי׃
In the third month of the Bnei Yisrael’s departure from the land of Egypt, on that very day they came to the desert of Sinai.
In the third month of the Bnei Yisrael’s departure from the land of Egypt, on that very day they came to the desert of Sinai.
Rashi
וַיִּסְעוּ מֵרְפִידִים וַיָּבֹאוּ מִדְבַּר סִינַי וַֽיַּחֲנוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר וַיִּֽחַן־שָׁם יִשְׂרָאֵל נֶגֶד הָהָֽר׃
They had journeyed from Rephidim and had come to the desert of Sinai, and camped in the desert. Yisrael camped there opposite the mountain.
They had journeyed from Rephidim and had come to the desert of Sinai, and camped in the desert. Yisrael camped there opposite the mountain.
Rashi
ויסעו מרפידים. למה הוצרך לחזור ולפרש מהיכן נסעו, והלא כבר כתב שברפידים היו חונים, בידוע שמשם נסעו, אלא להקיש נסיעתן מרפידים לביאתן למדבר סיני, מה ביאתן למדבר סיני בתשובה, אף נסיעתן מרפידים בתשובה (מכילתא בחדש פ"א):
They had journeyed from Rephidim. Why was it necessary to be repetitive and expressly state from where they journeyed? For it has already been written that they had encamped in Rephidim. Consequently it is obvious that it was from there that they journeyed! But the answer is: [this is done so as] to compare their [situation] when they set out from Rephidim to that [which existed] at their arrival at the Sinai desert. Just as their arrival at Sinai [was marked by a state] of repentance so, too, their setting out from Rephidim [was also marked] by repentance.
ויחן שם ישראל. כאיש אחד בלב אחד, אבל שאר כל החניות בתרעומות ובמחלוקת (מכילתא שם):
Yisrael camped there. As one person with one heart (mind). But all the other encampments were with resentment and dissention.
נגד ההר. למזרחו, וכל מקום שאתה מוצא נגד, פנים למזרח (מכילתא שם):
Opposite the mountain. On its eastern side. Wherever you find נֶגֶד — “opposite” it means facing to the east [of the place].
וּמֹשֶׁה עָלָה אֶל־הָאֱלֹהִים וַיִּקְרָא אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה מִן־הָהָר לֵאמֹר כֹּה תֹאמַר לְבֵית יַעֲקֹב וְתַגֵּיד לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Moshe went up to [the Presence of] God, and Adonoy called to him from the mountain, saying, “This is what you shall say to the House of Yaakov, and tell to the Bnei Yisrael.
Moshe went up to [the Presence of] God, and Adonoy called to him from the mountain, saying, “This is what you shall say to the House of Yaakov, and tell to the Bnei Yisrael.
Rashi
ומשה עלה. ביום השני, וכל עליותיו בהשכמה היו, שנאמר וַיַּשְׁכֵּם משֶׁה בַבֹּקֶר (שמות לד, ד):
Moshe went up — on the second day [of Sivan]. All his ascents were early in the morning, as it is said: “Moshe arose in the morning [and went up Mount Sinai].”
כה תאמר. בלשון הזה וכסדר הזה:
That is what you shall say. [I.e.,] in this language (Hebrew) and in this order.
לבית יעקב. אלו הנשים, תאמר להם בלשון רכה:
To the house of Yaakov. This refers to the women. Say it to them in a gentle voice.
ותגיד לבני ישראל. עונשין ודקדוקין פירש לזכרים, דברים הקשין כגידין (שבת פז. — מכילתא בחדש פ"ב):
And tell the B’nei Yisrael. The penalties and details [of the mitzvos] explain to the men, using words as hard [to digest] as bitter wormwood.
אַתֶּם רְאִיתֶם אֲשֶׁר עָשִׂיתִי לְמִצְרָיִם וָאֶשָּׂא אֶתְכֶם עַל־כַּנְפֵי נְשָׁרִים וָאָבִא אֶתְכֶם אֵלָֽי׃
‘You saw what I did to Egypt; and [how] I carried you on wings of eagles, and brought you to Me.
‘You saw what I did to Egypt; and [how] I carried you on wings of eagles, and brought you to Me.
