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Shemot 31

31:18

וַיִּתֵּן אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כְּכַלֹּתוֹ לְדַבֵּר אִתּוֹ בְּהַר סִינַי שְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת לֻחֹת אֶבֶן כְּתֻבִים בְּאֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִֽים׃

And He [Adonoy] gave to Moshe—when He finished speaking with him on Mount Sinai—two Tablets of the Testimony. They were stone tablets, written with God’s finger.

And He [Adonoy] gave to Moshe—when He finished speaking with him on Mount Sinai—two Tablets of the Testimony. They were stone tablets, written with God’s finger.

Rashi

ויתן אל משה וגו'. אין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה, מעשה העגל קודם לצווי מלאכת המשכן ימים רבים היה, שהרי בי"ז בתמוז נשתברו הלוחות, וביום הכפורים נתרצה הקב"ה לישראל, ולמחרת התחילו בנדבת המשכן והוקם באחד בניסן. (צ"ע טובא, דילמא הכל כסדר, וצווי הקב"ה למשה היה בארבעים ימים הראשונים, טרם עשותם העגל, וקודם רדתו מההר עשו העגל, ומשה לא הגיד לישראל צווי המשכן עד למחרת יום הכפורים, שהיו ישראל מרוצים להקב"ה, וכן הוא בהדיא בזוהר ויקהל, אשר על כן בצווי הקב"ה כתיב מאת כל איש, דהיינו גם ערב רב, כמו שדרשו רבותינו ז"ל, איש איש, מלמד וכו', ומשה בציווי אמר לישראל, קחו מאתכם דייקא, ולא מערב רב, לפי שהם גרמו בנזקין וק"ל):

And He gave to Moshe, etc. There is no “earlier” or “later” in the Torah. [Here, too], the event of the Calf preceded the command regarding the work of the mishkon by many days. For on the seventeenth of Tammuz the tablets were broken and on Yom Kippur God was reconciled to the Israelites. On the following day they began contributing towards the mishkon which was erected on the first of Nissan.

ככלתו. ככלתו, כתיב חסר, שנמסרה לו תורה במתנה ככלה לחתן, שלא היה יכול ללמוד כולה בזמן מועט כזה. דבר אחר, מה כלה מתקשטת בכ"ד קשוטין, הן האמורים בספר ישעיה (ג, ח—כד), אף תלמיד חכם צריך להיות בקי בכ"ד ספרים:

When He finished. It is written כְּכַלָּתוֹ (with no ו' after the ל') [suggesting] that the Torah was given to him as a gift, as a bride [is given] to a groom because [otherwise] he could not have learned it all in such a short time. An alternate explanation [of כְּכַלָתוֹ]: just as a bride adorns herself with 24 adornments — those enumerated in the book of Yeshaiyahu — so, too, must a Torah scholar be knowledgeable in the twenty-four books.

לדבר אתו. החקים והמשפטים שבואלה המשפטים:

Speaking with him. The statutes and laws in (parshas) Mishpatim.

לדבר אתו. מלמד שהיה משה שומע מפי הגבורה, וחוזרין ושונין את ההלכה שניהם יחד:

Speaking with him. This teaches that Moshe would hear from God then they both reviewed and studied the halachah together.

לחת. לחת כתיב, שהיו שתיהן שוות:

Tablets. It is written לֻחַת (without a ו' after the ח') to indicate that they were both of equal [dimensions].

Shemot 32

32:1

וַיַּרְא הָעָם כִּֽי־בֹשֵׁשׁ מֹשֶׁה לָרֶדֶת מִן־הָהָר וַיִּקָּהֵל הָעָם עַֽל־אַהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלָיו קוּם ׀ עֲשֵׂה־לָנוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר יֵֽלְכוּ לְפָנֵינוּ כִּי־זֶה ׀ מֹשֶׁה הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר הֶֽעֱלָנוּ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֹא יָדַעְנוּ מֶה־הָיָה לֽוֹ׃

[When] the people saw that Moshe was late in coming down from the mountain, they gathered against Aharon, and said to him, “Arise, make us gods that will lead us, for this Moshe, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what happened to him.”

[When] the people saw that Moshe was late in coming down from the mountain, they gathered against Aharon, and said to him, “Arise, make us gods that will lead us, for this Moshe, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what happened to him.”

Rashi

כי בשש משה. כתרגומו לשון איחור, וכן בּ שֵׁשׁ רִכְבֹּו (שופטים ה, כח), וַיָּחִילוּ עַד בֹּושׁ (שם ג, כה), כי כשעלה משה להר אמר להם, לסוף ארבעים יום אני בא בתוך ו' שעות, כסבורים הם שאותו יום שעלה מן המנין הוא, והוא אמר להם שלימים, ארבעים יום ולילו עמו, ויום עלייתו אין לילו עמו, שהרי בז' בסיון עלה, נמצא יום ארבעים בשבעה עשר בתמוז, בי"ו בא השטן וערבב את העולם, והראה דמות חשך ואפלה וערבוביא, לומר ודאי מת משה לכך בא ערבוביא לעולם, אמר להם מת משה שכבר באו שש שעות ולא בא וכו', כדאיתא במסכת שבת (פט.), ואי אפשר לומר שלא טעו אלא ביום המעונן, בין קודם חצות בין לאחר חצות, שהרי לא ירד משה עד יום המחרת, שנאמר וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ מִמָּחֳרָת וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹות:

That Moshe was late. As Onkelos translates it — a term for lateness. Similarly: “[Why] is the rider (בּשֵׁשׁ) late?” [or:] “They waited until (בּוֹשׁ) it was late.” For when Moshe ascended the mountain he had told them: “At the end of forty days I will return within [the first] six hours.” They thought that the day that he ascended is included [in the forty days] but, actually, he had told them “full [days]” [i.e.] forty days, each day with its preceding night. But the day that he ascended, its night was not part of it for he ascended on the seventh of Sivan. Consequently the actual 40th day was the seventeenth of Tammuz. On the sixteenth (of Tammuz) the Satan came and caused disorder in the world by creating the appearance of darkness, deep gloom and confusion [so as to lead people] to say: “Moshe has certainly died and therefore the world has been thrown into disorder.” He said to them: “Moshe has died, for six hours have already come and he still has not come, etc.” as is related in Tractate Shabbos. It is impossible to say that their mistake was due only to a cloudy day whether it was before or after noon, for Moshe did not descend until the following day, as it is said: “They arose early the next morning and offered burnt-offerings.”

אשר ילכו לפנינו. אלהות הרבה איוו להם:

That will lead us. They yearned to have many gods.

