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Shemot 13

13:1

וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,

13:2

קַדֶּשׁ־לִי כׇל־בְּכוֹר פֶּטֶר כׇּל־רֶחֶם בִּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בָּאָדָם וּבַבְּהֵמָה לִי הֽוּא׃

“Sanctify to Me all the first-born, that [is the first to] open the womb among the B’nei Yisrael, both of man and beast, it is Mine.”

“Sanctify to Me all the first-born, that [is the first to] open the womb among the B’nei Yisrael, both of man and beast, it is Mine.”

Rashi

פטר כל רחם. שפתח את הרחם תחלה, כמו פֹּוטֵר מַיִם רֵאשִׁית מָדֹון (משלי יז, יד). וכן יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה (תהלים כב, ח), יפתחו שפתים:

That open the womb. [Meaning:] that is the first to open the womb as in: “(פֹּטֵר מַיִם) As one who makes an opening for water, [so is] the beginning of an argument.” Similarly “יַפְטִירוּ בְשָׂפָה” — they will open their lips

לי הוא. לעצמי קניתים, ע"י שהכיתי בכורי מצרים:

It is mine. “I have acquired them for Myself by My having struck down the Egyptian first-born”

13:3

וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָעָם זָכוֹר אֶת־הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה אֲשֶׁר יְצָאתֶם מִמִּצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִים כִּי בְּחֹזֶק יָד הוֹצִיא יְהֹוָה אֶתְכֶם מִזֶּה וְלֹא יֵאָכֵל חָמֵֽץ׃

Moshe said to the people, “Remember this day [as the day] on which you came out of Egypt, from the house of slavery, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought you out from this. You must not eat chametz.

Moshe said to the people, “Remember this day [as the day] on which you came out of Egypt, from the house of slavery, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought you out from this. You must not eat chametz.

Rashi

זכור את היום הזה. למד, שמזכירין יציאת מצרים בכל יום:

Remember this day. This teaches that mention of the Exodus from Egypt should be made every day.

13:4

הַיּוֹם אַתֶּם יֹצְאִים בְּחֹדֶשׁ הָאָבִֽיב׃

On this day you went out, in the month of Aviv [Nissan].

On this day you went out, in the month of Aviv [Nissan].

Rashi

בחדש האביב. וכי לא היינו יודעין באיזה חדש יצאו, אלא כך אמר להם, ראו חסד שגמלכם, שהוציא אתכם בחדש שהוא כָּשֵׁר לצאת, לא חמה, ולא צנה, ולא גשמים, וכן הוא אומר מֹוצִיא אֲסִירִים בַּכֹּושָׁרֹות (תהלים סח, ז), חֹדֶשׁ שהוא כשר לצאת:

In the month of Aviv (Nissan) But did they themselves not know in which month they went out? But this is what He said to them: “See the kindness that He has bestowed upon you, that He took you out in a month in which it is fit to go out — not hot, not cold and not raining. So, too, is it said: “He brings out prisoners בַּכּוֹשָרוֹת,” [בַּכּוֹשָׁרוֹת meaning:] a month that is כָּשֵר (fit) to go out.

13:5

וְהָיָה כִֽי־יְבִיאֲךָ יְהֹוָה אֶל־אֶרֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי וְהַחִתִּי וְהָאֱמֹרִי וְהַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִי אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לַאֲבֹתֶיךָ לָתֶת לָךְ אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ וְעָבַדְתָּ אֶת־הָעֲבֹדָה הַזֹּאת בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּֽה׃

When Adonoy brings you to the land of the Canaanite, the Chittites, the Emorites, the Chivites and the Yevusites, which He swore to your fathers [that He would] give to you—a land flowing with milk and honey—you must conduct this service in this month.

When Adonoy brings you to the land of the Canaanite, the Chittites, the Emorites, the Chivites and the Yevusites, which He swore to your fathers [that He would] give to you—a land flowing with milk and honey—you must conduct this service in this month.