Rashi
אתם ראיתם. לא מסורת היא בידכם, ולא בדברים אני משגר לכם, לא בעדים אני מעיד עליכם, אלא אתם ראיתם אשר עשיתי למצרים, על כמה עבירות היו חייבין לי קודם שנזדווגו לכם, ולא נפרעתי מהם אלא על ידכם:
You saw. “You do not receive it as a tradition, nor do I send you [a message of] words, nor through witnesses do I attest it to you, but you [yourselves] saw [the things] I did to Egypt. There were many sins for which they were liable to me before they became involved with you, yet I did not punish them except on your behalf.
ואשא אתכם. זה יום שבאו ישראל לרעמסס, שהיו ישראל מפוזרין בכל ארץ גושן, ולשעה קלה כשבאו ליסע ולצאת, נקבצו כלם לרעמסס (מכילתא פ"ב). ואונקלוס תרגם ואשא, וְאַטְלִית יָתְכוֹן, כמו ואסיע אתכם, תיקן את הדבור דרך כבוד למעלה:
And [how] I carried you. This refers to the day that Yisrael came to Raamses. For the Israelites were dispersed over the entire land of Goshen and in a brief moment — when they had to get out and leave — they all gathered at Raamses. Onkelos translates the word וָאֶשָׂא: “And I made you travel” as if it would have said וָאַסִּיעַ אֶתְכֶם; he adjusts the expression as a way of showing respect to the One above.
על כנפי נשרים. כנשר הנושא גוזליו על כנפיו, שכל שאר העופות נותנים את בניהם בין רגליהם, לפי שמתיראין מעוף אחר שפורח על גביהם, אבל הנשר הזה אינו מתירא אלא מן האדם שמא יזרוק בו חץ, לפי שאין עוף פורח על גביו, לכך נותנו על כנפיו אומר מוטב יכנס החץ בי ולא בבני, אף אני עשיתי כן, וַיִּסַּע מַלְאַךְ הָאֳלֹהִים וגו' וַיָּבֹא בֵּין מַחֲנֵה מִצְרַיִם וגו' (שמות יד, יט—כ), והיו מצרים זורקים חצים ואבני בְּלִיסְטְרָאוֹת, והענן מקבלם:
On wings of eagles. As an eagle which carries its fledglings on its wings, for all other birds place their offspring between their feet because they fear another bird that may be flying above them, but the eagle fears none but man lest he shoot an arrow at it, for no other bird flies above it therefore it places them on its wings, saying in effect: “Better the arrow enter me and not in my fledglings.” “I, too, [says God] did likewise”: “The angel of God moved, etc. It came between the Egyptian camp, etc.” and the Egyptians were shooting arrows and catapult stones which the cloud intercepted.
ואבא אתכם אלי. כתרגומו:
And brought you to Me. As Onkelos translates it.
וְעַתָּה אִם־שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמְעוּ בְּקֹלִי וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־בְּרִיתִי וִהְיִיתֶם לִי סְגֻלָּה מִכׇּל־הָעַמִּים כִּי־לִי כׇּל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
And now if you listen diligently to My voice, and preserve My covenant; you shall be beloved before Me than My special treasure among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine.
And now if you listen diligently to My voice, and preserve My covenant; you shall be beloved before Me than My special treasure among all the peoples, for all the earth is Mine.
Rashi
ועתה. אם עתה תקבלו עליכם, יערב לכם מכאן ואילך, שכל התחלות קשות (מכילתא פ"ב):
And now. [I.e.,] if you will now accept it, it will be pleasant for you from here on for all beginnings are difficult.
ושמרתם את בריתי. שאכרות עמכם על שמירת התורה:
And preserve My covenant — which I will establish with you regarding the observance of the Torah.
סגלה. אוצר חביב, כמו וּסְגֻלַּת מְלָכִים (קהלת ב, ח), כלי יקר ואבנים טובות שהמלכים גונזים אותם, כך אתם תהיו לי סגולה משאר אומות, ולא תאמרו אתם לבדכם שלי ואין לי אחרים עמכם, ומה יש לי עוד שתהא חבתכם נכרת, כי לי כל הארץ, והם בעיני ולפני לכלום:
Special treasure. [סְגֻלָּה is] a beloved treasure; as in: וּסְגֻלַּת מְלָכִים — “and treasures of kings”, [which refer to] expensive vessels and precious stones which kings put into safekeeping. [God says:] so too will you be a treasure to Me more than the other nations. Do not say that you are the only ones I have and that I have no others besides you and what else have I by which My love for you can be made evident. This is not so for the entire earth is mine and they are as nothing before Me and before My eyes.