כי זה משה האיש. כמין דמות משה הראה להם השטן, שנושאים אותו באויר רקיע השמים:

For this Moshe, the man. The Satan showed them a likeness of Moshe being carried in the air high in the sky.

אשר העלנו מארץ מצרים. והיה מורה לנו דרך אשר נעלה בה, עתה צריכין אנו לאלהות אשר ילכו לפנינו:

Who brought us up from the land of Egypt — and taught us the way to go; now we need gods who will go before us.

32:2

וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם אַהֲרֹן פָּֽרְקוּ נִזְמֵי הַזָּהָב אֲשֶׁר בְּאׇזְנֵי נְשֵׁיכֶם בְּנֵיכֶם וּבְנֹתֵיכֶם וְהָבִיאוּ אֵלָֽי׃

Aharon said to them, “Remove the golden rings which are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters and bring them to me.”

Aharon said to them, “Remove the golden rings which are on the ears of your wives, your sons, and your daughters and bring them to me.”

Rashi

באזני נשיכם. אמר אהרן בלבו, הנשים והילדים חסים בתכשיטיהן, שמא יתעכב הדבר, ובתוך כך יבא משה, והם לא המתינו ופרקו מעל עצמן:

On the ears of your wives. Aharon thought to himself: the women and children fancy their jewelry, perhaps, [as a result], the thing will be delayed and in the meantime Moshe will arrive. But they did not wait [for the women and children] and took off [their own jewelry] from themselves.

פרקו. לשון צווי, מגזרת פרק ליחיד, כמו ברכו מגזרת ברך:

Remove. פָּרְקוּ is a plural imperative (a command) derived from פָּרֵק in the singular as in בָּרְכוּ derived from בָּרֵךְ .

32:3

וַיִּתְפָּֽרְקוּ כׇּל־הָעָם אֶת־נִזְמֵי הַזָּהָב אֲשֶׁר בְּאׇזְנֵיהֶם וַיָּבִיאוּ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹֽן׃

All the people removed the golden rings which were on their ears, and brought them to Aharon.

All the people removed the golden rings which were on their ears, and brought them to Aharon.

Rashi

ויתפרקו. לשון פריקת משא, כשנטלום מאזניהם נמצאו הם מפורקים מנזמיהם, דישקריי"ר בלע"ז (ענטלאזטעט):

They removed. [וַיִתְפָּרְקוּ] has the meaning of unloading a burden, for when they removed them from their ears they became “unloaded” of their rings, descharjier in Old French.

את נזמי. כמו מנזמי, כמו כְּצֵאתִי אֶת הָעִיר (שמות ט, כט), מן העיר:

אֶת נִזְמֵי . As if it were: מִנִּזְמֵי — “of the rings,” as in: “As soon as I go out (אֶת הָעִיר)” [meaning:] (from) of the city.

32:4

וַיִּקַּח מִיָּדָם וַיָּצַר אֹתוֹ בַּחֶרֶט וַֽיַּעֲשֵׂהוּ עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלֶּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלוּךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

He took them from their hands, and formed it with [a goldsmith’s] engraving tool, and made it into a molten calf. They [then] said, “These, Yisrael, are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.

He took them from their hands, and formed it with [a goldsmith’s] engraving tool, and made it into a molten calf. They [then] said, “These, Yisrael, are your gods who brought you up from the land of Egypt.

Rashi

ויצר אותו בחרט. יש לתרגמו בשני פנים, האחד ויצר לשון קשירה, בחרט לשון סודר, כמו וְהַמִּטְפָּחֹות וְהָחֲרִיטִים (ישעיה ג, כב), וַיָּצַר כִּכְּרַיִם כֶּסֶף בִּשְׁנֵי חֲרִיטִים (מלכים־ב ה, כג). והב' ויצר לשון צורה, בחרט כלי אומנות הצורפין שחורצין וחורטין בו צורות בזהב, כעט סופר החורט אותיות בלוחות ופנקסין, כמו וּכְתֹב עָלָיו בְּחֶרֶט אֱנֹושׁ (ישעיה ח, א), וזהו שתרגם אונקלוס וְצַר יָתֵיהּ בְּזִיפָא, לשון זיוף הוא, כלי אומנות שחורצין בו בזהב אותיות ושקדים שקורין בלע"ז ניי"ל (גראבשטיכל), ומזייפין על ידו חותמות:

And formed it with an engraving tool. This can be translated two ways: The first: וַיָּצַר as a term for tying and בַּחֶרֶט as a term for a cloth, as in: “the shawls (וְהַחֲרִיטִים) and the cloths,” [or:] “He tied two kikar of silver in two (חֲרִיטִים) cloths.” The second: וַיָּצַר as a term for forming images; בַּחֶרֶט, a tool used by goldsmiths with which they scrape and engrave images into gold, like the stylus of a scribe who engraves letters onto tablets and ledgers, as in: “And write on it with a man’s (בַּחֶרֶט) stylus.” This was Onkelos’ intent when he translated it: “He engraved it with a זִיפָא, from the word זִיּוּף — “forgery.” It is a tool for engraving letters and designs in gold, referred to in Old French as neel, and through it seals can be forged.

עגל מסכה. כיון שהשליכו לָאוּר בַּכּוּר, באו מכשפי ערב רב שעלו עמהם ממצרים ועשאוהו בכשפים, ויש אומרים מיכה היה שם, שיצא מתוך דמוסי בנין שנתמעך בו במצרים (סנהדרין קא:), והיה בידו שם וטס, שכתב בו משה עלה שור עלה שור להעלות ארונו של יוסף מתוך נילוס, והשליכו לתוך הַכּוּר, ויצא העגל:

A molten calf. As soon as he threw it into the fire, in a melting pot, the magicians of the riffraff came — those who went up with them from Egypt — and made it (the Calf) by means of magic. Some say that Michah was there for he had come out of the foundations of a building into which he had been crushed in Egypt. He had in his hand an amulet and a plate onto which Moshe had written: “Arise ox! Arise ox!,” with which to bring up Yoseif’s bier from the Nile, and he (Michah) threw it into the melting pot and out came the Calf.

מסכה. לשון מתכת. דבר אחר, קכ"ה קנטרין זהב היו בו, כגימטריא של מסכה:

Molten. [מַסֵּכָה is] a word that relates to metal. An alternate explanation [of מַסֵּכָה]: There were 125 kikars of gold in it (the Calf), equal to the gematria (the numerical value) of מַסֵּכָה .

