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Shemot 19

19:7

וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וַיִּקְרָא לְזִקְנֵי הָעָם וַיָּשֶׂם לִפְנֵיהֶם אֵת כׇּל־הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אֲשֶׁר צִוָּהוּ יְהֹוָֽה׃

Moshe came [back] and called for the elders of the people. He presented to them all these words which Adonoy had commanded him.

Moshe came [back] and called for the elders of the people. He presented to them all these words which Adonoy had commanded him.

19:8

וַיַּעֲנוּ כׇל־הָעָם יַחְדָּו וַיֹּאמְרוּ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה נַעֲשֶׂה וַיָּשֶׁב מֹשֶׁה אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃

All the people responded in unison, and said, “All that Adonoy has spoke, we will do.” Moshe brought the words of the people to Adonoy.

All the people responded in unison, and said, “All that Adonoy has spoke, we will do.” Moshe brought the words of the people to Adonoy.

Rashi

וישב משה את דברי העם וגו'. ביום המחרת שהוא יום שלישי, שהרי בהשכמה עלה. וכי צריך היה משה להשיב, אלא בא הכתוב ללמדך דרך ארץ ממשה, שלא אמר הואיל ויודע מי ששלחני, איני צריך להשיב:

Moshe brought the words of the people, etc. On the following day, which was the third day [of Sivan] for he ascended [to God only] in the morning. But did Moshe need to bring back [a response]? But [the answer is:] Scripture comes to teach you correct manners from Moshe’s [actions]; for he did not say: “Since the One Who sent me knows [anyway] there is no need for me to return [the response]”.

19:9

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּעַב הֶֽעָנָן בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ וְגַם־בְּךָ יַאֲמִינוּ לְעוֹלָם וַיַּגֵּד מֹשֶׁה אֶת־דִּבְרֵי הָעָם אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will come to you in a thick cloud, so that the people will hear when I speak to you, and they will also believe in you forever.” Moshe told Adonoy the words of the people.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Behold, I will come to you in a thick cloud, so that the people will hear when I speak to you, and they will also believe in you forever.” Moshe told Adonoy the words of the people.

Rashi

בעב הענן. במעבה הענן, וזהו ערפל:

In a thick cloud. in the thickness of the cloud which is called עֲרָפֶל (Devarim 4, 11).

וגם בך. גם בנביאים הבאים אחריך:

In you also. Also in the prophets who will follow you.

ויגד משה וגו'. ביום המחרת שהוא רביעי לחדש:

Moshe told, etc.... on the following day which is the fourth day of the month.

את דברי העם וגו'. תשובה על דבר זה שמעתי מהם, שרצונם לשמוע ממך, אינו דומה השומע מפי שליח לשומע מפי המלך, רצוננו לראות את מלכנו:

The words of the people, etc. “I have heard a response from them about this that it is their wish to hear [the commandments] from You [and not from me]. Hearing from the messenger is not the same as hearing [directly] from the King. It is our wish to see our King!”

19:10

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵךְ אֶל־הָעָם וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם הַיּוֹם וּמָחָר וְכִבְּסוּ שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to the people, and sanctify [prepare] them today and tomorrow, and let them cleanse their clothing.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to the people, and sanctify [prepare] them today and tomorrow, and let them cleanse their clothing.

Rashi

ויאמר ה' אל משה. אם כן שמזקיקין לְדַבֵּר עמם, לך אל העם:

Adonoy said to Moshe. If that be so — that they make it necessary to speak to them [directly] — go to the people —

וקדשתם. וזימנתם, שיכינו עצמם היום ומחר:

and sanctify them. [וְקִדַּשְׁתָּם means:] and prepare them, that they make themselves ready today and tomorrow.

19:11

וְהָיוּ נְכֹנִים לַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי כִּי ׀ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִשִׁי יֵרֵד יְהֹוָה לְעֵינֵי כׇל־הָעָם עַל־הַר סִינָֽי׃

Let them be ready for the third day, for on the third day, Adonoy will descend on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.

Let them be ready for the third day, for on the third day, Adonoy will descend on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the people.

Rashi

והיו נכונים. מובדלים מאשה (מכילתא פ"ג):

Let them be ready. Separated from their wives.

ליום השלישי. שהוא ששה בחדש, ובחמישי בנה משה את המזבח תחת ההר ושתים עשרה מצבה (מכילתא שם), כל הענין האמור בפרשת ואלה המשפטים, ואין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה:

For the third day. Which is the sixth day of the month [of Sivan]. On the fifth [of the month] Moshe built the altar under the mountain and the twelve monuments. The entire narrative is recorded in the parsha of Mishpatim (24, 4) and “there is no ‘earlier’ or ‘later’ in the Torah.”