וְאַתֶּם תִּהְיוּ־לִי מַמְלֶכֶת כֹּהֲנִים וְגוֹי קָדוֹשׁ אֵלֶּה הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר תְּדַבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
You will be to Me a kingdom of kohanim, and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the Bnei Yisrael.”
You will be to Me a kingdom of kohanim, and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the Bnei Yisrael.”
Rashi
ואתם תהיו לי ממלכת כהנים. שרים, כְּמָה דְאַתְּ אָמַר, וּבְנֵי דָוִד כֹּהֲנִים הָיוּ (שמואל־ב ח, יח):
You will be to Me a kingdom of Kohanim. [Meaning:] “princes,” as you say: “And David’s sons were kohanim (princes).”
אלה הדברים. לא פחות ולא יותר:
These are the words. No less and no more.
וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וַיִּקְרָא לְזִקְנֵי הָעָם וַיָּשֶׂם לִפְנֵיהֶם אֵת כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר צִוָּהוּ יְהֹוָֽה׃
Moshe came [back] and called for the elders of the people. He presented to them all these words which Adonoy had commanded him.
Moshe came [back] and called for the elders of the people. He presented to them all these words which Adonoy had commanded him.
וַיַּעֲנוּ כׇל־הָעָם יַחְדָּו וַיֹּאמְרוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה נַעֲשֶׂה וַיָּשֶׁב מֹשֶׁה אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
All the people responded in unison, and said, “All that Adonoy has spoke, we will do.” Moshe brought the words of the people to Adonoy.
All the people responded in unison, and said, “All that Adonoy has spoke, we will do.” Moshe brought the words of the people to Adonoy.
Rashi
וישב משה את דברי העם וגו'. ביום המחרת שהוא יום שלישי, שהרי בהשכמה עלה. וכי צריך היה משה להשיב, אלא בא הכתוב ללמדך דרך ארץ ממשה, שלא אמר הואיל ויודע מי ששלחני, איני צריך להשיב:
Moshe brought the words of the people, etc. On the following day, which was the third day [of Sivan] for he ascended [to God only] in the morning. But did Moshe need to bring back [a response]? But [the answer is:] Scripture comes to teach you correct manners from Moshe’s [actions]; for he did not say: “Since the One Who sent me knows [anyway] there is no need for me to return [the response]”.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּעַב הֶֽעָנָן בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ וְגַם־בְּךָ יַאֲמִינוּ לְעוֹלָם וַיַּגֵּד מֹשֶׁה אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will come to you in a thick cloud, so that the people will hear when I speak to you, and they will also believe in you forever.” Moshe told Adonoy the words of the people.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will come to you in a thick cloud, so that the people will hear when I speak to you, and they will also believe in you forever.” Moshe told Adonoy the words of the people.
Rashi
בעב הענן. במעבה הענן, וזהו ערפל:
In a thick cloud. in the thickness of the cloud which is called עֲרָפֶל (Devarim 4, 11).
וגם בך. גם בנביאים הבאים אחריך:
In you also. Also in the prophets who will follow you.
ויגד משה וגו'. ביום המחרת שהוא רביעי לחדש:
Moshe told, etc.... on the following day which is the fourth day of the month.
את דברי העם וגו'. תשובה על דבר זה שמעתי מהם, שרצונם לשמוע ממך, אינו דומה השומע מפי שליח לשומע מפי המלך, רצוננו לראות את מלכנו:
The words of the people, etc. “I have heard a response from them about this that it is their wish to hear [the commandments] from You [and not from me]. Hearing from the messenger is not the same as hearing [directly] from the King. It is our wish to see our King!”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵךְ אֶל־הָעָם וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם הַיּוֹם וּמָחָר וְכִבְּסוּ שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to the people, and sanctify [prepare] them today and tomorrow, and let them cleanse their clothing.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to the people, and sanctify [prepare] them today and tomorrow, and let them cleanse their clothing.
Rashi
ויאמר ה' אל משה. אם כן שמזקיקין לְדַבֵּר עמם, לך אל העם:
Adonoy said to Moshe. If that be so — that they make it necessary to speak to them [directly] — go to the people —
וקדשתם. וזימנתם, שיכינו עצמם היום ומחר:
and sanctify them. [וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם means:] and prepare them, that they make themselves ready today and tomorrow.
