Tanach
Shemot 23 שמות כ״ג
Part of: MishpatimMishpatim, Aliyah 4Mishpatim, Aliyah 5Mishpatim, Aliyah 6Mishpatim, Aliyah 7Petuchah, Exodus 23:20Setumah, Exodus 23:1Setumah, Exodus 23:4Setumah, Exodus 23:5Setumah, Exodus 23:6Setumah, Exodus 23:26
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
לֹא תִשָּׂא שֵׁמַע שָׁוְא אַל־תָּשֶׁת יָֽדְךָ עִם־רָשָׁע לִהְיֹת עֵד חָמָֽס׃
Do not accept a false report. Do not join hands with a wicked man to be a corrupt [false] witness.
Do not accept a false report. Do not join hands with a wicked man to be a corrupt [false] witness.
Rashi
אל תשת ידך עם רשע. הטוען את חבירו תביעת שקר, שהבטיחהו להיות לו עד חמס:
Do not join hands with a wicked man. One who makes a demand on his fellow man by means of a false claim, and you promise him that you will be a corrupt witness.
לֹֽא־תִהְיֶה אַחֲרֵֽי־רַבִּים לְרָעֹת וְלֹא־תַעֲנֶה עַל־רִב לִנְטֹת אַחֲרֵי רַבִּים לְהַטֹּֽת׃
Do not follow the majority to do evil. Do not respond with your opinion in a dispute [merely] to lean [toward one side]. It must be decided by the majority.
Do not follow the majority to do evil. Do not respond with your opinion in a dispute [merely] to lean [toward one side]. It must be decided by the majority.
Rashi
לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות. יש במקרא זה מדרשי חכמי ישראל, אבל אין לשון המקרא מיושב בהן על אופניו. מכאן דרשו שאין מטין לחובה בהכרעת דיין אחד (סנהדרין ב.), וסוף המקרא דרשו, אחרי רבים להטות, שאם יש שנים מחייבין יותר על המזכין, הטה הדין על פיהם לחובה, ובדיני נפשות הכתוב מדבר. ואמצע המקרא דרשו, ולא תענה על ריב, על רב, שאין חולקין על מופלא שבבית דין, לפיכך מתחילין בדיני נפשות מן הצד, לקטנים שבהן שואלין תחלה שיאמרו את דעתם. ולפי דברי רבותינו כך פתרון המקרא: לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעת. לחייב מיתה בשביל דיין אחד שירבו מחייבין על המזכין. ולא תענה על רב. לנטות מדבריו, ולפי שהוא חסר יו"ד דרשו בו כן. אחרי רבים להטת. ויש רבים שאתה נוטה אחריהם, ואימתי, בזמן שהן שנים המכריעין במחייבין יותר מן המזכין. וממשמע שנאמר לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות, שומע אני אבל היה עמהם לטובה, מכאן אמרו דיני נפשות מטין על פי אחד לזכות ועל פי שנים לחובה. ואונקלוס תרגם לא תתמנע מלאלפא מה דבעינך על דינא, ולשון העברי לפי התרגום כך הוא נדרש: לא תענה על ריב לנטות, אם ישאלך דבר למשפט, לא תענה לנטות לצד אחד ולסלק עצמך מן הריב, אלא הוי דן אותו לאמיתו.
Do not follow the majority to do evil. Regarding this verse, there are various expositions by the Sages of Yisrael but they do not fit the arrangement of the verse: From here they derived that a guilty verdict should not be arrived at by a majority of one judge. And they explain the end of the verse as follows: “It must be decided by a majority,” [meaning] that if there are two more for conviction than there are for acquital, then decide the case according to them (the majority) for a guilty verdict. [According to this explanation] this verse is dealing with capital crimes. And they explained the middle of the verse as follows: וְלֹא תַעֲנֶה עַל רִיב [should be understood] [as if it were written] עַל רַב (against the elder), i.e., that one must not contradict a more eminent member of the court. It is for this reason that in capital cases we begin [hearing the opinions of the judges] from the side [benches], i.e., the youngest among them are the first ones asked to state their opinion. According to [the above] words of our Sages, the interpretation of the verse is as follows: Do not follow the majority to do evil — to sentence [a defendant] to death on account of the judge [whose vote] causes those favoring conviction to outnumber those who vote for acquital. Do not dispute an elder — by veering from his opinion. It is because [the word רִיב] is missing the letter yod that they explained it thus. It must be decided by the majority. There is a majority to whose view you may lean. When is this so? When the majority for conviction outnumber by two those who vote to acquit. From that which is implied by what is said: “Do not follow the majority [of one] to do evil” I may derive: But, you may be with them (i.e., rule like them) if it is for good (i.e., to acquit the defendant). It is from here that they (the Sages) said: In case of capital offenses, the decision to acquit may be based on a majority of one but to convict there must be a majority of two. Onkelos translates [לֹא תַעֲנֶה עַל רִיב לִנְטוֹת]: “Do not refrain from conveying your opinion when asked about anything pertaining to a court case.” The Hebrew, according to Onkelos, should be explained as follows: Do not respond in a dispute to lean. [I.e.] if your opinion is asked in a court case do not respond by leaning to one side in order to remove yourself from the dispute, but decide the matter based on the truth. [The above are the explanations of the Sages and Onkelos...] But I offer an explanation to fit the verse’s arrangement according to its plain meaning. And this is its interpretation:
ואני אומר לישבו על אופניו כפשוטו וכך פתרונו. לא תהיה אחרי רבים לרעות. אם ראית רשעים מטין משפט, לא תאמר הואיל ורבים הם הנני נוטה אחריהם:
Do not follow the majority to do evil. If you see wicked men distorting justice, do not say: “since they are the majority I may as well lean towards them.”