לעיני כל העם. מלמד, שלא היה בהם סומא, שנתרפאו כולם (מכילתא שם):

In the sight of all the people. This teaches us that there were no blind among them, for they were all healed [of blindness].

19:12

וְהִגְבַּלְתָּ אֶת־הָעָם סָבִיב לֵאמֹר הִשָּׁמְרוּ לָכֶם עֲלוֹת בָּהָר וּנְגֹעַ בְּקָצֵהוּ כׇּל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בָּהָר מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃

Set bounds for the people around [the mountain], saying [to them], ‘Be careful not to go up the mountain, or [even] to touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will be put to death.

Set bounds for the people around [the mountain], saying [to them], ‘Be careful not to go up the mountain, or [even] to touch its edge. Whoever touches the mountain will be put to death.

Rashi

והגבלת. קבע להם תחומין לסימן, שלא יקרבו מן הגבול והלאה:

Set bounds. Set boundary markers for them as a sign so that they not come beyond the boundary.

לאמר. הגבול אומר להם השמרו מעלות מכאן והלאה, ואתה תזהירם על כך:

Saying. The boundary says to them: “Take heed from ascending beyond this point!” — “and you, too, warn them about this.”

ונגע בקצהו. אפילו בקצהו:

Or to touch its edge. [Meaning:] even its edge.

19:13

לֹא־תִגַּע בּוֹ יָד כִּֽי־סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל אוֹ־יָרֹה יִיָּרֶה אִם־בְּהֵמָה אִם־אִישׁ לֹא יִחְיֶה בִּמְשֹׁךְ הַיֹּבֵל הֵמָּה יַעֲלוּ בָהָֽר׃

Do not touch him [with your] hand, for he will be stoned or cast down. Neither man or beast will be allowed to live. When the [ram’s] horn is sounded with a long blast, they will [then] be permitted to go up on the mountain.”

Do not touch him [with your] hand, for he will be stoned or cast down. Neither man or beast will be allowed to live. When the [ram’s] horn is sounded with a long blast, they will [then] be permitted to go up on the mountain.”

Rashi

ירה יירה. מכאן לנסקלין שהם נדחין למטה (סנהדרין מה.) מבית הסקילה שהיה גבוה שתי קומות:

Will be cast down. From here we learn that those who are stoned are first pushed down from the stoning place from a height that is twice that of a man.

יירה. יושלך למטה לארץ, כמו יָרָה בַיָּם (שמות טו, ד):

Cast down. [יִיָּרֶה means:] will be thrown down to the ground as in: יָרָה בַיָּם — “hurled into the sea.”

במשך היובל. כשימשוך היובל קול ארוך, הוא סימן סלוק שכינה והפסקת הקול, וכיון שנסתלק הם רשאין לעלות:

When the horn is sounded. When the horn will draw out a long sound, it is a sign of the departing of the Shechinah and the ceasing of the sound. Once it has departed they may ascend [the mountain].

היובל. הוא שופר של איל, שכן בערביא קורין לְדִכְרָא יוֹבָלָא. ושופר של אילו של יצחק היה:

The horn. This refers to a ram’s horn for in Arabia a ram is called יוֹבְלָא . This horn was the horn of Yitzchok’s ram.

19:14

וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה מִן־הָהָר אֶל־הָעָם וַיְקַדֵּשׁ אֶת־הָעָם וַֽיְכַבְּסוּ שִׂמְלֹתָֽם׃

Moshe went down from the mountain to the people. He sanctified the people, and they immersed [themselves and] their clothing.

Moshe went down from the mountain to the people. He sanctified the people, and they immersed [themselves and] their clothing.

Rashi

מן ההר אל העם. מלמד שלא היה משה פונה לעסקיו, אלא מן ההר אל העם:

From the mountain to the people. This teaches that Moshe did not turn his attention to his private affairs, but [that he went directly] “from the mountain to the people.”

19:15

וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־הָעָם הֱיוּ נְכֹנִים לִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים אַֽל־תִּגְּשׁוּ אֶל־אִשָּֽׁה׃

He said to the people, “Be ready by the end of three days. Do not come near a woman.

He said to the people, “Be ready by the end of three days. Do not come near a woman.