וְהָיוּ נְכֹנִים לַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי כִּי ׀ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִשִׁי יֵרֵד יְהֹוָה לְעֵינֵי כׇל־הָעָם עַל־הַר סִינָֽי׃
Let them be ready for the third day, for on the third day, Adonoy will descend on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.
Let them be ready for the third day, for on the third day, Adonoy will descend on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.
Rashi
והיו נכונים. מובדלים מאשה (מכילתא פ"ג):
Let them be ready. Separated from their wives.
ליום השלישי. שהוא ששה בחדש, ובחמישי בנה משה את המזבח תחת ההר ושתים עשרה מצבה (מכילתא שם), כל הענין האמור בפרשת ואלה המשפטים, ואין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה:
For the third day. Which is the sixth day of the month [of Sivan]. On the fifth [of the month] Moshe built the altar under the mountain and the twelve monuments. The entire narrative is recorded in the parsha of Mishpatim (24, 4) and “there is no ‘earlier’ or ‘later’ in the Torah.”
לעיני כל העם. מלמד, שלא היה בהם סומא, שנתרפאו כולם (מכילתא שם):
In the sight of all the people. This teaches us that there were no blind among them, for they were all healed [of blindness].
וְהִגְבַּלְתָּ אֶת־הָעָם סָבִיב לֵאמֹר הִשָּׁמְרוּ לָכֶם עֲלוֹת בָּהָר וּנְגֹעַ בְּקָצֵהוּ כׇּל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בָּהָר מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃
Set bounds for the people around [the mountain], saying [to them], ‘Be careful not to go up the mountain, or [even] to touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will be put to death.
Set bounds for the people around [the mountain], saying [to them], ‘Be careful not to go up the mountain, or [even] to touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will be put to death.
Rashi
והגבלת. קבע להם תחומין לסימן, שלא יקרבו מן הגבול והלאה:
Set bounds. Set boundary markers for them as a sign so that they not come beyond the boundary.
לאמר. הגבול אומר להם השמרו מעלות מכאן והלאה, ואתה תזהירם על כך:
Saying. The boundary says to them: “Take heed from ascending beyond this point!” — “and you, too, warn them about this.”
ונגע בקצהו. אפילו בקצהו:
Or to touch its edge. [Meaning:] even its edge.
לֹא־תִגַּע בּוֹ יָד כִּֽי־סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל אוֹ־יָרֹה יִיָּרֶה אִם־בְּהֵמָה אִם־אִישׁ לֹא יִחְיֶה בִּמְשֹׁךְ הַיֹּבֵל הֵמָּה יַעֲלוּ בָהָֽר׃
Do not touch him [with your] hand, for he will be stoned or cast down. Neither man or beast will be allowed to live. When the [ram’s] horn is sounded with a long blast, they will [then] be permitted to go up on the mountain.”
Do not touch him [with your] hand, for he will be stoned or cast down. Neither man or beast will be allowed to live. When the [ram’s] horn is sounded with a long blast, they will [then] be permitted to go up on the mountain.”
Rashi
ירה יירה. מכאן לנסקלין שהם נדחין למטה (סנהדרין מה.) מבית הסקילה שהיה גבוה שתי קומות:
Will be cast down. From here we learn that those who are stoned are first pushed down from the stoning place from a height that is twice that of a man.
יירה. יושלך למטה לארץ, כמו יָרָה בַיָּם (שמות טו, ד):
Cast down. [יִיָּרֶה means:] will be thrown down to the ground as in: יָרָה בַיָּם — “hurled into the sea.”
במשך היובל. כשימשוך היובל קול ארוך, הוא סימן סלוק שכינה והפסקת הקול, וכיון שנסתלק הם רשאין לעלות:
When the horn is sounded. When the horn will draw out a long sound, it is a sign of the departing of the Shechinah and the ceasing of the sound. Once it has departed they may ascend [the mountain].
היובל. הוא שופר של איל, שכן בערביא קורין לְדִכְרָא יוֹבָלָא. ושופר של אילו של יצחק היה:
The horn. This refers to a ram’s horn for in Arabia a ram is called יוֹבְלָא . This horn was the horn of Yitzchok’s ram.
וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה מִן־הָהָר אֶל־הָעָם וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֶת־הָעָם וַֽיְכַבְּסוּ שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃
Moshe went down from the mountain to the people. He sanctified the people, and they immersed [themselves and] their clothing.