אלה אלהיך. ולא נאמר אלה אלהינו, מכאן שערב רב שעלו ממצרים הם שנקהלו על אהרן והם שעשאוהו, ואחר כך הטעו את ישראל אחריו:

These are your Gods. It does not say: These are our gods. From this [we derive] that the riffraff that came up from Egypt were the ones that gathered against Aharon and were the ones that made it (the Calf), and afterwards misled the Israelites to follow it.

32:5

וַיַּרְא אַהֲרֹן וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ לְפָנָיו וַיִּקְרָא אַֽהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמַר חַג לַיהֹוָה מָחָֽר׃

[When] Aharon saw [this], he built an altar before it. Aharon then called out and said: “Tomorrow will be a festival to Adonoy.”

[When] Aharon saw [this], he built an altar before it. Aharon then called out and said: “Tomorrow will be a festival to Adonoy.”

Rashi

וירא אהרן. שהיה בו רוח חיים, שנאמר בְּתַבְנִית שֹׁור אֹכֵל עֵשֶׂב (תהלים קו, כ), וראה שהצליח מעשה שטן, ולא היה לו פה לדחותם לגמרי:

Aharon saw — that it was alive as it is said [of the Golden Calf]: “in the form of an ox eating grass,” and he thereby saw that the Satan’s act succeeded and therefore had no excuse to put them off completely.

ויבן מזבח. לדחותם:

He built an altar — so as to stall them.

ויאמר חג לה' מחר. ולא היום, שמא יבא משה קודם שיעבדוהו, זהו פשוטו. ומדרשו בויקרא רבה (י, ג), דברים הרבה ראה אהרן, ראה חור בן אחותו שהיה מוכיחם והרגוהו, וזהו ויבן (לשון בינה)מזבח לפניו, ויבן מזבוח לפניו, ועוד ראה ואמר מוטב שיתלה בי הסרחון ולא בהם, ועוד ראה ואמר, אם הם בונים את המזבח, זה מביא צרור וזה מביא אבן ונמצאת מלאכתן עשויה בבת אחת, מתוך שאני בונה אותו ומתעצל במלאכתי, בין כך ובין כך משה בא:

And he said, tomorrow will be a festival to Adonoy. But [he did not say] “today,” in case Moshe would return before they worship it. That is its plain meaning. But its midrashic explanation is in Vayikra Rabbah: [וַיַּרְא אַהֲרֹן] Aharon saw many things: he saw that when his nephew, Chur, reprimanded them, they killed him [and accordingly] וַיִּבֶן מִזְבֵּחַ לְפָנָיו [should be understood as:] וַיָּבֶן מִזָּבוּחַ לְפָנָיו — “He understood from the one slaughtered before him.” He also saw [the situation] and he said: Better the blame be put on me and not on them. He saw yet another thing and he said: “If they build the altar, themselves, one will bring a chip of wood and another will bring a stone, resulting in their work being completed all at once. But through my building it and procrastinating in my work, in the meantime Moshe will come.”

חג לה'. בלבו היה לשמים, בטוח היה שיבא משה ויעבדו את המקום:

A festival to Adonoy. In his heart it was to God. He was confident that Moshe would arrive and that they would worship God.

32:6

וַיַּשְׁכִּימוּ מִֽמׇּחֳרָת וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלֹת וַיַּגִּשׁוּ שְׁלָמִים וַיֵּשֶׁב הָעָם לֶֽאֱכֹל וְשָׁתוֹ וַיָּקֻמוּ לְצַחֵֽק׃ {פ}

They arose early the next morning, and offered burnt-offerings and brought peace-offerings. The people then sat down to eat and drink, and got up to amuse themselves.

They arose early the next morning, and offered burnt-offerings and brought peace-offerings. The people then sat down to eat and drink, and got up to amuse themselves.

Rashi

וישכימו. השטן זרזם כדי שיחטאו:

They arose early. The Satan hurried them for the purpose of sinning.

לצחק. יש במשמע הזה גלוי עריות, כמו שנאמר לְצַחֶק בִּי (בראשית לט, יז), ושפיכות דמים, כמו שנאמר יָקוּמוּ נָא הַנְּעָרִים וִישַׂחֲקוּ לְפָנֵינוּ (שמואל־ב ב, יד), אף כאן נהרג חור:

To amuse themselves. There is the implication [in לְצַחֵק] of sexual immorality, as it is said: “to mock me” (Potiphar’s wife’s accusation against Yosef) and of bloodshed, as it is said: “Let the lads arise and ‘play’ before us.” Here, too, [לְצַחֵק alludes to] Chur’s being killed.

32:7

וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֶךְ־רֵד כִּי שִׁחֵת עַמְּךָ אֲשֶׁר הֶעֱלֵיתָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, “Go down, for your people have become corrupt—those whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt.

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, “Go down, for your people have become corrupt—those whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt.

Rashi

וידבר. לשון קושי הוא, כמו וַיְדַבֵּר אִתָּם קָשֹׁות (בראשית מב, ז):

[Adonoy] spoke. [וַיְדַבֵּר] is a term of harshness as in: “(וַיְדַבֵּר) He spoke with them harshly.”

לך רד. רד מגדולתך, לא נתתי לך גדולה אלא בשבילם (ברכות לב.), באותה שעה נתנדה משה מפי בית דין של מעלה:

“Go down.” I.e., “Descend from your exalted position. I did not give you your high position except for their sake.” At that moment Moshe was ostracized by the Heavenly Court.

שחת עמך. שחת העם לא נאמר, אלא עמך, ערב רב שקבלת מעצמך וגיירתם, ולא נמלכת בי, ואמרת טוב שידבקו גרים בשכינה, הם שחתו והשחיתו:

Your people have become corrupt. It is not said: “the people have become corrupt,” but, rather: “your people” — the riffraff whom you accepted, on your own accord, and you accepted as proselytes without consulting Me, and you thought it good that proselytes be joined to the Shechinah — they have become corrupt and have corrupted others.

32:8

סָרוּ מַהֵר מִן־הַדֶּרֶךְ אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִם עָשׂוּ לָהֶם עֵגֶל מַסֵּכָה וַיִּשְׁתַּֽחֲווּ־לוֹ וַיִּזְבְּחוּ־לוֹ וַיֹּאמְרוּ אֵלֶּה אֱלֹהֶיךָ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר הֶֽעֱלוּךָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃

They have departed quickly from the way that I commanded them, they have made for themselves a molten calf. They have prostrated themselves to it and offered sacrifices to it, and have said, ‘These, Yisrael, are your gods who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.’”

They have departed quickly from the way that I commanded them, they have made for themselves a molten calf. They have prostrated themselves to it and offered sacrifices to it, and have said, ‘These, Yisrael, are your gods who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.’”

