Shemot
Mishpatim, Aliyah 5 משפטים, חמישי
Reading: Hebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlyHebrew · Simple EnglishHebrew · Faithful translationHebrew onlySimple English onlyFaithful translation onlySide by sideRashi
Shemot 23
לֹא תַטֶּה מִשְׁפַּט אֶבְיֹנְךָ בְּרִיבֽוֹ׃
Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.
Do not bend justice [even] for your needy in his dispute.
Rashi
מִדְּבַר־שֶׁקֶר תִּרְחָק וְנָקִי וְצַדִּיק אַֽל־תַּהֲרֹג כִּי לֹא־אַצְדִּיק רָשָֽׁע׃
Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.
Keep far away from anything false. Do not kill an innocent righteous man, for I will not acquit a wicked person.
Rashi
ונקי וצדיק אל תהרג. מנין ליוצא מבית דין חייב, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו זכות, שמחזירין אותו, תלמוד לומר ונקי אל תהרוג, ואף על פי שאינו צדיק, שלא נצטדק בבית דין, מכל מקום נקי הוא מדין מיתה, שהרי יש לך לזכותו. ומנין ליוצא מבית דין זכאי, ואמר אחד יש לי ללמד עליו חובה שאין מחזירין אותו לבית דין, תלמוד לומר וצדיק אל תהרג, וזה צדיק הוא, שנצטדק בבית דין:
Do not kill an innocent righteous man. From where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been convicted and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his innocence!” that we bring him (the defendant) back? Because the Torah states (addressing the court): “Do not kill an innocent man.” And though he may not be a righteous man for he has not yet been acquitted in court, nevertheless he is (נָקִי) innocent from a death verdict for you must try to vindicate him. And from where do we derive [that in a case] where one has left the court after having been found innocent, and a person says: “I have evidence to suggest his guilt,” that we do not bring him back to court? Because the Torah states: “Do not kill a righteous person!” And this [defendant] is considered righteous for he has been acquitted by the court —
כי לא אצדיק רשע. אין עליך להחזירו, כי אני לא אצדיקנו בדינו אם יצא מידך זכאי, יש לי שלוחים הרבה להמיתו במיתה שנתחייב בה:
for I will not acquit a wicked person. There is no need for you to bring him back for I will not vindicate him when I judge him,” [because even] if he has left your hands acquitted, I have many agents to put him to death, with that death to which he is actually liable.
וְשֹׁחַד לֹא תִקָּח כִּי הַשֹּׁחַד יְעַוֵּר פִּקְחִים וִֽיסַלֵּף דִּבְרֵי צַדִּיקִֽים׃
Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.
Do not accept bribery, for bribery blinds the clear-sighted, and perverts the words of justice.
Rashi
ושחד לא תקח. אפילו לשפוט אמת, וכל שכן כדי להטות את הדין, שהרי כדי להטות את הדין נאמר כבר לא תטה משפט:
Do not accept bribery. Even if you intend to judge truthfully. And it is certainly [prohibited] [when you take the bribe] to pervert justice. For regarding the perversion of justice it has already been stated: “Do not distort justice!”
יעור פקחים. ואפילו חכם בתורה ונוטל שוחד, סוף שתטרף דעתו עליו, וישתכח תלמודו, ויכהה מאור עיניו (מכילתא פ"כ):
Blinds the clear-sighted. Even if he is wise in the Torah and takes a bribe, his mind will ultimately become muddled and he will forget his learning and the light of his eyes will dim.
ויסלף. כתרגומו ומקלקל:
And perverts. As Onkelos translates it: “ruins.”
דברי צדיקים. דברים המצודקים, משפטי אמת, וכן תרגומו פתגמין תריצין, ישרים:
The words of justice. [דִבְרֵי צַדִיקִים means:] words that are just, i.e., the judgments of truth (viz., the Torah). So, too, does Onkelos translate it: “words that are תְּרִיצִין — righteous.”
וְגֵר לֹא תִלְחָץ וְאַתֶּם יְדַעְתֶּם אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הַגֵּר כִּֽי־גֵרִים הֱיִיתֶם בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Do not oppress a stranger. You [should] know the soul [feelings] of the stranger, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt.
Rashi
וגר לא תלחץ. בהרבה מקומות הזהירה תורה על הגר, מפני שסורו רע (בבא מציעא נט:):
Do not oppress a stranger. In many places, the Torah issues warnings regarding the גֵר because סורו (his inclination) is bad.
את נפש הגר. כמה קשה לו כשלוחצים אותו:
The soul of the stranger. How hard it is for him when he is oppressed.
וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים תִּזְרַע אֶת־אַרְצֶךָ וְאָסַפְתָּ אֶת־תְּבוּאָתָֽהּ׃
You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.