ולא תענה על ריב לנטות וגו'. ואם ישאלך הנדון על אותו המשפט, אל תעננו על הריב דבר הנוטה אחרי אותן רבים להטות את המשפט מאמיתו, אלא אמור את המשפט כאשר הוא, וקולר יהא תלוי בצואר הרבים:
Do not respond, in dispute, to lean, etc. And if the defendant should ask you [your opinion] regarding that judgment, do not respond to him, about the dispute, with a statement that leans towards the majority opinion, thereby distorting the judgment from the truth. But rather render the decision as it really is and let the collar (i.e., the responsibility) hang from the necks of the majority.
וְדָל לֹא תֶהְדַּר בְּרִיבֽוֹ׃ {ס}
Do not show favor [even] to the poor in his dispute.
Do not show favor [even] to the poor in his dispute.
Rashi
לא תהדר. לא תחלוק לו כבוד לזכותו בדין ולומר, דל הוא אזכנו ואכבדנו:
Do not show favor. Do not show special regard for him by finding in his favor in a lawsuit, and say, “He is poor. I will find in his favor and show him regard.”
כִּי תִפְגַּע שׁוֹר אֹֽיִבְךָ אוֹ חֲמֹרוֹ תֹּעֶה הָשֵׁב תְּשִׁיבֶנּוּ לֽוֹ׃ {ס}
If you come across your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, bring it back to him.
If you come across your enemy’s ox or his donkey going astray, bring it back to him.
כִּֽי־תִרְאֶה חֲמוֹר שֹׂנַאֲךָ רֹבֵץ תַּחַת מַשָּׂאוֹ וְחָדַלְתָּ מֵעֲזֹב לוֹ עָזֹב תַּעֲזֹב עִמּֽוֹ׃ {ס}
If you see the donkey of your enemy lying under its burden, and you might not want to help him, [but you should] make every effort to help him.
If you see the donkey of your enemy lying under its burden, and you might not want to help him, [but you should] make every effort to help him.
Rashi
כי תראה חמור שונאך וגו'. הרי כי משמש בלשון דלמא, שהוא מד' לשונות של שמושי כי, וכה פתרונו, שמא תראה חמורו רובץ תחת משאו: וחדלת מעזוב לו. בתמיה:
If you see the donkey of your enemy, etc. Here you have the word כִּי being used to mean: “perhaps” (or “possibly”), which is one of the four meanings that the word כִּי is used to express. This is, then, how [the verse] is to be interpreted: It is possible that you might see his donkey lying under its burden — and you might not want to help him? Incredulously, with amazement.
עזב תעזב עמו. עזיבה זו לשון עזרה, וכן עָצוּר וְעָזוּב (מלכים־א יד, י), וכן וַיַּעַזְבוּ יְרוּשָׁלַיִם עַד הַחֹומָה (נחמיה ג, ח), מלאוה עפר לעזוב ולסייע את חוזק החומה. כיוצא בו, כִּי תֹאמַר בִּלְבָבְךָ רַבִּים הַגּוֹיִם הָאֵלֶּה מִמֶּנִּי וגו' (דברים ז, יז), שמא תאמר כן, בתמיה, לֹא תִירָא מֵהֶם. ומדרשו כך דרשו רבותינו, כי תראה וחדלת, פעמים שאתה חודל ופעמים שאתה עוזר, הא כיצד, זקן ואינו לפי כבודו, וחדלת, או בהמת עובד כוכבים ומשאו של ישראל (בבא מציעא לב:), וחדלת:
Make every effort to help him. This word עֲזִיבָה has the meaning of “helping.” Similarly: “aided and (עָזוּב) helped” Similarly: “(וַיַּעֲזְבוּ) They helped Jerusalem up to the wall,” [meaning:] they filled it with earth to help and support the strength of the wall. A similar [use of the word כִּי as “possibly”]: “כִּי you will say in your heart, ‘These nations are many more than I, etc.’” [meaning:] “Could you possibly say this?! incredulously, with amazement... [therefore] “Do not be afraid of them.” As for its midrashic explanation, this is the way our Sages expounded it: “If you will see ... you may refrain.” [This indicates that] there are times that you may refrain [from helping] and there are times that you must help. When does this apply? If he is an elderly man and it is beneath his dignity [then] וְחָדַלְתָּ — “you may refrain” [applies]. Or if it is the animal of a gentile and the load of a Jew [then] וְחָדַלְתָּ [applies].
עזב תעזב עמו. לפרק המשא, מלמשקל ליה, מליטול משאוי ממנו:
You should make every effort to help him — to unload the burden, [as Onkelos translates the words מֵעֲזוֹב לוֹ]: “from removing a load from it.”
לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפַּט אֶבְיֹנְךָ בְּרִיבֽוֹ׃
Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.
Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.
Rashi
אבינך. לשון אובה, שהוא מדולדל ותאב לכל טובה (שם קיא:):
Your needy. [אֶבְיֹנְךָ is] from the root אבה — “longing,” for he is destitute and longs for anything good.
מִדְּבַר־שֶׁקֶר תִּרְחָק וְנָקִי וְצַדִּיק אַֽל־תַּהֲרֹג כִּי לֹא־אַצְדִּיק רָשָֽׁע׃
Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.
Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.
Rashi
ונקי וצדיק אל תהרג. מנין ליוצא מבית דין חייב, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו זכות, שמחזירין אותו, תלמוד לומר ונקי אל תהרוג, ואף על פי שאינו צדיק, שלא נצטדק בבית דין, מכל מקום נקי הוא מדין מיתה, שהרי יש לך לזכותו. ומנין ליוצא מבית דין זכאי, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו חובה שאין מחזירין אותו לבית דין, תלמוד לומר וצדיק אל תהרג, וזה צדיק הוא, שנצטדק בבית דין:
Do not kill an innocent righteous man. From where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been convicted and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his innocence!” that we bring him (the defendant) back? Because the Torah states (addressing the court): “Do not kill an innocent man.” And though he may not be a righteous man for he has not yet been acquitted in court, nevertheless he is (נָקִי) innocent from a death verdict for you must try to vindicate him. And from where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been found innocent, and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his guilt,” that we do not bring him back to court? Because the Torah states: “Do not kill a righteous person!” And this [defendant] is considered righteous for he has been acquitted by the court —
כי לא אצדיק רשע. אין עליך להחזירו, כי אני לא אצדיקנו בדינו אם יצא מידך זכאי, יש לי שלוחים הרבה להמיתו במיתה שנתחייב בה:
for I will not acquit a wicked person. There is no need for you to bring him back for I will not vindicate him when I judge him,” [because even] if he has left your hands acquitted, I have many agents to put him to death, with that death to which he is actually liable.
וְשֹׁחַד לֹא תִקָּח כִּי הַשֹּׁחַד יְעַוֵּר פִּקְחִים וִֽיסַלֵּף דִּבְרֵי צַדִּיקִֽים׃
Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.
Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.
Rashi
ושחד לא תקח. אפילו לשפוט אמת, וכל שכן כדי להטות את הדין, שהרי כדי להטות את הדין נאמר כבר לא תטה משפט:
Do not accept bribery. Even if you intend to judge truthfully. And it is certainly [prohibited] [when you take the bribe] to pervert justice. For regarding the perversion of justice it has already been stated: “Do not distort justice!”
יעור פקחים. ואפילו חכם בתורה ונוטל שוחד, סוף שתטרף דעתו עליו, וישתכח תלמודו, ויכהה מאור עיניו (מכילתא פ"כ):
Blinds the clear-sighted. Even if he is wise in the Torah and takes a bribe, his mind will ultimately become muddled and he will forget his learning and the light of his eyes will dim.
ויסלף. כתרגומו ומקלקל:
And perverts. As Onkelos translates it: “ruins.”
דברי צדיקים. דברים המצודקים, משפטי אמת, וכן תרגומו פתגמין תריצין, ישרים:
The words of justice. [דִבְרֵי צַדִיקִים means:] words that are just, i.e., the judgments of truth (viz., the Torah). So, too, does Onkelos translate it: “words that are תְּרִיצִין — righteous.”
וְגֵר לֹא תִלְחָץ וְאַתֶּם יְדַעְתֶּם אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הַגֵּר כִּֽי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Rashi
וגר לא תלחץ. בהרבה מקומות הזהירה תורה על הגר, מפני שסורו רע (בבא מציעא נט:):
Do not oppress a stranger. In many places, the Torah issues warnings regarding the גֵר because סורו (his inclination) is bad.
את נפש הגר. כמה קשה לו כשלוחצים אותו:
The soul of the stranger. How hard it is for him when he is oppressed.
וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים תִּזְרַע אֶת־אַרְצֶךָ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת־תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ׃
You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.
You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.
Rashi
ואספת את תבואתה. לשון הכנסה לבית, כמו וַאֲסַפְתֹּו אֶל תֹּוךְ בֵּיתֶךָ (דברים כב, ב):
And gather its crops. [וְאָסַפְתָּ is] a term for “bringing into the house,” “You shall gather it into your house.”
וְהַשְּׁבִיעִת תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ וְאָֽכְלוּ אֶבְיֹנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְיִתְרָם תֹּאכַל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה כֵּֽן־תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכַרְמְךָ לְזֵיתֶֽךָ׃
But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].
But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].
Rashi
תשמטנה. מעבודה:
You must let it rest — from working [the fields] —
ונטשתה. מאכילה אחר זמן הביעור. דבר אחר תשמטנה, מעבודה גמורה, כגון חרישה וזריעה. ונטשתה, מלזבל ומלקשקש:
and abandon it — from eating [its crops] after “the time of removal.” An alternate explanation [of תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ]: “You must let it rest” from real work, such as plowing and sowing; “and abandon it” from manuring and hoeing.
ויתרם תאכל חית השדה. להקיש מאכל אביון למאכל חיה, מה חיה אוכלת בלא מעשר, אף אביונים אוכלים בלא מעשר, מכאן אמרו אין מעשר בשביעית (מכילתא פ"כ):
What they leave over, beasts of the field can eat. This is to compare the food of the poor to the food of the wild beast. Just as the wild beast eats without tithing so, too, do the poor eat without tithing. It is from here that they (the Sages) stated that there is no obligation to tithe during the seventh year.
כן תעשה לכרמך. ותחלת המקרא מדבר בשדה הלבן, כמו שאמר למעלה הימנו תזרע את ארצך:
Do the same with your vineyard. But the beginning of the verse [תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ] deals with a grainfield, as it says, preceding that: “You may sow your land.”