32:9

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה רָאִיתִי אֶת־הָעָם הַזֶּה וְהִנֵּה עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף הֽוּא׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “I have seen [observed] this people, and behold they are a stiff-necked people.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “I have seen [observed] this people, and behold they are a stiff-necked people.

Rashi

קשה עורף. מחזירין קשי ערפם לנגד מוכיחיהם וממאנים לשמוע:

Stiff-necked. So-called because they turn their stiff necks towards those who reprimand them and refuse to listen.

32:10

וְעַתָּה הַנִּיחָה לִּי וְיִֽחַר־אַפִּי בָהֶם וַאֲכַלֵּם וְאֶֽעֱשֶׂה אוֹתְךָ לְגוֹי גָּדֽוֹל׃

Now leave Me alone and My wrath will blaze against them and destroy them. I will then make you into a great nation.”

Now leave Me alone and My wrath will blaze against them and destroy them. I will then make you into a great nation.”

Rashi

הניחה לי. עדיין לא שמענו שהתפלל משה עליהם והוא אומר הניחה לי, אלא כאן פתח לו פתח והודיעו שהדבר תלוי בו, שאם יתפלל עליהם לא יכלם (שמו"ר מב, י):

Leave Me alone. We have not yet heard of Moshe praying for them and already He has said, “Leave me alone”?! But He thereby gave him an opening and let him know that the matter depends on him, that if he will pray for them He will not destroy them.

32:11

וַיְחַל מֹשֶׁה אֶת־פְּנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהָיו וַיֹּאמֶר לָמָה יְהֹוָה יֶחֱרֶה אַפְּךָ בְּעַמֶּךָ אֲשֶׁר הוֹצֵאתָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בְּכֹחַ גָּדוֹל וּבְיָד חֲזָקָֽה׃

Moshe implored before the Presence of Adonoy, his God, and he said, “Adonoy! Why should Your wrath blaze against Your people whom You brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?

Moshe implored before the Presence of Adonoy, his God, and he said, “Adonoy! Why should Your wrath blaze against Your people whom You brought out from the land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty hand?

Rashi

למה ה' יחרה אפך. כלום מתקנא אלא חכם בחכם, גבור בגבור:

“Adonoy! Why,” etc. Can there be a thought of jealousy, unless it is a wise man of a wise man or a powerful man of a powerful man.

32:12

לָמָּה יֹאמְרוּ מִצְרַיִם לֵאמֹר בְּרָעָה הֽוֹצִיאָם לַהֲרֹג אֹתָם בֶּֽהָרִים וּלְכַלֹּתָם מֵעַל פְּנֵי הָֽאֲדָמָה שׁוּב מֵחֲרוֹן אַפֶּךָ וְהִנָּחֵם עַל־הָרָעָה לְעַמֶּֽךָ׃

Why should Egypt be able to say, ‘He brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains, and to annihilate them from the face of the earth?’ Turn from [withdraw] Your blazing wrath, and reconsider the [intent of doing] evil to Your people.

Why should Egypt be able to say, ‘He brought them out with evil intent, to kill them in the mountains, and to annihilate them from the face of the earth?’ Turn from [withdraw] Your blazing wrath, and reconsider the [intent of doing] evil to Your people.

Rashi

והנחם. התעשת מחשבה אחרת להיטיב להם:

And reconsider. I.e., formulate another plan to do good to them.

על הרעה. אשר חשבת להם:

The evil — that You had planned for them.

32:13

זְכֹר לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּלְיִשְׂרָאֵל עֲבָדֶיךָ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתָּ לָהֶם בָּךְ וַתְּדַבֵּר אֲלֵהֶם אַרְבֶּה אֶֽת־זַרְעֲכֶם כְּכוֹכְבֵי הַשָּׁמָיִם וְכׇל־הָאָרֶץ הַזֹּאת אֲשֶׁר אָמַרְתִּי אֶתֵּן לְזַרְעֲכֶם וְנָחֲלוּ לְעֹלָֽם׃

Remember Avraham, Yitzchok and Yisrael, Your servants, to whom You swore by Your Self, and said to them, ‘I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars of the heaven; and all this land of which I have spoken, I will give to your descendants, and they will inherit it forever.’”

Remember Avraham, Yitzchok and Yisrael, Your servants, to whom You swore by Your Self, and said to them, ‘I will make your descendants as numerous as the stars of the heaven; and all this land of which I have spoken, I will give to your descendants, and they will inherit it forever.’”

Rashi

זכור לאברהם. אם עברו על עשרת הדברות, אברהם אביהם נתנסה בעשר נסיונות ועדיין לא קבל שכרו, תנהו לו ויצאו עשר בעשר:

Remember Avraham. If they transgressed the Ten Commandments, their father Avraham was tested through ten tests, and has not yet received his reward, give it to him [now] and let the “ten” offset the “ten.”

לאברהם ליצחק ולישראל. אם לשרפה הם, זכור לאברהם שמסר עצמו להשרף עליך באור כשדים, אם להריגה, זכור ליצחק שפשט צוארו לעקידה, אם לגלות, זכור ליעקב שגלה לחרן (שמו"ר מד, ה), ואם אינן נצולין בזכותן, מה אתה אומר לי ואעשה אותך לגוי גדול, ואם כסא של שלש רגלים אינו עומד לפניך בשעת כעסך, קל וחמר לכסא של רגל אחד (ברכות לב.):

Avraham, Yitzchok and Yisrael. If [their punishment is to be] by burning then remember Avraham who offered himself to be burnt for Your sake in Ur Kasdim. If [it is to be] by the sword, then remember Yitzchok who stretched forth his neck at the “binding.” If [it is to be] through exile, then remember Yaakov who went into exile to Charan. And if they cannot be saved by their [forefathers’] merit, then what is this that You tell me: “I will make you into a great nation”? If a chair with three legs cannot stand before You at the time of Your anger [then this is] certainly [true] of a chair with one leg.

אשר נשבעת להם בך. לא נשבעת להם בדבר שהוא כלה, לא בשמים ולא בארץ, לא בהרים ולא בגבעות, אלא בך, שאתה קיים ושבועתך קיימת לעולם, שנאמר בִּי נִשׁבַּעְתִּי נְאֻם ה' (בראשית כב, טז), וליצחק נאמר, וַהֲקִימֹותִי אֶת הַשְׁבֻעָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם אָבִיךָ (שם כו, ג), וליעקב נאמר אֲנִי אֵל שַׁדַּי פְּרֵה וּרְבֵה (שם לה, יא), נשבע לו באל שדי:

To whom You swore by Your self. You did not swear to them by something that is finite — neither by the heavens, nor by the earth, neither by the mountains, nor the hills, but only by Your Self. Who is eternal, and Your oath remains forever, as it is said: “‘By My Self I have sworn,’ says God.” To Yitzchok it was said: “I will establish the [same] oath that I swore to Avraham, your father.” And to Yaakov it was said: “I am God Almighty, be fruitful and multiply.” Thus He swore to him by “God Almighty.”

