Tanach
Shemot 22:27-30 שמות כ״ב:כ״ז-ל׳
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אֱלֹהִים לֹא תְקַלֵּל וְנָשִׂיא בְעַמְּךָ לֹא תָאֹֽר׃
Do not curse judges. Do not curse a leader of your people.
Do not curse judges. Do not curse a leader of your people.
Rashi
מְלֵאָתְךָ וְדִמְעֲךָ לֹא תְאַחֵר בְּכוֹר בָּנֶיךָ תִּתֶּן־לִֽי׃
[Your offering of] the fullness [of your newly ripened produce] and of your terumah-offering’s you must not delay. The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me.
[Your offering of] the fullness [of your newly ripened produce] and of your terumah-offering’s you must not delay. The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me.
Rashi
מלאתך. חובה המוטלת עליך כשתתמלא תבואתך להתבשל, והם בכורים:
Your fullness. [Meaning:] the obligation that was placed upon you when your grains reach their full ripeness. This refers to בִּכּוּרִים — “the first fruits.”
ודמעך. התרומה, ואיני יודע מהו לשון דמע:
And your terumah-offering. [וְדִמְעֲךָ refers to] the terumah-offering, but, I do not know why it is called דֶמַע .
לא תאחר. לא תשנה סדר הפרשתן, לאחר את המוקדם ולהקדים את המאוחר, שלא יקדים תרומה לבכורים, ומעשר לתרומה:
You must not delay. [Meaning:] Do not alter their order of separating them [from their fruits], by separating later what should be separated earlier, i.e., he may not [separate] the terumah before [separating] the bikkurim, or the tithe offering before the terumah.
בכור בניך תתן לי. לפדותו בחמש סלעים מן הכהן, והלא כבר צוה עליו במקום אחר, אלא כדי לסמוך לו כן תעשה לשורך, מה בכור אדם לאחר ל' יום פודהו, שנאמר וּפְדוּיָיו מִבֶּן חֹדֶשׁ תִּפְדֶּה (במדבר יח, טז), אף בכור בהמה דקה מטפל בו ל' יום, ואחר כך נותנו לכהן:
The first-born of your sons, you shall give to Me — by redeeming him for five sela’im from the kohein. But has [the Torah] not given this command elsewhere? But [the reason it is repeated here is] so as to juxtapose it to: “You must do likewise with your oxen,” [thereby teaching that] just as the first-born of man is redeemed after thirty days [from birth], as it is said: “And those that need to be redeemed, you shall redeem from a month old.” So, too, regarding the first-born of the smaller cattle: he (the owner) occupies himself with it for 30 days and, afterwards, gives it to the kohein.
כֵּֽן־תַּעֲשֶׂה לְשֹׁרְךָ לְצֹאנֶךָ שִׁבְעַת יָמִים יִהְיֶה עִם־אִמּוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי תִּתְּנוֹ־לִֽי׃
You must do likewise with your oxen and with your sheep. Seven days it shall remain with its mother. On the eighth day you must give it to Me.
You must do likewise with your oxen and with your sheep. Seven days it shall remain with its mother. On the eighth day you must give it to Me.
Rashi
שבעת ימים יהיה עם אמו. זו אזהרה לכהן, שאם בא למהר את קרבנו, לא ימהר קודם שמונה, לפי שהוא מחוסר זמן:
Seven days it shall remain with its mother. This is a warning to the kohein that if he wishes to hurry his sacrifice [of the בְּכוֹר] he may not rush to do so before the eighth day because it is “lacking in time” (i.e., premature).
ביום השמיני תתנו לי. יכול יהא חובה לבו ביום, נאמר כאן שמיני ונאמר להלן וּמִיֹום הַשְּׁמִינִי וָהָלְאָה יֵרָצֶה (ויקרא כב, כז), מה שמיני האמור להלן להכשיר משמיני ולהלן, אף שמיני האמור כאן להכשיר משמיני ולהלן (מכילתא פי"ט), וכן משמעו, וביום השמיני אתה רשאי ליתנו לי:
On the eighth day you must give it to Me. One might think that it is obligatory on that day! [This is not so for] it states here: “the eighth day”, and it states further on: “and from the eighth day onward it shall be accepted.” Just as “the eighth day” mentioned later intends to declare [the animal] fit [for sacrifice] from the eighth day and on, so, too, “the eighth day” mentioned here intends to declare [the animal] fit from the eighth day and on. Hence, this is the intended meaning of it: “And on the eighth day you are permitted to give it to Me” (i.e., to sacrifice it).