Rashi

אל ארץ הכנעני וגו'. אע"פ שלא מנה אלא חמשה עממין, כל שבעה גוים במשמע (תנחומא בא יב), שכולן בכלל כנעני הם, ואחת ממשפחת כנען היתה שלא נקרא לה שם, אלא כנעני:

To the land of the Canaanite, etc. And although only five nations are enumerated [nevertheless,] all seven nations are implied because Canaan includes them all. There was, however, one among the family of Canaan who had no other name except “Canaanite.”

נשבע לאבתיך וגו'. באברהם הוא אומר, בַּיֹּום הַהוּא כָּרַת ה' אֶת אַבְרָם וגו' (בראשית טו, יח), וביצחק הוא אומר גּוּר בָּאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת וגו' (שם כו, ג), וביעקב הוא אומר הָאַרֶץ אֲשֶׁר אַתָּה שֹׁכֵב עָלֶיהָ וגו' (שם כח, יג):

Swore to your fathers, etc. Concerning Avraham it states: “On that day Adonoy made a covenant with Avram, etc.” Concerning Yitzchok it states: “Stay temporarily in this land, etc.” Concerning Yaakov it states: “The land upon which you are lying, etc.”

זבת חלב ודבש. חלב זב מן העזים, והדבש זב מן התמרים ומן התאנים (רש"י מגילה ו.):

A land flowing with milk and honey. Milk flows from the goats and the honey flows from the dates and figs

את העבודה הזאת. של פסח (פסחים צו.), והלא כבר נאמר למעלה והיה כי תבאו אל הארץ וגו', ולמה חזר ושנאה, בשביל דבר שנתחדש בה, בפרשה ראשונה נאמר וְהָיָה כִּי יֹאמְרוּ אֲלֵיכֶם בְּנֵיכֶם מָה הָעֲבֹדָה הַזֹּאת לָכֶם (שמות יב, כו), בבן רשע הכתוב מדבר שהוציא את עצמו מן הכלל, וכאן והגדת לבנך בבן שאינו יודע לשאול, והכתוב מלמדך שתפתח לו אתה בדברי אגדה המושכין את הלב:

This service. [I.e., the service] of the korbon Pesach. But was this not already stated above: “When you come to the land, etc?” why (then) did he go back and restate it? Because of something new that is introduced. In the previous chapter it is stated, “When your children will ask you, ‘What is this service of yours?’” Scripture [there] is speaking of the evil son, for he excluded himself from the community. But here [it states] “You must tell your son,” referring to the son who does not [even] know what to ask, whereby Scripture teaches you that you must initiate conversation with him with aggadic explanations which attract the heart (i.e., arouse his interest).

13:6

שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצֹּת וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי חַג לַיהֹוָֽה׃

For seven days you must eat matzos, and the seventh day is a festival to Adonoy.

For seven days you must eat matzos, and the seventh day is a festival to Adonoy.

13:7

מַצּוֹת יֵֽאָכֵל אֵת שִׁבְעַת הַיָּמִים וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶה לְךָ חָמֵץ וְלֹֽא־יֵרָאֶה לְךָ שְׂאֹר בְּכׇל־גְּבֻלֶֽךָ׃

Matzos must be eaten these seven days. No chametz may be seen in your possession, and no leaven may be seen in all your boundaries.

Matzos must be eaten these seven days. No chametz may be seen in your possession, and no leaven may be seen in all your boundaries.

13:8

וְהִגַּדְתָּ לְבִנְךָ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לֵאמֹר בַּעֲבוּר זֶה עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה לִי בְּצֵאתִי מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃

You must tell your son [child] on that day saying, ‘Because of this, Adonoy did [this] for me when I came out of Egypt.’

You must tell your son [child] on that day saying, ‘Because of this, Adonoy did [this] for me when I came out of Egypt.’

Rashi

בעבור זה. בעבור שאקיים מצותיו, כגון פסח מצה ומרור הללו:

Because of this. “Because I will fulfill His mitzvos, such as these: Pesach, Matzo, and Maror.

עשה ה' לי. רמז תשובה לבן רשע לומר, עשה ה' לי ולא לך, שאלו היית שם לא היית כדאי ליגאל (מכילתא פי"ז):

Adonoy did [this] for me. This is an allusion to a response to the evil son, saying: “Adonoy did this for me” — “for me, but not for you, for had you been there [in Egypt] you would not have been worthy to be redeemed.