32:14

וַיִּנָּחֶם יְהֹוָה עַל־הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר לַעֲשׂוֹת לְעַמּֽוֹ׃ {פ}

Adonoy reconsidered the [intent of doing] evil that He had said He would do to His people.

Adonoy reconsidered the [intent of doing] evil that He had said He would do to His people.

32:15

וַיִּפֶן וַיֵּרֶד מֹשֶׁה מִן־הָהָר וּשְׁנֵי לֻחֹת הָעֵדֻת בְּיָדוֹ לֻחֹת כְּתֻבִים מִשְּׁנֵי עֶבְרֵיהֶם מִזֶּה וּמִזֶּה הֵם כְּתֻבִֽים׃

Moshe turned and went down from the mountain with the two Tablets of the Testimony in his hand. They were tablets written on both sides, the writing was [visible] from either side.

Moshe turned and went down from the mountain with the two Tablets of the Testimony in his hand. They were tablets written on both sides, the writing was [visible] from either side.

Rashi

משני עבריהם. היו האותיות נקראות, ומעשה נסים היה (שבת קד.):

On both sides — were the letters readable, and it was a work of miracles.

32:16

וְהַלֻּחֹת מַעֲשֵׂה אֱלֹהִים הֵמָּה וְהַמִּכְתָּב מִכְתַּב אֱלֹהִים הוּא חָרוּת עַל־הַלֻּחֹֽת׃

The Tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved upon the Tablets.

The Tablets were the work of God, and the writing was the writing of God, engraved upon the Tablets.

Rashi

מעשה אלהים המה. כמשמעו, הוא בכבודו עשאן. דבר אחר, כאדם האומר לחברו כל עסקיו של פלוני במלאכה פלונית, כך כל שעשועיו של הקב"ה בתורה:

They were the work of God. As it implies: He (God) Himself in His Glory made them. An alternate explanation: It is analogous to a person who tells his friend, “All the occupation of so-and-so is with that particular work.” So too is all the preoccupation of God with the Torah.

חרות. לשון חרת וחרט אחד הוא, שניהם לשון חיקוק, אנטליי"ר בלע"ז (איינשניידען):

Engraved. The words חָרֹת and חָרֹט are the same, both being terms for engraving, enteillier in Old French.

32:17

וַיִּשְׁמַע יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת־קוֹל הָעָם בְּרֵעֹה וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־מֹשֶׁה קוֹל מִלְחָמָה בַּֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃

Yehoshua heard the voice of the people rejoicing, and he said to Moshe, “There is a sound of battle in the camp.”

Yehoshua heard the voice of the people rejoicing, and he said to Moshe, “There is a sound of battle in the camp.”

Rashi

ברעה. בהריעו, שהיו מריעים ושמחים וצוחקים:

Rejoicing. [Meaning:] trumpeting — for they were blowing horns, rejoicing and laughing.

32:18

וַיֹּאמֶר אֵין קוֹל עֲנוֹת גְּבוּרָה וְאֵין קוֹל עֲנוֹת חֲלוּשָׁה קוֹל עַנּוֹת אָנֹכִי שֹׁמֵֽעַ׃

But he [Moshe] said, “It is not the sound of strength [song of victory], nor is it the sound of weakness [song of defeat]. It is a sound of song that I hear.”

But he [Moshe] said, “It is not the sound of strength [song of victory], nor is it the sound of weakness [song of defeat]. It is a sound of song that I hear.”

Rashi

אין קול ענות גבורה. אין קול הזה נראה קול עניית גבורים הצועקים נצחון, ולא קול חלשים שצועקים וי, או ניסה:

It is not the sound of strength. This sound seems neither the shout of the mighty, who cry out, “Victory”! nor the sound of the weak who cry out, “Woe”! or, “Let us flee”! [but, rather —]

קול ענות. קול חרופין וגדופין, המענין את נפש שומען כשנאמרין לו:

A sound of song. I.e., a sound of defamations and blasphemies (הַמְּעַנִּין) which torment the soul of those who hear them when they are related to him.

32:19

וַֽיְהִי כַּאֲשֶׁר קָרַב אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וַיַּרְא אֶת־הָעֵגֶל וּמְחֹלֹת וַיִּֽחַר־אַף מֹשֶׁה וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ מִיָּדָו אֶת־הַלֻּחֹת וַיְשַׁבֵּר אֹתָם תַּחַת הָהָֽר׃

As he [Moshe] approached the camp, he saw the calf and the dancing. Moshe’s anger blazed, and he threw down the Tablets that were in his hands and smashed them beneath the mountain.

As he [Moshe] approached the camp, he saw the calf and the dancing. Moshe’s anger blazed, and he threw down the Tablets that were in his hands and smashed them beneath the mountain.

Rashi

וישלך מידו וגו'. אמר, מה פסח שהוא אחד מן המצות, אמרה תורה כל בן נכר לא יאכל בו, התורה כולה כאן, וכל ישראל מומרים ואתננה להם:

And he threw down from his hands, etc. He thought to himself: Just as the korbon Pesach, which is just one of the mitzvos [of the Torah], yet the Torah says: “No stranger may eat from it”; but the entire Torah is here [on the Tablets] and all the Israelites have become apostates, how can I conceivably give it to them?!

תחת ההר. לרגלי ההר:

Beneath the mountain. [I.e.,] at the foot of the mountain.

32:20

וַיִּקַּח אֶת־הָעֵגֶל אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ וַיִּשְׂרֹף בָּאֵשׁ וַיִּטְחַן עַד אֲשֶׁר־דָּק וַיִּזֶר עַל־פְּנֵי הַמַּיִם וַיַּשְׁקְ אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

He took the calf that they had made, and burned it in fire, and ground it into fine powder. He then scattered it on the water, and made the B’nei Yisrael drink it.

He took the calf that they had made, and burned it in fire, and ground it into fine powder. He then scattered it on the water, and made the B’nei Yisrael drink it.

Rashi

ויזר. לשון נפוץ, וכן יזורה על נוהו גפרית (איוב יח, טו), וכן כִּי חִנָּם מְזֹרָה הָרָשֶׁת (משלי א, יז), שזורין בה דגן וקטניות:

He scattered it. A term meaning scattering. Similarly “(יְזוֹרֶה) there shall be scattered on his dwelling place, brimstone.” And similarly: “For naught (מְזוֹרָה) is the net spread out” [so called] because grain and beans are scattered in it.