You may sow your land for six years, and gather its crops.
Rashi
ואספת את תבואתה. לשון הכנסה לבית, כמו וַאֲסַפְתֹּו אֶל תֹּוךְ בֵּיתֶךָ (דברים כב, ב):
And gather its crops. [וְאָסַפְתָּ is] a term for “bringing into the house,” “You shall gather it into your house.”
וְהַשְּׁבִיעִת תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ וְאָֽכְלוּ אֶבְיֹנֵי עַמֶּךָ וְיִתְרָם תֹּאכַל חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה כֵּֽן־תַּעֲשֶׂה לְכַרְמְךָ לְזֵיתֶֽךָ׃
But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].
But on the seventh [year] you must let it rest, and abandon it [by not eating its produce], and let the needy among your people eat it. What they leave over, the beasts of the field can eat. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive [trees].
Rashi
תשמטנה. מעבודה:
You must let it rest — from working [the fields] —
ונטשתה. מאכילה אחר זמן הביעור. דבר אחר תשמטנה, מעבודה גמורה, כגון חרישה וזריעה. ונטשתה, מלזבל ומלקשקש:
and abandon it — from eating [its crops] after “the time of removal.” An alternate explanation [of תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ]: “You must let it rest” from real work, such as plowing and sowing; “and abandon it” from manuring and hoeing.
ויתרם תאכל חית השדה. להקיש מאכל אביון למאכל חיה, מה חיה אוכלת בלא מעשר, אף אביונים אוכלים בלא מעשר, מכאן אמרו אין מעשר בשביעית (מכילתא פ"כ):
What they leave over, beasts of the field can eat. This is to compare the food of the poor to the food of the wild beast. Just as the wild beast eats without tithing so, too, do the poor eat without tithing. It is from here that they (the Sages) stated that there is no obligation to tithe during the seventh year.
כן תעשה לכרמך. ותחלת המקרא מדבר בשדה הלבן, כמו שאמר למעלה הימנו תזרע את ארצך:
Do the same with your vineyard. But the beginning of the verse [תִּשְׁמְטֶנָּה וּנְטַשְׁתָּהּ] deals with a grainfield, as it says, preceding that: “You may sow your land.”
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂיךָ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבֹּת לְמַעַן יָנוּחַ שֽׁוֹרְךָ וַחֲמֹרֶךָ וְיִנָּפֵשׁ בֶּן־אֲמָתְךָ וְהַגֵּֽר׃
You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.
You may do your work six days, but on the seventh day you must cease; so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and the son of your female slave may be refreshed, and [also] the stranger.
Rashi
וביום השביעי תשבת. אף בשנה השביעית לא תעקר שבת בראשית ממקומה (שם), שלא תאמר, הואיל וכל השנה קרויה שבת, לא תנהג בה שבת בראשית:
But on the seventh day you must cease. Even during the shemittah-year do not cancel the weekly Shabbos from its rightful place. Do not say that since the entire year is called Shabbos there is no need for you to observe the weekly Shabbos.
למען ינוח שורך וחמורך. תן לו נייח, להתיר שיהא תולש ואוכל עשבים מן הקרקע, או אינו אלא יחבשנו בתוך הבית, אמרת, אין זה נייח אלא צער:
So that your ox and your donkey may rest. [Meaning:] allow it to relax, permitting it to tear up and eat the grass from the ground. Or perhaps this is not so, but rather he must tie it within the house. To this say: this is not relaxation but suffering.
בן אמתך. בעבד הערל הכתוב מדבר (שם):
The son of your female slave. The verse here deals with an uncircumcised slave.
והגר. זה גר תושב:
And the stranger. This refers to a גֵר תּוֹשָׁב — “a settler.”
וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ וְשֵׁם אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים לֹא תַזְכִּירוּ לֹא יִשָּׁמַע עַל־פִּֽיךָ׃
Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.
Preserve everything that I have said to you. Do not mention the name of other gods. You must not cause it to be heard through your mouth.
Rashi
ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו. לעשות כל מצות עשה באזהרה, שכל שמירה שבתורה אזהרה היא במקום לאו (יל"ש שנה, בשם המכילתא):
Preserve everything that I have said to you. This intends to make every positive precept [as stringent] as a negative precept. For wherever the Torah uses a form of שְׁמִירָה it is intended as an admonition for a negative precept.