13:9

וְהָיָה לְךָ לְאוֹת עַל־יָדְךָ וּלְזִכָּרוֹן בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ לְמַעַן תִּהְיֶה תּוֹרַת יְהֹוָה בְּפִיךָ כִּי בְּיָד חֲזָקָה הוֹצִֽאֲךָ יְהֹוָה מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃

It shall be to you as a sign on your hand, and for a reminder between your eyes, so that Adonoy’s teachings will be in your mouth, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought you out of Egypt.

It shall be to you as a sign on your hand, and for a reminder between your eyes, so that Adonoy’s teachings will be in your mouth, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought you out of Egypt.

Rashi

והיה לך לאות. יציאת מצרים תהיה לך לאות:

It shall be to you as a sign. The Exodus from Egypt will be to you as a sign —

על ידך ולזכרון בין עיניך. רוצה לומר, שתכתוב פרשיות הללו ותקשרם בראש ובזרוע:

on your hand and a reminder between your eyes. Meaning: that you write these sections and tie them upon the head and upon the arm.

על ידך. יד שמאל, לפיכך ידכה מלא בפרשה שנייה (פסוק טז), לדרוש בה יד שהיא כהה (מכילתא שם — מנחות לז.):

On your hand. On the left hand. This is why יָדְכָה is written “full” (with a ה') in the second section (v. 16) so that it may be explained [as a contraction] of two words יָד שֶׁהִיא כֵהָה (the weak hand).

13:10

וְשָׁמַרְתָּ אֶת־הַחֻקָּה הַזֹּאת לְמוֹעֲדָהּ מִיָּמִים יָמִֽימָה׃ {פ}

You must preserve this statute in its appointed time, from year to year.

You must preserve this statute in its appointed time, from year to year.

Rashi

מימים ימימה. משנה לשנה (שם לו:):

From year to year (lit. days to days). [מִיָּמִים יָמִימָה means] from year to year.

13:11

וְהָיָה כִּֽי־יְבִאֲךָ יְהֹוָה אֶל־אֶרֶץ הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי כַּאֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּע לְךָ וְלַֽאֲבֹתֶיךָ וּנְתָנָהּ לָֽךְ׃

When Adonoy brings you to the land of the Canaanites as He swore to you and to your fathers; and He will have given it to you.

When Adonoy brings you to the land of the Canaanites as He swore to you and to your fathers; and He will have given it to you.

Rashi

והיה כי יבאך. יש מרבותינו שלמדו מכאן, שלא קדשו בכורות הנולדים במדבר, והאומר קדשו מפרש ביאה זו, אם תקיימוהו במדבר, תזכו ליכנס לארץ ותקיימוהו שם (מכילתא שם):

When Adonoy brings you. There are some of our Sages who learned from here that the first-born of the wilderness were not sanctified. The one whose opinion it is that they were sanctified explains this “coming into [Eretz Yisrael]” thus: If you will fulfill it (the sanctification of the first-born) in the wilderness, you will merit entering the land and you will [continue to] fulfill it there.

נשבע לך. והיכן נשבע לך, וְהֵבֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם אֶל הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נָשָׂאתִי וגו' (שמות ו, ח):

He swore to you. And where did He swear this to you? [when He said,] “I will bring you to the land about which I raised My Hand [as an oath], etc.”

ונתנה לך. תהא בעיניך כאילו נתנה לך בו ביום, ואל תהי בעיניך כירושת אבות (מכילתא פי"ח):

And He will have given it to you. You should consider it as if He had given it to you on the same day and do not consider it as if it were an inheritance from your ancestors.

13:12

וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ כׇל־פֶּֽטֶר־רֶחֶם לַֽיהֹוָה וְכׇל־פֶּטֶר ׀ שֶׁגֶר בְּהֵמָה אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה לְךָ הַזְּכָרִים לַיהֹוָֽה׃

[At that time] you must pass on, [set aside] every one that [is first to] open the womb, to Adonoy. Every firstling that is dropped [born] by animals that belong to you, the males shall belong to Adonoy.

[At that time] you must pass on, [set aside] every one that [is first to] open the womb, to Adonoy. Every firstling that is dropped [born] by animals that belong to you, the males shall belong to Adonoy.