Moshe went down from the mountain to the people. He sanctified the people, and they immersed [themselves and] their clothing.
Rashi
מן ההר אל העם. מלמד שלא היה משה פונה לעסקיו, אלא מן ההר אל העם:
From the mountain to the people. This teaches that Moshe did not turn his attention to his private affairs, but [that he went directly] “from the mountain to the people.”
וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־הָעָם הֱיוּ נְכֹנִים לִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁוּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה׃
He said to the people, “Be ready by the end of three days. Do not come near a woman.
He said to the people, “Be ready by the end of three days. Do not come near a woman.
Rashi
היו נכונים לשלשת ימים. לסוף שלשת ימים, הוא יום רביעי, שהוסיף משה יום אחד מדעתו, כדברי רבי יוסי (שבת פז.), ולדברי האומר בששה בחדש ניתנו עשרת הדברות, לא הוסיף משה כלום, ולשלשת ימים, כמו ליום השלישי:
Be ready by the end of three days. [לִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים here means:] by the end of three days, which is the fourth day, for Moshe added a day on his own, according to the opinion of R. Yosi. According to the opinion that on the sixth of the month the Ten Commandments were given Moshe did not add anything and וְלִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים is the same as לַּיּוֹם הַשְׁלִישִׁי .
אל תגשו אל אשה. כל שלשת ימים הללו, כדי שיהיו הנשים טובלות ליום השלישי ותהיינה טהורות לקבל תורה, שאם ישמש תוך ג' ימים, שמא תפלוט האשה שכבת זרע לאחר טבילתה ותחזור ותטמא, אבל מששהתה שלשה ימים כבר הזרע מסריח ואינו ראוי להזריע, וטהור מלטמא את הפולטת:
Do not come near a woman — these entire three days, so that the women might ritually immerse themselves on the third day and be in a state of purity to receive the Torah. For if they would have marital relations within three days the woman might expel the seed after her immersion and again become unclean. But once three days have passed the seed has already degenerated and can no longer cause fertilization and is therefore incapable of causing [the woman] who expelled to become impure.
וַיְהִי בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בִּֽהְיֹת הַבֹּקֶר וַיְהִי קֹלֹת וּבְרָקִים וְעָנָן כָּבֵד עַל־הָהָר וְקֹל שֹׁפָר חָזָק מְאֹד וַיֶּחֱרַד כׇּל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר בַּֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃
It was on the third day, in the morning, that there was thunder and lightning. A heavy cloud was on the mountain, and there was a very loud sound of the shofar. All the people in the camp trembled.
It was on the third day, in the morning, that there was thunder and lightning. A heavy cloud was on the mountain, and there was a very loud sound of the shofar. All the people in the camp trembled.
Rashi
בהיות הבקר. מלמד שהקדים על ידם, מה שאין דרך בשר ודם לעשות כן שיהא הרב ממתין לתלמיד, וכן מצינו קוּם צֵא אֶל הַבִּקְעָה וגו' (יחזקאל ג, כב), וָאָקוּם וָאֵצֵא אֶל הַבִּקְעָה וְהִנֵּה שָׁם כְּבֹוד ה' עֹמֵד (שם כג):
In the morning. This teaches that He came first for their sake something that is not usual for human beings to do — that a teacher should wait for his student. We find something similar in Yechezkel: “[God said to me,] ‘Arise, go out to the valley, etc.’ and I arose and went out to the valley and, behold, there stood the Glory of God.”
וַיּוֹצֵא מֹשֶׁה אֶת־הָעָם לִקְרַאת הָֽאֱלֹהִים מִן־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וַיִּֽתְיַצְּבוּ בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָֽר׃
Moshe brought the people toward [the Divine Presence of] God, [leading them] out of the camp. They stood at the foot of the mountain.
Moshe brought the people toward [the Divine Presence of] God, [leading them] out of the camp. They stood at the foot of the mountain.
Rashi
לקראת האלהים. מגיד שהשכינה יצאה לקראתם כחתן היוצא לקראת כלה, וזה שנאמר ה' מִסִּינַי בָּא (דברים לג, ב. — מכילתא פ"ג), ולא נאמר לסיני בא:
Toward God. This tells that the Shechinah came out toward them as a groom that goes out towards the bride. This is the meaning of what is said: “God came from Sinai” and it does not say: “Came to Sinai.”