לא תזכירו. שלא יאמר לו, שמור לי בצד עבודת אלילים פלונית (סנהדרין סג:), או תעמוד עמי ביום עבודת אלילים פלונית. דבר אחר ובכל אשר אמרתי אליכם תשמרו ושם אלהים אחרים לא תזכירו, ללמדך, ששקולה עבודת אלילים כנגד כל המצות כולם, והנזהר בה כשומר את כולן:
Do not mention. [Meaning:] that one may not say [to another]: “Wait for me next to such and such an idol,” or: “Stay with me on the holiday of such and such an idol.” An alternate explanation: “Preserve everything that I have said to you,” [next to:] “Do not mention the name of other gods,” comes to teach you that idol-worship is equal [in severity] to all the precepts in their entirety. And that one who is scrupulous in not transgressing it is equal to one who observes them all.
לא ישמע. מן הנכרי: על פיך. שלא תעשה שותפות עם עובדי כוכבים, וישבע לך בעבודת אלילים שלו, נמצאת שאתה גורם שיזכיר על ידך:
You must not cause it to be heard — from the gentile. Through your mouth [responsibility]. Do not make a [business] partnership with the gentile, whereby he may [ultimately] swear to you in the name of his idol, for consequently you will have caused [the idol’s name] to be mentioned through your actions.
שָׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים תָּחֹג לִי בַּשָּׁנָֽה׃
Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.
Three times a year you are to celebrate with Me.
Rashi
רגלים. פעמים, וכן כִּי הִכִּיתָנִי זֶה שׁלשׁ רְגָלִים (במדבר כב, כח):
Times. [רְגָלִים means:] “times.” Similarly: “that you have struck me three (רְגָלִים) times.”
אֶת־חַג הַמַּצּוֹת תִּשְׁמֹר שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תֹּאכַל מַצּוֹת כַּֽאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ לְמוֹעֵד חֹדֶשׁ הָֽאָבִיב כִּי־בוֹ יָצָאתָ מִמִּצְרָיִם וְלֹא־יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָֽם׃
You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.
You must keep the festival of Matzos. You must eat matzos for seven days, as I have commanded you. [This festival must be celebrated] at the appointed time, during the month when the grain is ripened, for in it [at this time] you went out of Egypt. Do not appear before My Presence empty-handed.
Rashi
חדש האביב. שהתבואה מתמלאת בו באביה. אביב לשון אב, בכור וראשון לבשל פירות:
The month of aviv — when the grain ripens in its (אִבֶּיהָ) stalks. [An alternate explanation:] אָבִיב is from the word אַב i.e., “mature” and the first month to ripen its fruit.
ולא יראו פני ריקם. כשתבאו לראות פני ברגלים, הביאו לי עולות (חגיגה ז.):
Do not appear before My Presence empty handed. “When you come to appear before Me at the festivals, bring Me burnt-offerings.”
וְחַג הַקָּצִיר בִּכּוּרֵי מַעֲשֶׂיךָ אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרַע בַּשָּׂדֶה וְחַג הָֽאָסִף בְּצֵאת הַשָּׁנָה בְּאׇסְפְּךָ אֶֽת־מַעֲשֶׂיךָ מִן־הַשָּׂדֶֽה׃
[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.
[You must also keep] the Festival of Harvest, [with bringing bikurim] the first fruits of your labor, which you planted in the field; [also] the Festival of Ingathering, at the close of the year, when you gather in [the fruits of] your labor from the field.
Rashi
וחג הקציר. הוא חג שבועות:
The Festival of Harvest. This refers to the holiday of Shavuos...
בכורי מעשיך. שהוא זמן הבאת בכורים, ששתי הלחם הבאין בעצרת, היו מתירין החדש למנחות ולהביא בכורים למקדש, שנאמר וּבְיֹום הַבִּכּוּרִים וגו' (במדבר כח, כו):
The first fruits of your Labor — which is the time for bringing the first fruits because the offering of the “two loaves” which are brought on Shavuos, permit the new crop [to be used] for meal offerings and to bring bikkurim to the Beis Hamikdosh, as it is said: “On the Day of Bikkurim, etc....”
וחג האסיף. הוא חג הסוכות:
The Festival of Ingathering. This refers to the holiday of Succos —
באספך את מעשיך. שכל ימות החמה התבואה מתייבשת בשדות, ובחג אוספים אותה אל הבית מפני הגשמים:
when you gather in [the fruits] of your labor. Because the entire summer the grains dry in the fields and during the Succos [season] it is gathered indoors out of the rains.
שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה יֵרָאֶה כׇּל־זְכוּרְךָ אֶל־פְּנֵי הָאָדֹן ׀ יְהֹוָֽה׃
Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.
Three times a year, every male among you must appear before the Presence of the Master, Adonoy.
Rashi
שלש פעמים וגו'. לפי שהענין מדבר בשביעית, הוצרך לומר שלא יתעקרו שלש רגלים ממקומן (מכילתא פ"כ):
Three times, etc. Since the subject here deals with shemittah, it was necessary to state that the Three Festivals will not be cancelled from [taking place at] their allocated times.