וישק את בני ישראל. נתכוין לבדקם כסוטות, שלש מיתות נדונו שם, אם יש עדים והתראה, בסייף, כמשפט אנשי עיר הנדחת שהן מרובין, עדים בלא התראה, במגפה, שנאמר וַיִּגֹף ה' אֶת הָעָם, לא עדים ולא התראה, בהדרוקן (יומא סו:), שבדקום המים וצבו בטניהם:

And made the B’nei Yisrael drink it. He intended to test them [in the same manner] as are women suspected of adultery. Three different death penalties were inflicted there: [1.] if there were witnesses and a warning [to the sinner] — by the sword, the same as an idolatrous city, when there are many involved. [2.] If there were witnesses but no warning — by the plague, as it is said: “God struck the people with a plague.” [3.] If there were no witnesses and no warning — by swelling up, for the water tested them and their stomachs swelled up.

32:21

וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן מֶֽה־עָשָׂה לְךָ הָעָם הַזֶּה כִּֽי־הֵבֵאתָ עָלָיו חֲטָאָה גְדֹלָֽה׃

Moshe then said to Aharon, “What did this people do to you that you brought upon them such a great sin?”

Moshe then said to Aharon, “What did this people do to you that you brought upon them such a great sin?”

Rashi

מה עשה לך העם. כמה יסורים סבלת שיסרוך עד שלא תביא עליהם חטא זה:

What did this people do to you. How much pain did you endure that they tortured you before you brought this sin on them?

32:22

וַיֹּאמֶר אַהֲרֹן אַל־יִחַר אַף אֲדֹנִי אַתָּה יָדַעְתָּ אֶת־הָעָם כִּי בְרָע הֽוּא׃

Aharon said, “Let not the wrath of my master blaze. You know that the people are set on evil.

Aharon said, “Let not the wrath of my master blaze. You know that the people are set on evil.

Rashi

כי ברע הוא. בדרך רע הם הולכין תמיד, ובנסיונות לפני המקום:

That [the people] are set on evil. They are always going on an evil way with temptations before God.

32:23

וַיֹּאמְרוּ לִי עֲשֵׂה־לָנוּ אֱלֹהִים אֲשֶׁר יֵלְכוּ לְפָנֵינוּ כִּי־זֶה ׀ מֹשֶׁה הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר הֶֽעֱלָנוּ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם לֹא יָדַעְנוּ מֶה־הָיָה לֽוֹ׃

They said to me, ‘Make gods for us that will lead us for this Moshe, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what happened to him.’

They said to me, ‘Make gods for us that will lead us for this Moshe, the man who brought us up from the land of Egypt, we do not know what happened to him.’

32:24

וָאֹמַר לָהֶם לְמִי זָהָב הִתְפָּרָקוּ וַיִּתְּנוּ־לִי וָאַשְׁלִכֵהוּ בָאֵשׁ וַיֵּצֵא הָעֵגֶל הַזֶּֽה׃

I said to them, ‘Who has gold?’ They removed [their gold] and gave it to me. I threw it into the fire, and this calf emerged.”

I said to them, ‘Who has gold?’ They removed [their gold] and gave it to me. I threw it into the fire, and this calf emerged.”

Rashi

ואמר להם. דבר אחד, למי זהב לבד, והם מהרו והתפרקו ויתנו לי:

I said to them. I said one thing to them — only: “Who has gold”? and they hurriedly removed it and gave it to me.

ואשלכהו באש. ולא ידעתי שיצא העגל הזה, ויצא:

I threw it into the fire — and I did not know that this calf would come out and it did come out.

32:25

וַיַּרְא מֹשֶׁה אֶת־הָעָם כִּי פָרֻעַ הוּא כִּֽי־פְרָעֹה אַהֲרֹן לְשִׁמְצָה בְּקָמֵיהֶֽם׃

Moshe saw [the bad traits of] the people for they were [now] exposed; for Aharon had allowed them to be exposed, and now they would be disgraced among their adversaries.

Moshe saw [the bad traits of] the people for they were [now] exposed; for Aharon had allowed them to be exposed, and now they would be disgraced among their adversaries.

Rashi

פרוע. מגולה, נתגלה שמצו וקלונו, כמו וּפָרַע אֶת רֹאשׁ הָאִשָּׁה (במדבר ה, יח):

Exposed. [Meaning:] exposed — its shame and disgrace were exposed, as in: “(וּפָרַע) He shall expose the head of the woman.”

לשמצה בקמיהם. להיות להם הדבר הזה לגנות בפי כל הקמים עליהם:

Disgraced among their adversaries. [Meaning:] that this matter shall be a disgrace for them before all who rise up against them.

32:26

וַיַּעֲמֹד מֹשֶׁה בְּשַׁעַר הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וַיֹּאמֶר מִי לַיהֹוָה אֵלָי וַיֵּאָסְפוּ אֵלָיו כׇּל־בְּנֵי לֵוִֽי׃

Moshe stood at the entrance of the camp and said, “Whoever is for Adonoy, [come] to me.” All the sons of Leivi gathered to him.

Moshe stood at the entrance of the camp and said, “Whoever is for Adonoy, [come] to me.” All the sons of Leivi gathered to him.

Rashi

מי לה' אלי. יבא אלי:

“Whoever is for Adonoy, to me”! I.e., “Come to me.”

בני לוי. מכאן שכל השבט כשר (יומא שם):

All the sons of Leivi. From here it is derived that the entire Tribe was righteous.

32:27

וַיֹּאמֶר לָהֶם כֹּֽה־אָמַר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׂימוּ אִישׁ־חַרְבּוֹ עַל־יְרֵכוֹ עִבְרוּ וָשׁוּבוּ מִשַּׁעַר לָשַׁעַר בַּֽמַּחֲנֶה וְהִרְגוּ אִֽישׁ־אֶת־אָחִיו וְאִישׁ אֶת־רֵעֵהוּ וְאִישׁ אֶת־קְרֹבֽוֹ׃

He said to them, “This is what Adonoy, God of Yisrael has said, ‘Let each man put his sword on his hip and pass through from gate to gate in the camp. Let each man kill [even] his brother, each man his friend, each man his relative.

He said to them, “This is what Adonoy, God of Yisrael has said, ‘Let each man put his sword on his hip and pass through from gate to gate in the camp. Let each man kill [even] his brother, each man his friend, each man his relative.