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂיךָ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרֶךָ וְיִנָּפֵשׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְךָ וְהַגֵּֽר׃
You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.
You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.
Rashi
וביום השביעי תשבת. אף בשנה השביעית לא תעקר שבת בראשית ממקומה (שם), שלא תאמר, הואיל וכל השנה קרויה שבת, לא תנהג בה שבת בראשית:
But on the seventh day you must cease. Even during the shemittah-year do not cancel the weekly Shabbos from its rightful place. Do not say that since the entire year is called Shabbos there is no need for you to observe the weekly Shabbos.
למען ינוח שורך וחמורך. תן לו נייח, להתיר שיהא תולש ואוכל עשבים מן הקרקע, או אינו אלא יחבשנו בתוך הבית, אמרת, אין זה נייח אלא צער:
So that your ox and your donkey may rest. [Meaning:] allow it to relax, permitting it to tear up and eat the grass from the ground. Or perhaps this is not so, but rather he must tie it within the house. To this say: this is not relaxation but suffering.
בן אמתך. בעבד הערל הכתוב מדבר (שם):
The son of your female slave. The verse here deals with an uncircumcised slave.
והגר. זה גר תושב:
And the stranger. This refers to a גֵר תּוֹשָׁב — “a settler.”
וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ וְשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ לֹא יִשָּׁמַע עַל־פִּֽיךָ׃
Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.
Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.
Rashi
ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו. לעשות כל מצות עשה באזהרה, שכל שמירה שבתורה אזהרה היא במקום לאו (יל"ש שנה, בשם המכילתא):
Preserve everything that I have said to you. This intends to make every positive precept [as stringent] as a negative precept. For wherever the Torah uses a form of שְׁמִירָה it is intended as an admonition for a negative precept.
לא תזכירו. שלא יאמר לו, שמור לי בצד עבודת אלילים פלונית (סנהדרין סג:), או תעמוד עמי ביום עבודת אלילים פלונית. דבר אחר ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו ושם אלהים אחרים לא תזכירו, ללמדך, ששקולה עבודת אלילים כנגד כל המצות כולם, והנזהר בה כשומר את כולן:
Do not mention. [Meaning:] that one may not say [to another]: “Wait for me next to such and such an idol,” or: “Stay with me on the holiday of such and such an idol.” An alternate explanation: “Preserve everything that I have said to you,” [next to:] “Do not mention the name of other gods,” comes to teach you that idol-worship is equal [in severity] to all the precepts in their entirety. And that one who is scrupulous in not transgressing it is equal to one who observes them all.
לא ישמע. מן הנכרי: על פיך. שלא תעשה שותפות עם עובדי כוכבים, וישבע לך בעבודת אלילים שלו, נמצאת שאתה גורם שיזכיר על ידך:
You must not cause it to be heard — from the gentile. Through your mouth [responsibility]. Do not make a [business] partnership with the gentile, whereby he may [ultimately] swear to you in the name of his idol, for consequently you will have caused [the idol’s name] to be mentioned through your actions.
שָׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים תָּחֹג לִי בַּשָּׁנָֽה׃
Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.
Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.
Rashi
רגלים. פעמים, וכן כִּי הִכִּיתָנִי זֶה שׁלשׁ רְגָלִים (במדבר כב, כח):
Times. [רְגָלִים means:] “times.” Similarly: “that you have struck me three (רְגָלִים) times.”
אֶת־חַג הַמַּצּוֹת תִּשְׁמֹר שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצּוֹת כַּֽאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ לְמוֹעֵד חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב כִּי־בוֹ יָצָאתָ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְלֹא־יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָֽם׃
You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.
You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.
Rashi
חדש האביב. שהתבואה מתמלאת בו באביה. אביב לשון אב, בכור וראשון לבשל פירות:
The month of aviv — when the grain ripens in its (אִבֶּיהָ) stalks. [An alternate explanation:] אָבִיב is from the word אַב i.e., “mature” and the first month to ripen its fruit.
ולא יראו פני ריקם. כשתבאו לראות פני ברגלים, הביאו לי עולות (חגיגה ז.):
Do not appear before My Presence empty handed. “When you come to appear before Me at the festivals, bring Me burnt-offerings.”
וְחַג הַקָּצִיר בִּכּוּרֵי מַעֲשֶׂיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע בַּשָּׂדֶה וְחַג הָֽאָסִף בְּצֵאת הַשָּׁנָה בְּאׇסְפְּךָ אֶֽת־מַעֲשֶׂיךָ מִן־הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃
[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.
[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.
Rashi
וחג הקציר. הוא חג שבועות:
The Festival of Harvest. This refers to the holiday of Shavuos...
בכורי מעשיך. שהוא זמן הבאת בכורים, ששתי הלחם הבאין בעצרת, היו מתירין החדש למנחות ולהביא בכורים למקדש, שנאמר וּבְיֹום הַבִּכּוּרִים וגו' (במדבר כח, כו):
The first fruits of your Labor — which is the time for bringing the first fruits because the offering of the “two loaves” which are brought on Shavuos, permit the new crop [to be used] for meal offerings and to bring bikkurim to the Beis Hamikdosh, as it is said: “On the Day of Bikkurim, etc....”
וחג האסיף. הוא חג הסוכות:
The Festival of Ingathering. This refers to the holiday of Succos —
באספך את מעשיך. שכל ימות החמה התבואה מתייבשת בשדות, ובחג אוספים אותה אל הבית מפני הגשמים:
when you gather in [the fruits] of your labor. Because the entire summer the grains dry in the fields and during the Succos [season] it is gathered indoors out of the rains.
שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כׇּל־זְכוּרְךָ אֶל־פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן ׀ יְהֹוָֽה׃
Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.
Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.
Rashi
שלש פעמים וגו'. לפי שהענין מדבר בשביעית, הוצרך לומר שלא יתעקרו שלש רגלים ממקומן (מכילתא פ"כ):
Three times, etc. Since the subject here deals with shemittah, it was necessary to state that the Three Festivals will not be cancelled from [taking place at] their allocated times.
כל זכורך. הזכרים שבך:
Every male among you. [זְכוּרְךָ means:] the males among you.
לֹֽא־תִזְבַּח עַל־חָמֵץ דַּם־זִבְחִי וְלֹֽא־יָלִין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּי עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃
You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.
You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.
Rashi
לא תזבח על חמץ וגו'. לא תשחט את הפסח בי"ד בניסן עד שתבער החמץ (מכילתא שם — פסחים סג):
You must not sacrifice — while chametz is present — etc. Do not slaughter the Pesach korbon on the fourteenth day of Nisan until you remove your chametz.
ולא ילין חלב חגי וגו'. חוץ למזבח:
You must not allow to remain overnight — the fat of My festival-offering, etc. — away from the altar —
עד בקר. יכול אף על המערכה יפסל בלינה, תלמוד לומר עַל מֹוקְדָה עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה (ויקרא ו, ב):
Until morning. One might think that even [if it were] on the wood-pile [of the altar], it would nevertheless become unfit due to its having remained overnight. Therefore the Torah says: “On the fireplace, on the altar all night.”
ולא ילין. אין לינה אלא בעמוד השחר, שנאמר עד בקר, אבל כל הלילה יכול להעלותו מן הרצפה למזבח:
You must not allow to remain overnight. It is not considered [unfit due to] לִינָה unless it [was not placed on the altar] by dawn, as it is said: “Until morning.” But the entire night he may lift it up from the ground onto the altar.
רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.
The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.
Rashi
ראשית בכורי אדמתך. אף השביעית חייבת בבכורים, לכך נאמר אף כאן בכורי אדמתך. כיצד, אדם נכנס לתוך שדהו, רואה תאנה שבכרה, כורך עליה גמי לסימן ומקדישה. ואין בכורים אלא משבעת המינין האמורין במקרא אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשׂעֹרָה וגו' (דברים ח, ח):
The beginning of the first fruits of your land. Even during the seventh year bikkurim is obligatory. It is for this reason that [the Torah] states even here [regarding the seventh year]: “The first fruits of your land.” What is the procedure [for setting aside bikkurim]? A man who, upon entering his field, sees a fig that has ripened. He ties a reed around it to identify it and thereby designates it [as bikkurim]. Bikkurim need to be brought only from the seven species which are listed in Scripture: “A land of wheat, barley, etc; (grapes, figs pomegranates, olives, dates.)”
לא תבשל גדי. אף עגל וכבש בכלל גדי, שאין גדי אלא לשון ולד רך, ממה שאתה מוצא בכמה מקומות בתורה שכתוב גדי והוצרך לפרש אחריו עזים, כגון אָנֹכִי אֲשַׁלַּח גְּדִי עִזִּים (בראשית לח, יז), אֶת גְּדִי הָעִזִים (שם כ), שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִזִּים (שם כז, ט). ללמדך שכל מקום שנאמר גדי סתם, אף עגל וכבש במשמע. ובג' מקומות נכתב בתורה, אחד לאיסור אכילה, ואחד לאיסור הנאה, ואחד לאיסור בשול (חולין קטו:):
You must not cook a young animal. A calf and a sheep are also implied in “גְּדִי” because “גְּדִי” represents any tender, newborn animal, [as can be inferred] from the fact that you find in a number of places in the Torah that גְּדִי is written, and it is necessary to explain afterward: עִזִּים — goats, for example: “I will send גְּדִי עִזִּים — a goat,” or: “the גְּדִי הָעִזִּים — goat,” or: “two גְּדַיֵי עִזִּים — goats,” thereby teaching you that wherever גְּדִי is mentioned without specification, then a calf and a sheep are also implied. [The prohibition of לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ] is written three times in the Torah: once to prohibit the eating [of meat cooked with milk], another to prohibit deriving any benefit from them, and once to prohibit cooking them.
הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי שֹׁלֵחַ מַלְאָךְ לְפָנֶיךָ לִשְׁמׇרְךָ בַּדָּרֶךְ וְלַהֲבִיאֲךָ אֶל־הַמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר הֲכִנֹֽתִי׃
Behold, I will send an angel before you, to guard you on the way, and to bring you to the place that I have prepared.
Behold, I will send an angel before you, to guard you on the way, and to bring you to the place that I have prepared.
Rashi
הנה אנכי שולח מלאך. כאן נתבשרו שעתידין לחטוא ושכינה אומרת להם כִּי לֹא אֶעֱלֶה בְּקִרְבְּךָ (שמות לג, ג):
Behold, I will send an angel. Here they are foretold that they are destined to sin, and the Shechinah would then say to them: “For I will not go up among you.”