Rashi

והעברת. אין והעברת אלא לשון הפרשה, וכן הוא אומר וְהַעֲבַרְתֶּם אֶת נַחֲלָתֹו לְבִתֹּו (במדבר כז, ח):

You must set aside. וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ is a term denoting setting aside similarly it says: “וְהַעֲבַרְתֶּם — You shall set aside his inheritance for his daughter.”

שגר בהמה. נֵפֶל, ששגרתו אמו ושלחתו בלא עתו, ולמדך הכתוב שהוא קדוש בבכורה לפטור את הבא אחריו, ואף שאינו נפל קרוי שגר, כמו שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ, אבל זה לא בא אלא ללמד על הנפל, שהרי כבר כתב כל פטר רחם, ואם תאמר אף בכור בהמה טמאה במשמע, בא ופירש במקום אחר בִּבְקָרְךָ וּבְצֹאנְךָ. לשון אחר יש לפרש והעברת כל פטר רחם, בבכור אדם הכתוב מדבר:

That is dropped (born) by animals. One prematurely born where the mother “drops” him and sends him out before his time. Scripture teaches you [that though it will not survive] that it is sanctified as a first-born in so far as exempting the one born afterwards. Although even one not born prematurely is also referred to as שֶׁגֶר as in שְׁגַר אֲלָפֶיךָ — “those born of your herds,” nevertheless, here it refers only to one of premature birth because it has already stated: “everyone that is first to open the womb.” Should you ask: does it refer also to a first-born of an unclean animal? [I would answer:] the Torah already was explicit elsewhere: “of your cattle and sheep.” There is a possible alternate explanation. וְהַעֲבַרְתָּ כָל פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם it is to the first-born of man that Scripture refers.

13:13

וְכׇל־פֶּטֶר חֲמֹר תִּפְדֶּה בְשֶׂה וְאִם־לֹא תִפְדֶּה וַעֲרַפְתּוֹ וְכֹל בְּכוֹר אָדָם בְּבָנֶיךָ תִּפְדֶּֽה׃

Redeem each firstling donkey with a sheep. If it is not redeemed, you must break its neck. Redeem every first-born male among your sons.

Redeem each firstling donkey with a sheep. If it is not redeemed, you must break its neck. Redeem every first-born male among your sons.

Rashi

פטר חמור. ולא פטר שאר בהמה טמאה, גזרת הכתוב היא, לפי שנמשלו בכורי מצרים לחמורים, ועוד שסייעו את ישראל ביציאתן ממצרים, (שאין לך אחד מישראל שלא נטל הרבה חמורים) טעונים מכספם ומזהבם של מצרים:

Firstling donkey. But not the firstling of any other unclean animal. This is a Scriptural decree because the Egyptian first-born are compared to donkeys. Also because [the donkeys] were helpful to Israel when they left Egypt [for there was not a single Israelite who did not take many donkeys] loaded with the silver and gold of Egypt.

תפדה בשה. נותן שה לכהן, ופטר חמור מותר בהנאה והשה חולין ביד כהן:

Redeem with a sheep. He gives a sheep to the kohein. and the firstling donkey is permitted to be used. The sheep is not sacred in the possession of the kohein

וערפתו. עורפו בקופיץ מאחוריו והורגו, הוא הפסיד ממונו של כהן לפיכך יפסיד ממונו (מכילתא פי"ח):

You must break its neck. He breaks its neck with an ax from behind and kills it. He caused the kohein a monetary loss. Consequently, he suffers a loss of his money.

וכל בכור אדם בבניך תפדה. חמש סלעים פדיונו, קצוב במקום אחר:

Redeem every first-born male among your sons. His five selaim redemption value is established in another place.

13:14

וְהָיָה כִּֽי־יִשְׁאָלְךָ בִנְךָ מָחָר לֵאמֹר מַה־זֹּאת וְאָמַרְתָּ אֵלָיו בְּחֹזֶק יָד הוֹצִיאָנוּ יְהֹוָה מִמִּצְרַיִם מִבֵּית עֲבָדִֽים׃

When your son asks you at a later time saying ‘What is this?’ You should say to him, “With a strong hand Adonoy brought us out of Egypt from the house of slavery.