Rashi

כה אמר וגו'. והיכן אמר, זֹבֵח לָאֱלֹהִים יָחֳרָם (שמות כב, יט), כך שנויה במכילתא (פסחא פי"ב):

This is what Adonoy said, etc. Where [did God tell him] this? “He who sacrifices to a god must be condemned to die.” This is how this is presented in Mechilta.

אחיו. מאמו, והוא ישראל:

His brother — having a common mother, and he (the brother) is an Israelite.

32:28

וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ בְנֵֽי־לֵוִי כִּדְבַר מֹשֶׁה וַיִּפֹּל מִן־הָעָם בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא כִּשְׁלֹשֶׁת אַלְפֵי אִֽישׁ׃

The sons of Leivi did as Moshe said. On that day those that fell from among the people, numbered approximately three thousand men.

The sons of Leivi did as Moshe said. On that day those that fell from among the people, numbered approximately three thousand men.

32:29

וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה מִלְאוּ יֶדְכֶם הַיּוֹם לַֽיהֹוָה כִּי אִישׁ בִּבְנוֹ וּבְאָחִיו וְלָתֵת עֲלֵיכֶם הַיּוֹם בְּרָכָֽה׃

Moshe said, “Consecrate yourselves today to Adonoy—for each man killed [even] his son and brothers—that He may bestow a blessing upon you today.”

Moshe said, “Consecrate yourselves today to Adonoy—for each man killed [even] his son and brothers—that He may bestow a blessing upon you today.”

Rashi

מלאו ידכם. אתם ההורגים אותם, בדבר זה תתחנכו להיות כהנים למקום:

Consecrate yourselves — you who kill them, by this act you will install yourselves as kohanim to God.

כי איש. מכם ימלא ידו בבנו ובאחיו:

For each man — Amongst you will be installed [as a result of what each did] to his son and brother.

32:30

וַֽיְהִי מִֽמׇּחֳרָת וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָעָם אַתֶּם חֲטָאתֶם חֲטָאָה גְדֹלָה וְעַתָּה אֶֽעֱלֶה אֶל־יְהֹוָה אוּלַי אֲכַפְּרָה בְּעַד חַטַּאתְכֶֽם׃

The next day Moshe said to the people, “You have committed a great sin. Now I will go up to Adonoy, perhaps I will gain atonement for your sin.”

The next day Moshe said to the people, “You have committed a great sin. Now I will go up to Adonoy, perhaps I will gain atonement for your sin.”

Rashi

אכפרה בעד חטאתכם. אשים כופר וקנוח וסתימה לנגד חטאתכם, להבדיל ביניכם ובין החטא:

I will gain atonement for your sin. [I.e.] “I shall put a cleansing, wiping away and a covering in front of your sins, to separate between you and the sin.

32:31

וַיָּשׇׁב מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה וַיֹּאמַר אָנָּא חָטָא הָעָם הַזֶּה חֲטָאָה גְדֹלָה וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ לָהֶם אֱלֹהֵי זָהָֽב׃

Moshe returned to Adonoy and said, “I beseech You! This people have committed a great sin and have made a god of gold.

Moshe returned to Adonoy and said, “I beseech You! This people have committed a great sin and have made a god of gold.

Rashi

אלהי זהב. אתה הוא שגרמת להם, שהשפעת להם זהב וכל חפצם, מה יעשו שלא יחטאו (יומא פו: — ברכות לב.). משל למלך, שהיה מאכיל ומשקה את בנו ומקשטו, ותולה לו כיס בצוארו ומעמידו בפתח בית זונות, מה יעשה הבן שלא יחטא (ברכות שם):

A god of gold. “You (God) are the One who caused this to happen to them for You gave them an abundance of gold and anything they desired. How could they not sin”? A parable comparable to a king, who fed and gave drink to his son and adorned him and hung a bag [full of money] from his neck and made him stand in the doorway of a house of ill-repute; how could the son possibly not sin?

32:32

וְעַתָּה אִם־תִּשָּׂא חַטָּאתָם וְאִם־אַיִן מְחֵנִי נָא מִֽסִּפְרְךָ אֲשֶׁר כָּתָֽבְתָּ׃

Now if You would bear [forgive] their sin, and if not, blot me out from Your book that You have written.”

Now if You would bear [forgive] their sin, and if not, blot me out from Your book that You have written.”

Rashi

ועתה אם תשא חטאתם. הרי טוב, איני אומר לך מחני: ואם אין מחני. וזה מקרא קצר, וכן הרבה:

Now, if You would bear their sin — then well and good — I will not say to You, “Erase me,” but if not, erase me [from Your Book.] This is an elliptical verse and there are many such cases.

מספרך. מכל התורה כולה, שלא יאמרו עלי שלא הייתי כדאי לבקש עליהם רחמים:

From Your Book. [I.e.] from the entire Torah, so that it should not be said of me that I was not worthy enough to ask for mercy on their behalf.

32:33

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה מִי אֲשֶׁר חָֽטָא־לִי אֶמְחֶנּוּ מִסִּפְרִֽי׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Those who have sinned against Me, I will blot out from My book.

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Those who have sinned against Me, I will blot out from My book.

32:34

וְעַתָּה לֵךְ ׀ נְחֵה אֶת־הָעָם אֶל אֲשֶׁר־דִּבַּרְתִּי לָךְ הִנֵּה מַלְאָכִי יֵלֵךְ לְפָנֶיךָ וּבְיוֹם פׇּקְדִי וּפָקַדְתִּי עֲלֵהֶם חַטָּאתָֽם׃

And now, go, lead the people to [the place] of which I have spoken to you. Behold, My angel will go before you. However on the day when I take account of them, I will take their sin into account.

And now, go, lead the people to [the place] of which I have spoken to you. Behold, My angel will go before you. However on the day when I take account of them, I will take their sin into account.

Rashi

אל אשר דברתי לך. יש כאן לך אצל דבור במקום אליך, וכן לדבר לו על אדוניהו (מלכים־א ב, יט):

To [the place] of which I have spoken to you. Here is an instance where לָךְ is used connected with the verb דִבּוּר in the place of אֵלֶיךָ . A similar instance: “to speak to him concerning Adoniyohu.”

הנה מלאכי. ולא אני:

Behold, My Angel — but not I.

וביום פקדי וגו'. עתה שמעתי אליך מלכלותם יחד, ותמיד תמיד כשאפקוד עליהם עונותיהם, ופקדתי עליהם מעט מן העון הזה עם שאר העונות, ואין פורענות באה על ישראל שאין בה קצת מפרעון עון העגל:

On the day that I take account, etc. As for now I shall listen to you [and refrain] from destroying them all at once; but always and consistently, whenever I will take an accounting of their sins, I will also account for a little of this sin along with their other sins. And, indeed, no punishment is meted out to Yisrael that does not have along with it some of the punishment for the sin of the Calf.