אשר הכנותי. אשר זמנתי לתת לכם, זהו פשוטו. ומדרשו, אל המקום אשר הכינותי כבר, מקומי ניכר כנגדו, וזה אחד מן המקראות שאומרים שבית המקדש של מעלה, מכוון כנגד בית המקדש של מטה:
That I have prepared. That I have prepared to give to you (i.e., Eretz Yisrael). That is its plain meaning. But its midrashic explanation is: “to the place that I have established [for the Temple] [for] My Place (i.e., the Temple of Heaven) has already been set up in line with it. This is one of the verses [in Scripture] which indicate that the Beis Hamikdosh of Heaven is directly in line with the Beis Hamikdosh below.
הִשָּׁמֶר מִפָּנָיו וּשְׁמַע בְּקֹלוֹ אַל־תַּמֵּר בּוֹ כִּי לֹא יִשָּׂא לְפִשְׁעֲכֶם כִּי שְׁמִי בְּקִרְבּֽוֹ׃
Be careful in his presence and heed [obey] his voice. Do not rebel against him; for he cannot bear [pardon] your transgression, as My Name is in him.
Be careful in his presence and heed [obey] his voice. Do not rebel against him; for he cannot bear [pardon] your transgression, as My Name is in him.
Rashi
אל תמר בו. לשון המראה, כמו אֲשֶׁר יַמְרֶה אֶת פִּיךָ (יהושע א, יח):
Do not rebel against him. תַּמֵּר is from the same root as הַמְרָאָה — “robbing,” as in: “Whoever (יַמְרֶה) will rebel against your order.”
כי לא ישא לפשעכם. אינו מלומד בכך, שהוא מן הכת שאין חוטאין, ועוד, שהוא שליח, ואינו עושה אלא שליחותו:
For he cannot bear your transgression. He is not accustomed to this (the act of sinning) for he is of the group [of beings] who do not sin. An alternate explanation: [He has no power to forgive] for he is only a messenger and can only to do his mission.
כי שמי בקרבו. מחובר לראש המקרא, השמר מפניו כי שמי משותף בו. ורבותינו אמרו, זה מטטרו"ן, ששמו כשם רבו, מטטרו"ן בגימטריא שדי:
As My Name is in him. This follows the beginning of the verse: “Be careful in his presence... for My Name is linked with him.” Our Sages said that this angel is Metatron whose name is the same as his Master’s (God) for מְטַטְרוֹן has the same numerical value as שַׁדַּי (314).
כִּי אִם־שָׁמוֹעַ תִּשְׁמַע בְּקֹלוֹ וְעָשִׂיתָ כֹּל אֲשֶׁר אֲדַבֵּר וְאָֽיַבְתִּי אֶת־אֹיְבֶיךָ וְצַרְתִּי אֶת־צֹרְרֶֽיךָ׃
But if you truly listen to [obey] his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and attack those who attack you.
But if you truly listen to [obey] his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and attack those who attack you.
Rashi
וצרתי. כתרגומו ואעיק:
And I will attack. As Onkelos translates it: וְאָעִיק — “I will oppress.”
כִּֽי־יֵלֵךְ מַלְאָכִי לְפָנֶיךָ וֶהֱבִֽיאֲךָ אֶל־הָֽאֱמֹרִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהַפְּרִזִּי וְהַֽכְּנַעֲנִי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי וְהִכְחַדְתִּֽיו׃
My messenger will go before you, and will bring you into [the land of] the Emorites, the Chittites, the Perizzites, the Canaanites, Chivites, and the Yevusites, and I will then annihilate them.
My messenger will go before you, and will bring you into [the land of] the Emorites, the Chittites, the Perizzites, the Canaanites, Chivites, and the Yevusites, and I will then annihilate them.
לֹֽא־תִשְׁתַּחֲוֶה לֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶם וְלֹא תׇֽעׇבְדֵם וְלֹא תַעֲשֶׂה כְּמַֽעֲשֵׂיהֶם כִּי הָרֵס תְּהָרְסֵם וְשַׁבֵּר תְּשַׁבֵּר מַצֵּבֹתֵיהֶֽם׃
You must not prostrate yourself to their gods, nor serve [sacrifice to] them. You must not adopt their customs. You must totally destroy [their idols] and completely break down their monuments.
You must not prostrate yourself to their gods, nor serve [sacrifice to] them. You must not adopt their customs. You must totally destroy [their idols] and completely break down their monuments.
Rashi
הרס תהרסם. לאותם אלהות:
You must [totally] destroy — their idols.
מצבותיהם. אבנים שהם מציבין להשתחוות להם:
Their monuments. The stones that they set up [for the purpose] of bowing down to them.
וַעֲבַדְתֶּם אֵת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם וּבֵרַךְ אֶֽת־לַחְמְךָ וְאֶת־מֵימֶיךָ וַהֲסִרֹתִי מַחֲלָה מִקִּרְבֶּֽךָ׃ {ס}
You must serve Adonoy, your God, and He will bless your bread and your water. I will eliminate sickness from your midst.
You must serve Adonoy, your God, and He will bless your bread and your water. I will eliminate sickness from your midst.
לֹא תִהְיֶה מְשַׁכֵּלָה וַעֲקָרָה בְּאַרְצֶךָ אֶת־מִסְפַּר יָמֶיךָ אֲמַלֵּֽא׃
No woman will suffer miscarriage or remain childless in your land. I will cause the number of your days to be full.
No woman will suffer miscarriage or remain childless in your land. I will cause the number of your days to be full.
Rashi
לא תהיה משכלה. אם תעשה רצוני:
No woman will suffer miscarriage — if you act according to My will.
משכלה. מפלת נפלים או קוברת את בניה, קרויה משכלה:
מְשַׁכֵּלָה . [A woman] who suffers miscarriages or buries her children is called a מְשַׁכֵּלָה .