When your son asks you at a later time saying ‘What is this?’ You should say to him, “With a strong hand Adonoy brought us out of Egypt from the house of slavery.

Rashi

כי ישאלך בנך מחר. יש מחר שהיא עכשיו ויש מחר שהוא לאחר זמן, כגון זה, וכגון מָחָר יֹאמְרוּ בְנֵיכֶם לְבָנֵינוּ (יהושע כב, כז), דבני גד ובני ראובן:

When your son asks you at a later time. There is a מָחָר that is immediate and there is a מָחָר that denotes a later time, for example this one [of this verse], and, for example: “(מָחָר) tomorrow your children will say to our children.” in the matter of the children of Gad and Reuvein.

מה זאת. זה תינוק טפש שאינו יודע להעמיק שאלתו, וסותם ושואל מה זאת, ובמקום אחר הוא אומר מָה הָעֵדֹת וְהַחֻקִּים וְהַמִּשְׁפָּטִים וגו' (דברים ו, כ), הרי זאת שאלת בן חכם. דברה תורה כנגד ארבעה בנים, תם, רשע, ושאינו יודע לשאול, והשואל דרך חכמה:

“What is this?” [The question] of a dull child who is unable to ask a profound question and asks indefinitely, “What is this?” Elsewhere it states: “What are [the meanings] of the testimonies the statutes, and the laws, etc.?” That is the question of the wise son. The Torah thus speaks of four [different] sons: The dull one, the wicked one, the one who does not know what to ask and the one who asks wisely.

13:15

וַיְהִי כִּֽי־הִקְשָׁה פַרְעֹה לְשַׁלְּחֵנוּ וַיַּהֲרֹג יְהֹוָה כׇּל־בְּכוֹר בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מִבְּכֹר אָדָם וְעַד־בְּכוֹר בְּהֵמָה עַל־כֵּן אֲנִי זֹבֵחַ לַֽיהֹוָה כׇּל־פֶּטֶר רֶחֶם הַזְּכָרִים וְכׇל־בְּכוֹר בָּנַי אֶפְדֶּֽה׃

When Pharaoh stubbornly refused to send us out, Adonoy killed every first-born in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of man to the first-born of beast. I am therefore sacrificing to Adonoy all that [is first to] open the womb which are male, and the first-born of my sons I redeem.’

When Pharaoh stubbornly refused to send us out, Adonoy killed every first-born in the land of Egypt, from the first-born of man to the first-born of beast. I am therefore sacrificing to Adonoy all that [is first to] open the womb which are male, and the first-born of my sons I redeem.’

13:16

וְהָיָה לְאוֹת עַל־יָדְכָה וּלְטוֹטָפֹת בֵּין עֵינֶיךָ כִּי בְּחֹזֶק יָד הוֹצִיאָנוּ יְהֹוָה מִמִּצְרָֽיִם׃ {ס}        

[These words] shall be a sign on your hand and for totafos between your eyes, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought us out of Egypt.”

[These words] shall be a sign on your hand and for totafos between your eyes, for with a strong hand Adonoy brought us out of Egypt.”

Rashi

ולטוטפות בין עיניך. תפילין, ועל שם שהם ארבעה בתים קרוין טטפת, טט בְּכַתְּפֵי שתים, פת באפריקי שתים (סנהדרין ד:). ומנחם חברו עם וְהַטֵּף אֶל דָּרֹום (יחזקאל כא, ב), אַל תַּטִיפוּ (מיכה ב, ו), לשון דבור, כמו ולזכרון בין עיניך האמורה בפרשה ראשונה, שהרואה אותם קשורים בין העינים, יזכור הנס וידבר בו:

And for totafos between your eyes. [וּלְטֹטָפֹת refers to] tephillin Since they consist of four compartments they are called טֹטָפֹת — טַט in the Kathphi language is two פַּת in the Afriki language is two. Menachem records it in his machberes with: “(וְהַטֵּף) and speak to the south” and: אַל תַּטִּיפוּ — “Do not speak” [וְהַטֵּף and תַּטִּיפוּ being] terms for speaking, corresponding to: “and a reminder between your eyes” which is said in the first section, for whoever sees them tied between the eyes, will remember the miracle and speak about it.

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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