Rashi

היו נכונים לשלשת ימים. לסוף שלשת ימים, הוא יום רביעי, שהוסיף משה יום אחד מדעתו, כדברי רבי יוסי (שבת פז.), ולדברי האומר בששה בחדש ניתנו עשרת הדברות, לא הוסיף משה כלום, ולשלשת ימים, כמו ליום השלישי:

Be ready by the end of three days. [לִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים here means:] by the end of three days, which is the fourth day, for Moshe added a day on his own, according to the opinion of R. Yosi. According to the opinion that on the sixth of the month the Ten Commandments were given Moshe did not add anything and וְלִשְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים is the same as לַּיּוֹם הַשְׁלִישִׁי .

אל תגשו אל אשה. כל שלשת ימים הללו, כדי שיהיו הנשים טובלות ליום השלישי ותהיינה טהורות לקבל תורה, שאם ישמש תוך ג' ימים, שמא תפלוט האשה שכבת זרע לאחר טבילתה ותחזור ותטמא, אבל מששהתה שלשה ימים כבר הזרע מסריח ואינו ראוי להזריע, וטהור מלטמא את הפולטת:

Do not come near a woman — these entire three days, so that the women might ritually immerse themselves on the third day and be in a state of purity to receive the Torah. For if they would have marital relations within three days the woman might expel the seed after her immersion and again become unclean. But once three days have passed the seed has already degenerated and can no longer cause fertilization and is therefore incapable of causing [the woman] who expelled to become impure.

19:16

וַיְהִי בַיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי בִּֽהְיֹת הַבֹּקֶר וַיְהִי קֹלֹת וּבְרָקִים וְעָנָן כָּבֵד עַל־הָהָר וְקֹל שֹׁפָר חָזָק מְאֹד וַיֶּחֱרַד כׇּל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר בַּֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃

It was on the third day, in the morning, that there was thunder and lightning. A heavy cloud was on the mountain, and there was a very loud sound of the shofar. All the people in the camp trembled.

It was on the third day, in the morning, that there was thunder and lightning. A heavy cloud was on the mountain, and there was a very loud sound of the shofar. All the people in the camp trembled.

Rashi

בהיות הבקר. מלמד שהקדים על ידם, מה שאין דרך בשר ודם לעשות כן שיהא הרב ממתין לתלמיד, וכן מצינו קוּם צֵא אֶל הַבִּקְעָה וגו' (יחזקאל ג, כב), וָאָקוּם וָאֵצֵא אֶל הַבִּקְעָה וְהִנֵּה שָׁם כְּבֹוד ה' עֹמֵד (שם כג):

In the morning. This teaches that He came first for their sake something that is not usual for human beings to do — that a teacher should wait for his student. We find something similar in Yechezkel: “[God said to me,] ‘Arise, go out to the valley, etc.’ and I arose and went out to the valley and, behold, there stood the Glory of God.”

19:17

וַיּוֹצֵא מֹשֶׁה אֶת־הָעָם לִקְרַאת הָֽאֱלֹהִים מִן־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וַיִּֽתְיַצְּבוּ בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָֽר׃

Moshe brought the people toward [the Divine Presence of] God, [leading them] out of the camp. They stood at the foot of the mountain.

Moshe brought the people toward [the Divine Presence of] God, [leading them] out of the camp. They stood at the foot of the mountain.

Rashi

לקראת האלהים. מגיד שהשכינה יצאה לקראתם כחתן היוצא לקראת כלה, וזה שנאמר ה' מִסִּינַי בָּא (דברים לג, ב. — מכילתא פ"ג), ולא נאמר לסיני בא:

Toward God. This tells that the Shechinah came out toward them as a groom that goes out towards the bride. This is the meaning of what is said: “God came from Sinai” and it does not say: “Came to Sinai.”

בתחתית ההר. לפי פשוטו ברגלי ההר. ומדרשו, שנתלש ההר ממקומו ונכפה עליהם כגיגית (שבת פח.):

At the foot of the mountain. According to its plain meaning [בְּתַחְתִּית הָהָר] is: “at the foot of the mountain.” But its midrashic explanation is that the mountain was uprooted from its place and arched over them like a barrel.

19:18

וְהַר סִינַי עָשַׁן כֻּלּוֹ מִפְּנֵי אֲשֶׁר יָרַד עָלָיו יְהֹוָה בָּאֵשׁ וַיַּעַל עֲשָׁנוֹ כְּעֶשֶׁן הַכִּבְשָׁן וַיֶּחֱרַד כׇּל־הָהָר מְאֹֽד׃

The entire Mount Sinai was enveloped with smoke, for Adonoy had descended upon it in fire. Its smoke rose like the smoke of a [lime] furnace and the entire mountain trembled violently.