אֶת־אֵֽימָתִי אֲשַׁלַּח לְפָנֶיךָ וְהַמֹּתִי אֶת־כׇּל־הָעָם אֲשֶׁר תָּבֹא בָּהֶם וְנָתַתִּי אֶת־כׇּל־אֹיְבֶיךָ אֵלֶיךָ עֹֽרֶף׃
I will send My dread ahead of you, and I will bring panic to all the people among whom you will come. I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.
I will send My dread ahead of you, and I will bring panic to all the people among whom you will come. I will make all your enemies turn their backs to you.
Rashi
והמותי. כמו והממתי, ותרגומו ואשגש. וכן כל תיבה שפועל שלה בכפל אות אחרונה, כשתהפוך לדבר בלשון פעלתי, יש מקומות שנוטל אות הכפולה ומדגיש את האות ונוקדו במלאפו"ם, כגון והמותי, מגזרת וְהָמַם גִּלְגַּל עֶגְלָתֹו (ישעיה כח, כח). וְסַבֹּותִי, מגזרת וְסָבַב בֵּית אֵל (שמואל־א ז, טז). דַּלֹותִי, מגזרת דָּלְלוּ וְחָרְבוּ (ישעיה יט, ו). עַל כַּפַּיִם חַקֹתִיךְ (שם מט, טז), מגזרת חִקְקֵי לֵב (שופטים ה, טו). אֶת מִי רַצֹּותִי (שמואל־א יב, ג), מגזרת רִצַּץ עָזַב דַּלִּים (איוב כ, יט). והמתרגם והמותי, ואקטל, טועה הוא, שאלו מגזרת מיתה היתה, אין ה"א שלה בפת"ח, ולא מ"ם שלה מודגשת, ולא נקודה מלאפו"ם. אלא וְהֵמַתִּי (בצירי) כגון וְהֵמַתָּה אֶת הָעָם הַזֶּה (במדבר יד, טו), והתי"ו מודגשת לפי שתבא במקום ב' תוי"ן, האחת נשרשת לפי שאין מיתה בלא תי"ו, והאחרת משמשת כמו אמרתי, חטאתי, עשיתי. וכן ונתתי, התי"ו מודגשת, שהיא באה במקום שתים, לפי שהיה צריך שלשה תוי"ן, שתים ליסוד כמו בְּיֹום תֵּת ה' (יהושע י, יב), מַתַּת אֱלֹהִים הִיא (קהלת ג, יג), והשלישית לשמוש:
I will bring panic. וְהַמֹּתִי is the same as וְהָמַמְתִּי . Onkelos translates it וֶאֱשַׁגֵּשׁ — “I will confuse.” This is true of any word whose verb-root has its last root-letter doubled, when it is conjugated in the פָּעַלְתִּי form. There are instances where the doubled letter is taken and given a dagesh and vocalized with a melopum (cholam), for example: וְהַמֹּתִי from the root: “(וְהָמַם) A confused sound was made by the wheel of his cart,” [or:] וְסַבּוֹתִי — “I circled” from the same root as: “(וְסָבַב) He circled Beth El,” [or:] דַּלּוֹתִי — “I was brought low” from the root: “(דָּלְלוּ) They became low and dried up,” [or:] “(חַקֹּתִיךְ) I have engraved you on the hands,” from the same root as: “(חִקְקֵי) engraved in the heart,” [or:] “whom have (רַצּוֹתִי) I crushed,” from the same root as: “(רִצַּץ) He has crushed and abandoned the poor.” Whoever translates וְהַמּוֹתִי as: “I will kill” is in error, for if it were from the root מִיתָה then its ה' would not receive a patach nor would its מ' get a dagesh, and its vowel would not be a melopum (cholam), but [would take the form:] וְהֵמַתִּי, as in “(וְהֵמַתָּה) You shall kill this nation.” And [the reason that] the ת' [of וְהֵמַתָּה] is with a dagesh is because it is in place of two letters ת', one of them being part of the root for no form of the word מִיתָה exists without a ת', and the other one serving as [a suffix-letter], as in: אָמַרְתִּי — “I said,” חָטָאתִי — “I sinned,” עָשִׂיתִי — “I did.” Similarly: the ת' of וְנָתַתִּי has a dagesh because it comes in the place of two [letters ת'], for it should have been written with three letters ת': two as part of the root, as in: “On the day (תֵּת ה') that God gave,” [or:] “It is (מַתַּת) a gift from God”; and the third [letter ת'] serves as a suffix.
עורף. שינוסו מלפניך ויהפכו לך ערפם:
Their Backs. [I.e.] that they will flee from you and thereby turn the backs of their necks to you.
וְשָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת־הַצִּרְעָה לְפָנֶיךָ וְגֵרְשָׁה אֶת־הַחִוִּי אֶת־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי וְאֶת־הַחִתִּי מִלְּפָנֶֽיךָ׃
I will send [deadly] hornets ahead of you, and they will drive out the Chivites, the Canaanites, and the Chittites from before you.
I will send [deadly] hornets ahead of you, and they will drive out the Chivites, the Canaanites, and the Chittites from before you.