וְאַנְשֵׁי־קֹדֶשׁ תִּהְיוּן לִי וּבָשָׂר בַּשָּׂדֶה טְרֵפָה לֹא תֹאכֵלוּ לַכֶּלֶב תַּשְׁלִכוּן אֹתֽוֹ׃ {ס}
You shall be men of holiness to Me, and you must not eat flesh that was torn off in the field. Throw it to the dog.
You shall be men of holiness to Me, and you must not eat flesh that was torn off in the field. Throw it to the dog.
Rashi
ואנשי קודש תהיון לי. אם אתם קדושים ופרושים משקוצי נבלות וטרפות, הרי אתם שלי, ואם לאו אינכם שלי:
You shall be men of holiness to Me. [This is meant as a promise:] “If you will be holy and abstain from the abhorrence of [eating] neveilah and tereifah, then you are (לִי) Mine. But if not, then you are not Mine.
ובשר בשדה טרפה. אף בבית כן, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה (מכילתא פ"כ), מקום שדרך בהמות ליטרף, וכן כִּי בַשָׂדֶה מְצָאָהּ (דברים כב, כז), וכן אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִהְיֶה טָהֹור מִקְּרֵה לָיְלָה (שם כג, יא), הוא הדין למקרה יום, אלא שדבר הכתוב בהווה. (ואונקלוס תרגם) ובשר דתליש מן חיוא חיתא, בשר שנתלש על ידי טרפת זאב או ארי (או) מן חיה כשרה או מבהמה כשרה בחייה:
Flesh that was torn off in the field. Actually the same applies within the house, but [the reason “the field” is mentioned is] the Torah speaks of what is common — the place where it is usual for animals to be torn apart [by wild beasts]. Similarly: “For he found her in the field,” Similarly: “One who is unclean as a result of a nocturnal emission,” where the same rule would apply to an emission during the day. The Torah just speaks of what is most common. However, Onkelos translates [וּבָשָׂר בַּשָֹדֶה טְרֵיפָה] as: “Flesh torn from a living animal,” i.e., flesh that was torn off as a result of an attack by a wolf or lion from a permitted beast, or from permitted cattle, while it was alive [“you must not eat”].
לכלב תשליכון אתו. אף הוא כו' או אינו אלא כלב כמשמעו בנבלה או מכור לנכרי קל וחומר לטרפה שמותרת בכל הנאות א"כ מה תלוד לומר לכלב למדך הכתוב שאין הקב"ה מקפח שכר כל בריה, שנאמר וּלְכֹל בְּנֵי יִשִׂרָאֵל לֹא יֶחֱרַץ כֶּלֶב לְשֹׁנֹו (שמות יא, ז), אמר הקב"ה תנו לו שכרו (מכילתא פ"כ):
Throw it to the dog. [You may sell it] also to a gentile. Or perhaps it refers only to a dog? The Torah therefore says regarding neveilah: “or sell it to a gentile.” [Then we may assume] a fortiori regarding tereifah: that all benefits are permitted [including selling to a gentile]. If so, why does it state: “to the dog”?! To teach you that the dog gets more respect than he. And the verse [also] teaches that God does not withhold the reward that is due to any creature. [And the dog has a reward coming] for its said: “But against any of the B’nei Yisrael no dog wagged its tongue (i.e., barked),” so God said, “Give it its due reward.”
אלהים לא תקלל. הרי זו אזהרה לברכת השם, ואזהרה לקללת דיין (סנהדרין סו.):
Do not curse judges (or God). Here is the prohibition against cursing God as well as the prohibition against cursing judges.