כל זכורך. הזכרים שבך:
Every male among you. [זְכוּרְךָ means:] the males among you.
לֹֽא־תִזְבַּח עַל־חָמֵץ דַּם־זִבְחִי וְלֹֽא־יָלִין חֵֽלֶב־חַגִּי עַד־בֹּֽקֶר׃
You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.
You must not sacrifice—while chometz is present—My [Pesach] sacrifice. You must not allow to remain overnight—the fat of My festival-offering—until morning.
Rashi
לא תזבח על חמץ וגו'. לא תשחט את הפסח בי"ד בניסן עד שתבער החמץ (מכילתא שם — פסחים סג):
You must not sacrifice — while chametz is present — etc. Do not slaughter the Pesach korbon on the fourteenth day of Nisan until you remove your chametz.
ולא ילין חלב חגי וגו'. חוץ למזבח:
You must not allow to remain overnight — the fat of My festival-offering, etc. — away from the altar —
עד בקר. יכול אף על המערכה יפסל בלינה, תלמוד לומר עַל מֹוקְדָה עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ כָּל הַלַּיְלָה (ויקרא ו, ב):
Until morning. One might think that even [if it were] on the wood-pile [of the altar], it would nevertheless become unfit due to its having remained overnight. Therefore the Torah says: “On the fireplace, on the altar all night.”
ולא ילין. אין לינה אלא בעמוד השחר, שנאמר עד בקר, אבל כל הלילה יכול להעלותו מן הרצפה למזבח:
You must not allow to remain overnight. It is not considered [unfit due to] לִינָה unless it [was not placed on the altar] by dawn, as it is said: “Until morning.” But the entire night he may lift it up from the ground onto the altar.
רֵאשִׁית בִּכּוּרֵי אַדְמָתְךָ תָּבִיא בֵּית יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ לֹֽא־תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}
The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.
The beginning of the first fruits of your land must be brought to the House of Adonoy, your God. You must not cook a young animal in the milk of its mother.
Rashi
ראשית בכורי אדמתך. אף השביעית חייבת בבכורים, לכך נאמר אף כאן בכורי אדמתך. כיצד, אדם נכנס לתוך שדהו, רואה תאנה שבכרה, כורך עליה גמי לסימן ומקדישה. ואין בכורים אלא משבעת המינין האמורין במקרא אֶרֶץ חִטָּה וּשׂעֹרָה וגו' (דברים ח, ח):
The beginning of the first fruits of your land. Even during the seventh year bikkurim is obligatory. It is for this reason that [the Torah] states even here [regarding the seventh year]: “The first fruits of your land.” What is the procedure [for setting aside bikkurim]? A man who, upon entering his field, sees a fig that has ripened. He ties a reed around it to identify it and thereby designates it [as bikkurim]. Bikkurim need to be brought only from the seven species which are listed in Scripture: “A land of wheat, barley, etc; (grapes, figs pomegranates, olives, dates.)”
לא תבשל גדי. אף עגל וכבש בכלל גדי, שאין גדי אלא לשון ולד רך, ממה שאתה מוצא בכמה מקומות בתורה שכתוב גדי והוצרך לפרש אחריו עזים, כגון אָנֹכִי אֲשַׁלַּח גְּדִי עִזִּים (בראשית לח, יז), אֶת גְּדִי הָעִזִים (שם כ), שְׁנֵי גְּדָיֵי עִזִּים (שם כז, ט). ללמדך שכל מקום שנאמר גדי סתם, אף עגל וכבש במשמע. ובג' מקומות נכתב בתורה, אחד לאיסור אכילה, ואחד לאיסור הנאה, ואחד לאיסור בשול (חולין קטו:):
You must not cook a young animal. A calf and a sheep are also implied in “גְּדִי” because “גְּדִי” represents any tender, newborn animal, [as can be inferred] from the fact that you find in a number of places in the Torah that גְּדִי is written, and it is necessary to explain afterward: עִזִּים — goats, for example: “I will send גְּדִי עִזִּים — a goat,” or: “the גְּדִי הָעִזִּים — goat,” or: “two גְּדַיֵי עִזִּים — goats,” thereby teaching you that wherever גְּדִי is mentioned without specification, then a calf and a sheep are also implied. [The prohibition of לֹא תְבַשֵּׁל גְּדִי בַּחֲלֵב אִמּוֹ] is written three times in the Torah: once to prohibit the eating [of meat cooked with milk], another to prohibit deriving any benefit from them, and once to prohibit cooking them.
אבינך. לשון אובה, שהוא מדולדל ותאב לכל טובה (שם קיא:):
Your needy. [אֶבְיֹנְךָ is] from the root אבה — “longing,” for he is destitute and longs for anything good.