Rashi
הצרעה. מין שרץ העוף, והיתה מכה אותם בעיניהם, ומטילה בהם ארס והם מתים. והצרעה לא עברה את הירדן (סוטה לו.): והחתי והכנעני. הם ארץ סיחון ועוג, לפיכך מכל ז' אומות לא מנה כאן אלא אלו. וחוי, אף על פי שהוא מעבר הירדן והלאה, שנו רבותינו במסכת סוטה (שם), על שפת הירדן עמדה וזרקה בהם מרה:
The hornets. It is a kind of flying insect which would strike them in their eyes and inject a poison into them, and they would die. The hornets did not cross the Jordan River and the Chittites and Canaanites [mentioned here as being driven out] were from Sichon and Og. It is for this reason that of all seven nations, only these [three] are enumerated here. [The fact that] the Chivites [are mentioned here], though they resided on the other side of the Jordan and somewhat further on, is explained by our Sages in Maseches Sotah: It (the hornet) stood at the edge of the Jordan and hurled the poison into them.
לֹא אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ בְּשָׁנָה אֶחָת פֶּן־תִּהְיֶה הָאָרֶץ שְׁמָמָה וְרַבָּה עָלֶיךָ חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃
I will not drive them out in a single year, lest the land become desolate, and the beasts of the field multiply against you.
I will not drive them out in a single year, lest the land become desolate, and the beasts of the field multiply against you.
Rashi
שממה. ריקנית מבני אדם, לפי שאתם מעט ואין בכם כדי למלאות אותה:
Desolate. [I.e.,] empty of people, since you are few and there are not enough of you to fill it.
ורבה עליך. ותרבה עליך:
Will multiply against you. וְרַבָּה עָלֶיךָ is to be understood as וְתַרְבֶּה עָלֶיךָ .
מְעַט מְעַט אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ מִפָּנֶיךָ עַד אֲשֶׁר תִּפְרֶה וְנָחַלְתָּ אֶת־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Little by little I will drive them from before you, until you have increased and occupy the land.
Little by little I will drive them from before you, until you have increased and occupy the land.
Rashi
עד אשר תפרה. תרבה, לשון פרי, כמו פרו ורבו:
Until you have increased. [תִּפְרֶה meaning:] increased, from the word פְּרִי (fruit), as in: “(פְּרוּ) Be fruitful and multiply.”
וְשַׁתִּי אֶת־גְּבֻלְךָ מִיַּם־סוּף וְעַד־יָם פְּלִשְׁתִּים וּמִמִּדְבָּר עַד־הַנָּהָר כִּי ׀ אֶתֵּן בְּיֶדְכֶם אֵת יֹשְׁבֵי הָאָרֶץ וְגֵרַשְׁתָּמוֹ מִפָּנֶֽיךָ׃
I will set your borders from the Reed Sea to the Philistine Sea, and from the desert to the [Euphrates] river, for I will deliver into your hands all the inhabitants of the land, and you will drive them away before you.
I will set your borders from the Reed Sea to the Philistine Sea, and from the desert to the [Euphrates] river, for I will deliver into your hands all the inhabitants of the land, and you will drive them away before you.
Rashi
ושתי. לשון השתה, והתי"ו מודגשת מפני שבאה תחת שתים, שאין שיתה בלא תי"ו, והאחת לשמוש:
I will set. [וְשַׁתִּי is] from the word הֲשָׁתָה — “setting.” The letter ת' carries a dagesh because it comes in the place of two [letters ת'], for any form of שִׁיתָה must have a ת' while the other one is a suffix.
עד הנהר. פרת:
To the river. The Euphrates.
וגרשתמו. ותגרשם:
וְגֵרַשְׁתָּמוֹ . And you will drive them away.
לֹֽא־תִכְרֹת לָהֶם וְלֵאלֹֽהֵיהֶם בְּרִֽית׃
Do not make a pact with them or with their gods.
Do not make a pact with them or with their gods.
לֹא יֵשְׁבוּ בְּאַרְצְךָ פֶּן־יַחֲטִיאוּ אֹתְךָ לִי כִּי תַעֲבֹד אֶת־אֱלֹהֵיהֶם כִּֽי־יִהְיֶה לְךָ לְמוֹקֵֽשׁ׃ {פ}
Do not allow them to live in your land, since they may cause you to sin to Me; that you [might] worship their gods, and this would be a [fatal] trap to you.
Do not allow them to live in your land, since they may cause you to sin to Me; that you [might] worship their gods, and this would be a [fatal] trap to you.
Rashi
כי תעבד וגו'. הרי אלו כי משמשין במקום אשר, וכן בכמה מקומות, וזהו לשון אי, שהוא אחד מד' לשונות שהכי משמש, וגם מצינו בהרבה מקומות אם משמש בלשון אשר, כמו וְאִם תַּקְרִיב מִנְחַת בִּכּוּרִים (ויקרא ב, יד), שהיא חובה:
That you [might] worship. Here you have the word כִּי used in the sense of אֲשֶׁר . This is also true in various places. This (the usage here) is actually אִי which is one of the four meanings of כִּי . We often find [the word] אִם being used to convey אֲשֶׁר, as in: “וְאִם you will offer a minchah of the first fruit” which is actually obligatory.
Where next
Keep reading
- Chapter 22
- Chapter 24
- Mishpatim Parsha
לא תשא שמע שוא. כתרגומו לא תקבל שמע דשקר, אזהרה למקבל לשון הרע, ולדיין שלא ישמע דברי בעל דין עד שיבא בעל דין חבירו:
Do not accept a false report. As Onkelos translates it: “Do not accept a false report.” This is an admonition directed to one who accepts (i.e., believes) slanderous talk, and to a judge, that he not listen to the claims of one party until the other party arrives.