The entire Mount Sinai was enveloped with smoke, for Adonoy had descended upon it in fire. Its smoke rose like the smoke of a [lime] furnace and the entire mountain trembled violently.

Rashi

עשן כלו. אין עשן זה שם דבר, שהרי נקוד השי"ן פת"ח, אלא לשון פעל, כמו אמר, שמר, שמע, לכך תרגומו תָּנַן כֻּלֵּיהּ ולא תרגם תְּנָנָא, וכל עשן שבמקרא נקודים קמ"ץ, מפני שהם שם דבר:

The entire [Mount Sinai] was enveloped with smoke. עָשַׁן is not a noun for the שׁ is vocalized with a patach (עָשַׁן) but is in the פָּעַל form as: אָמַר (he said), שָׁמַר (he guarded), שָׁמַע (he heard). Onkelos therefore translated it: תָּנַן כֻּלֵּה — “it completely smoked up,” and he did not translate it תְּנָנָא (smoke). All other cases where עָשָׁן appears in Scripture are vocalized with a komatz (עָשָׁן) because they are nouns.

הכבשן. של סיד, יכול ככבשן זה ולא יותר, תלמוד לומר בוער באש עד לב השמים, ומה תלמוד לומר כבשן, לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן מה שהיא יכולה לשמוע, נותן לבריות סימן הניכר להם. כיוצא בו כְּאַרְיֵּה יִשְׁאָג (הושע יא, י), וכי מי נתן כח בארי אלא הוא, והכתוב מושלו כאריה, אלא אנו מכנין ומדמין אותו לבריותיו, כדי לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן מה שיכולה לשמוע. כיוצא בו וְקֹולֹו כְּקֹול מַיִם רַבִּים (יחזקאל מג, ב), וכי מי נתן קול למים והלא הוא, ואתה מכנה אותו לדמותו לבריותיו כדי לְשַׂבֵּר את האוזן:

A furnace — of lime. One might think [the smoke density was] as this furnace and no more. It therefore states: “[The mountain] burned with a fire [that reached] till the very heart of the heavens.” Then why does it state “as a furnace”? To make it it intelligible to the ear so that it can hear (accept) [what is said], giving to humans a symbol familiar to them. Similarly: “He (God) roars like a lion.” But who gave power to the lion if not He! Yet Scripture compares Him to a lion?! But [the answer is] that we describe and compare Him to His creatures in order to make it intelligible to the ear so that it can hear (accept) [what is said] and similarly again: “His (God’s) voice is as the sound of many waters.” But who is it that gave sound to water if not He! and you describe Him by comparing Him to His creatures?! [But it is] in order to make it intelligible to the ear.

19:19

וַֽיְהִי קוֹל הַשֹּׁפָר הוֹלֵךְ וְחָזֵק מְאֹד מֹשֶׁה יְדַבֵּר וְהָאֱלֹהִים יַעֲנֶנּוּ בְקֽוֹל׃

The sound of the shofar grew louder and louder. Moshe spoke and God responded to him with [His] voice.

The sound of the shofar grew louder and louder. Moshe spoke and God responded to him with [His] voice.

Rashi

הולך וחזק מאד. מנהג הדיוט כל זמן שהוא מאריך לתקוע קולו מחליש וכוהה, אבל כאן הולך וחזק מאד, ולמה כך, מתחלה לְשַׂבֵּר אזניהם מה שיכולין לשמוע:

Grew louder and louder. It is the way of an ordinary [person] that the longer he continues to blow [a trumpet] his sound gets continually weaker. But here it kept getting much stronger. Why was this so? [This was] so as to attune their ears to that which they could hear (accept).

משה ידבר. כשהיה משה מדבר ומשמיע הדברות לישראל, שהרי לא שמעו מפי הגבורה אלא אנכי ולא יהיה לך, והקדוש ברוך הוא מסייעו לתת בו כח להיות קולו מגביר ונשמע:

Moshe spoke. When Moshe will speak and transmit the commandments to Yisrael — for all they heard from the Almighty was only [the first two commandments:] אָנֹכִי and לֹא יִהְיֶה לְךָ — God would assist him to give him the strength to make his voice powerful and audible.

יעננו בקול. יעננו על דבר הקול, כמו אֲשֶׁר יַעֲנֶה בָאֵשׁ (מלכים־א יח, כד), על דבר האש להורידו:

Responded to him with [His] voice. He responded [to his need] concerning his voice, as in: “He responded בָאֵשׁ” which means: “concerning the fire” by causing it to descend.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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