בתחתית ההר. לפי פשוטו ברגלי ההר. ומדרשו, שנתלש ההר ממקומו ונכפה עליהם כגיגית (שבת פח.):
At the foot of the mountain. According to its plain meaning [בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָר] is: “at the foot of the mountain.” But its midrashic explanation is that the mountain was uprooted from its place and arched over them like a barrel.
וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אֲשֶׁר יָרַד עָלָיו יְהֹוָה בָּאֵשׁ וַיַּעַל עֲשָׁנוֹ כְּעֶשֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁן וַיֶּחֱרַד כׇּל־הָהָר מְאֹֽד׃
The entire Mount Sinai was enveloped with smoke, for Adonoy had descended upon it in fire. Its smoke rose like the smoke of a [lime] furnace and the entire mountain trembled violently.
The entire Mount Sinai was enveloped with smoke, for Adonoy had descended upon it in fire. Its smoke rose like the smoke of a [lime] furnace and the entire mountain trembled violently.
Rashi
עשן כלו. אין עשן זה שם דבר, שהרי נקוד השי"ן פת"ח, אלא לשון פעל, כמו אמר, שמר, שמע, לכך תרגומו תָּנַן כֻּלֵּיהּ ולא תרגם תְּנָנָא, וכל עשן שבמקרא נקודים קמ"ץ, מפני שהם שם דבר:
The entire [Mount Sinai] was enveloped with smoke. עָשַׁן is not a noun for the שׁ is vocalized with a patach (עָשַׁן) but is in the פָּעַל form as: אָמַר (he said), שָׁמַר (he guarded), שָׁמַע (he heard). Onkelos therefore translated it: תָּנַן כֻּלֵּה — “it completely smoked up,” and he did not translate it תְּנָנָא (smoke). All other cases where עָשָׁן appears in Scripture are vocalized with a komatz (עָשָׁן) because they are nouns.
הכבשן. של סיד, יכול ככבשן זה ולא יותר, תלמוד לומר בוער באש עד לב השמים, ומה תלמוד לומר כבשן, לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן מה שהיא יכולה לשמוע, נותן לבריות סימן הניכר להם. כיוצא בו כְּאַרְיֵּה יִשְׁאָג (הושע יא, י), וכי מי נתן כח בארי אלא הוא, והכתוב מושלו כאריה, אלא אנו מכנין ומדמין אותו לבריותיו, כדי לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן מה שיכולה לשמוע. כיוצא בו וְקֹולֹו כְּקֹול מַיִם רַבִּים (יחזקאל מג, ב), וכי מי נתן קול למים והלא הוא, ואתה מכנה אותו לדמותו לבריותיו כדי לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן:
A furnace — of lime. One might think [the smoke density was] as this furnace and no more. It therefore states: “[The mountain] burned with a fire [that reached] till the very heart of the heavens.” Then why does it state “as a furnace”? To make it it intelligible to the ear so that it can hear (accept) [what is said], giving to humans a symbol familiar to them. Similarly: “He (God) roars like a lion.” But who gave power to the lion if not He! Yet Scripture compares Him to a lion?! But [the answer is] that we describe and compare Him to His creatures in order to make it intelligible to the ear so that it can hear (accept) [what is said] and similarly again: “His (God’s) voice is as the sound of many waters.” But who is it that gave sound to water if not He! and you describe Him by comparing Him to His creatures?! [But it is] in order to make it intelligible to the ear.
וַֽיְהִי קוֹל הַשֹּׁפָר הוֹלֵךְ וְחָזֵק מְאֹד מֹשֶׁה יְדַבֵּר וְהָאֱלֹהִים יַעֲנֶנּוּ בְקֽוֹל׃
The sound of the shofar grew louder and louder. Moshe spoke and God responded to him with [His] voice.
The sound of the shofar grew louder and louder. Moshe spoke and God responded to him with [His] voice.
Rashi
הולך וחזק מאד. מנהג הדיוט כל זמן שהוא מאריך לתקוע קולו מחליש וכוהה, אבל כאן הולך וחזק מאד, ולמה כך, מתחלה לְשַׂבֵּר אזניהם מה שיכולין לשמוע:
Grew louder and louder. It is the way of an ordinary [person] that the longer he continues to blow [a trumpet] his sound gets continually weaker. But here it kept getting much stronger. Why was this so? [This was] so as to attune their ears to that which they could hear (accept).
משה ידבר. כשהיה משה מדבר ומשמיע הדברות לישראל, שהרי לא שמעו מפי הגבורה אלא אנכי ולא יהיה לך, והקדוש ברוך הוא מסייעו לתת בו כח להיות קולו מגביר ונשמע:
Moshe spoke. When Moshe will speak and transmit the commandments to Yisrael — for all they heard from the Almighty was only [the first two commandments:] אָנֹכִי and לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ — God would assist him to give him the strength to make his voice powerful and audible.
יעננו בקול. יעננו על דבר הקול, כמו אֲשֶׁר יַעֲנֶה בָאֵשׁ (מלכים־א יח, כד), על דבר האש להורידו:
Responded to him with [His] voice. He responded [to his need] concerning his voice, as in: “He responded בָאֵשׁ” which means: “concerning the fire” by causing it to descend.
וַיֵּרֶד יְהֹוָה עַל־הַר סִינַי אֶל־רֹאשׁ הָהָר וַיִּקְרָא יְהֹוָה לְמֹשֶׁה אֶל־רֹאשׁ הָהָר וַיַּעַל מֹשֶֽׁה׃
Adonoy descended on Mount Sinai, to the top of the mountain, and Adonoy called to Moshe to come up to the top of the mountain, and Moshe went up.
Adonoy descended on Mount Sinai, to the top of the mountain, and Adonoy called to Moshe to come up to the top of the mountain, and Moshe went up.
Rashi
וירד ה' על הר סיני. יכול ירד עליו ממש, תלמוד לומר כִּי מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם דִּבַּרְתִּי עִמָּכֶם (שמות כ, יט), למד שֶׁהִרְכִּין שמים עליונים ותחתונים, והציען על גבי ההר כמצע על המטה, וירד כסא הכבוד עליהם (מכילתא פ"ד):
Adonoy descended on Mount Sinai. One might assume that He literally descended on it. The Torah therefore states: “For I spoke with you from the heavens.” These two statements taken together teach us: that He lowered the upper and lower heavens and spread them over the mountain like a spread over a bed and the Heavenly throne descended upon them.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה רֵד הָעֵד בָּעָם פֶּן־יֶהֶרְסוּ אֶל־יְהֹוָה לִרְאוֹת וְנָפַל מִמֶּנּוּ רָֽב׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go down and warn the people lest they break through [the boundary] toward [the Presence of] Adonoy in order to see; and many [of them] will die.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go down and warn the people lest they break through [the boundary] toward [the Presence of] Adonoy in order to see; and many [of them] will die.
Rashi
העד בעם. התרה בהם שלא לעלות בהר:
Warn the people. “Warn them not to ascend the mountain.”
פן יהרסו וגו'. שלא יהרסו את מצבם, על ידי שֶׁתַּאֲוָתָם אל ה' לראות, ויקרבו לצד ההר:
That must they not break through. So that they not break down their position due to their longing אֶל ה' (to God). לִרְאוֹת (to see), and thereby come nearer towards the mountain.
ונפל ממנו רב. כל מה שיפול מהם, ואפילו הוא יחידי חשוב לפני רב (מכילתא שם):
Many of them will die. “Any of them that will die, even if only one, is considered by Me as many.”
יהרסו. כל הריסה מפרדת אסיפת הבנין, אף הנפרדין ממצב אנשים הורסים את המצב:
Break through. Every form of הֲרִיסָה indicates a separating of a collective structure. Also, those who separate from a position taken up by human beings [are considered as] breaking up the situation.
וְגַם הַכֹּהֲנִים הַנִּגָּשִׁים אֶל־יְהֹוָה יִתְקַדָּשׁוּ פֶּן־יִפְרֹץ בָּהֶם יְהֹוָֽה׃
Even the kohanim who [usually] come near to Adonoy’s Presence, must be sanctified, lest Adonoy send destruction among them.”
Even the kohanim who [usually] come near to Adonoy’s Presence, must be sanctified, lest Adonoy send destruction among them.”
Rashi
וגם הכהנים. אף הבכורות שהעבודה בהם (זבחים קטו:):
Even the kohanim. [Meaning:] Even the first-born sons who were then charged with the sacrifice service.
הנגשים אל ה'. להקריב קרבנות, אף הם אל יסמכו על חשיבותם לעלות:
Who come near to Adonoy’s presence — to bring sacrifices. They too may not rely on their importance to ascend [the mountain].
יתקדשו. יהיו מזומנים להתיצב על עמדן:
Must be sanctified. They must be prepared to remain at their positions.
פן יפרץ. לשון פרצה, יהרוג בהם ויעשה בהם פרצה:
Lest Adonoy send destruction. [יִפְרֹץ is from] the word פִּרְצָה — “a breach.” [I.e.], He will kill some of them and thereby cause a breach in their ranks.
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה לֹא־יוּכַל הָעָם לַעֲלֹת אֶל־הַר סִינָי כִּֽי־אַתָּה הַעֵדֹתָה בָּנוּ לֵאמֹר הַגְבֵּל אֶת־הָהָר וְקִדַּשְׁתּֽוֹ׃
Moshe said to Adonoy, “The people can not go up to Mount Sinai, for You have warned us saying, ‘Set a boundary around the mountain and sanctify it.’”
Moshe said to Adonoy, “The people can not go up to Mount Sinai, for You have warned us saying, ‘Set a boundary around the mountain and sanctify it.’”
Rashi
לא יוכל העם. איני צריך להעיד בהם, שהרי מותרין ועומדין הם היום שלשת ימים, ולא יוכלו לעלות, שאין להם רשות:
The people cannot. “I do not need to warn them for they are already in a state of warning for these past three days and they therefore cannot ascend for they have not received permission [to do so].
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה לֶךְ־רֵד וְעָלִיתָ אַתָּה וְאַהֲרֹן עִמָּךְ וְהַכֹּהֲנִים וְהָעָם אַל־יֶֽהֶרְסוּ לַעֲלֹת אֶל־יְהֹוָה פֶּן־יִפְרׇץ־בָּֽם׃
Adonoy said to him, “Go down. You will then come up [again], along with Aharon. The kohanim and the people, [however,] must not break through to go up toward [the Presence of] Adonoy, lest He send destruction among them.”
Adonoy said to him, “Go down. You will then come up [again], along with Aharon. The kohanim and the people, [however,] must not break through to go up toward [the Presence of] Adonoy, lest He send destruction among them.”
Rashi
לך רד. והעד בהם שנית, שמזרזין את האדם קודם מעשה, וחוזרין ומזרזין אותו בשעת מעשה (מכילתא שם):
“Go down — and warn them a second time because man is to be warned before an action and is to be warned [again] at the very moment of the action.”
ועלית אתה ואהרן עמך והכהנים. יכול אף הם עמך, תלמוד לומר ועלית אתה, אמור מעתה, אתה מחיצה לעצמך, ואהרן מחיצה לעצמו, והכהנים מחיצה לעצמם, משה נגש יותר מאהרן, ואהרן יותר מן הכהנים, והעם כל עיקר אל יהרסו את מצבם לעלות אל ה':
You will then come up, along with Aharon. One might think they (the kohanim), too, [are to be] together with you. The Torah therefore states: “You will come up.” Consequently you must say: “You (Moshe) have your own designated area and Aharon has his own designated area and the kohanim have their own designated area.” I.e., Moshe approached nearer than Aharon and Aharon nearer than the kohanim whereas the people, under any circumstance, may not break through their position to ascend towards God.
פן יפרץ בם. אף על פי שהוא נקוד חטף קמ"ץ, אינו זז מגזרתו, כך דרך כל תיבה שנקודתה מלאפו"ם, כשהיא באה במקף, משתנה הנקוד לחטף קמ"ץ:
Lest He send destruction among them. Although it (יִפְרָץ) is vocalized with a chatef komatz , it has not moved from its grammatical form [for] this is the way of every word that takes the vowel melopum (our cholam) when it is attached to the next word with a makkaf (a hyphen), the vocalization changes to a chatef komatz.
וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָעָם וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶֽם׃ {ס}
Moshe went down to the people, and he said [this] to them.
Moshe went down to the people, and he said [this] to them.
Rashi
ויאמר אליהם. התראה זו:
And he said to them — this warning.
Where next
Keep reading
- Chapter 18
- Chapter 20
- Yitro Parsha
ביום הזה. בראש חדש (שבת פו:). לא היה צריך לכתוב אלא ביום ההוא, מהו ביום הזה, שיהיו דברי תורה חדשים עליך כאילו היום ניתנו:
On that very day. On the first day of the month. It need only to have written בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא; why is בַּיּוֹם הַזֶּה written? [This teaches] that the words of the Torah should be as new to you (as though they were given today).