32:35

וַיִּגֹּף יְהֹוָה אֶת־הָעָם עַל אֲשֶׁר עָשׂוּ אֶת־הָעֵגֶל אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה אַהֲרֹֽן׃ {ס}        

Adonoy then struck the people with a plague because they had made [worshiped] the calf that Aharon made.

Adonoy then struck the people with a plague because they had made [worshiped] the calf that Aharon made.

Rashi

ויגוף ה' את העם. מיתה בידי שמים, לעדים בלא התראה:

Adonoy struck the people with a plague. [I.e.,] death at the hands of the Heavenly King, [for those who sinned] before witnesses without having received a warning.

Shemot 33

33:1

וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵךְ עֲלֵה מִזֶּה אַתָּה וְהָעָם אֲשֶׁר הֶֽעֱלִיתָ מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם אֶל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹב לֵאמֹר לְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתְּנֶֽנָּה׃

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, “Leave, go up from this [place]—you and the people you brought up from the land of Egypt—to the land of which I swore to Avraham, to Yitzchok and to Yaakov, saying, ‘To your descendants I will give it.’

Adonoy spoke to Moshe, “Leave, go up from this [place]—you and the people you brought up from the land of Egypt—to the land of which I swore to Avraham, to Yitzchok and to Yaakov, saying, ‘To your descendants I will give it.’

Rashi

לך עלה מזה. ארץ ישראל גבוה מכל הארצות, לכך נאמר עלה. דבר אחר, כלפי שאמר לו בשעת הכעס לך רד, אמר לו בשעת רצון לך עלה:

Leave, go up from this. Eretz Yisrael is the highest of all the lands. Therefore it says: “Go up.” An alternate explanation [for the expression: “Go up”]: as opposed to what He said to him in time of anger: “Go down,” He said to him in time of good-will “Go up.”

אתה והעם. כאן לא אמר ועמך:

You and the people. Here he did not say: “and your people.”

33:2

וְשָׁלַחְתִּי לְפָנֶיךָ מַלְאָךְ וְגֵֽרַשְׁתִּי אֶת־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִי הָֽאֱמֹרִי וְהַֽחִתִּי וְהַפְּרִזִּי הַחִוִּי וְהַיְבוּסִֽי׃

I will send an angel before you, and I will drive out the Canaanites, the Emorites, the Chitites, the Perizites, the Chivites, and the Yevusites.

I will send an angel before you, and I will drive out the Canaanites, the Emorites, the Chitites, the Perizites, the Chivites, and the Yevusites.

Rashi

וגרשתי את הכנעני וגו'. ששה אומות הן, והגרגשי עמד ופנה מפניהם מאליו:

And I will drive out the Canaanites, etc. These are [only] six nations. [This is because] the Girgashite nation got up and cleared out on their own from before them.

33:3

אֶל־אֶרֶץ זָבַת חָלָב וּדְבָשׁ כִּי לֹא אֶֽעֱלֶה בְּקִרְבְּךָ כִּי עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף אַתָּה פֶּן־אֲכֶלְךָ בַּדָּֽרֶךְ׃

[You will then] enter a land flowing with milk and honey. [I am sending an angel] for I will not go up among you, for you are a stiff-necked people and I may destroy you along the way.”

[You will then] enter a land flowing with milk and honey. [I am sending an angel] for I will not go up among you, for you are a stiff-necked people and I may destroy you along the way.”

Rashi

אל ארץ זבת חלב ודבש. אני אומר לך להעלותם:

To a land flowing with milk and honey — do I tell you to bring them up.

כי לא אעלה בקרבך. לכן אני אומר לך ושלחתי לפניך מלאך:

For I will not go up among you. It is for this reason that I say to you “I will send an angel before you.”

כי עם קשה עורף אתה. וכששכינתי בקרבכם ואתם ממרים בי, מרבה אני עליכם זעם:

For you are a stiff-necked people — and when My Shechinah is among you and you are rebellious against Me it causes Me to increase My anger against you.

אכלך. לשון כליון:

Destroy you. אֲכֶלְךָ comes from כִּלָיוֹן — “destruction.”

33:4

וַיִּשְׁמַע הָעָם אֶת־הַדָּבָר הָרָע הַזֶּה וַיִּתְאַבָּלוּ וְלֹא־שָׁתוּ אִישׁ עֶדְיוֹ עָלָֽיו׃

When the people heard this bad news they mourned and no man wore his ornaments [crowns].

When the people heard this bad news they mourned and no man wore his ornaments [crowns].

Rashi

הדבר הרע. שאין השכינה שורה ומהלכת עמם:

This bad news — that the Shechinah will not reside or go with them.

איש עדיו. כתרים שניתנו להם בחורב כשאמרו נעשה ונשמע (שבת פח.):

[No] man [wore] his ornament. [This refers to] the crowns given to them at Chorev when they responded, “We shall do and we shall listen.”

33:5

וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֱמֹר אֶל־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אַתֶּם עַם־קְשֵׁה־עֹרֶף רֶגַע אֶחָד אֶֽעֱלֶה בְקִרְבְּךָ וְכִלִּיתִיךָ וְעַתָּה הוֹרֵד עֶדְיְךָ מֵֽעָלֶיךָ וְאֵדְעָה מָה אֶֽעֱשֶׂה־לָּֽךְ׃

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to the B’nei Yisrael, ‘You are a stiff-necked people. Were I to go up among you for one moment, I would destroy you. Now remove your ornaments and I know what to do with you.’”

Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to the B’nei Yisrael, ‘You are a stiff-necked people. Were I to go up among you for one moment, I would destroy you. Now remove your ornaments and I know what to do with you.’”

Rashi

רגע אחד אעלה בקרבך וכליתיך. אם אעלה בקרבך ואתם ממרים בי בקשיות ערפכם, אזעום עליכם רגע אחד, שהוא שיעור זעמי, שנאמר חֲבִי כִמְעַט רֶגַע עַד יַעֲבָר זָעַם (ישעיה כו, כ), ואכלה אתכם, לפיכך טוב לכם שאשלח מלאך:

Were I to go up among you for one moment. I would destroy you. “Were I to go up among you, and you would be rebellious against me — in your stubbornness, I would be angry with you for [only] one moment which is the length of time that My anger lasts, as it is said: “Hide for almost a moment, until the anger passes,” and I would destroy you. It is therefore better for you that I send an angel.

ועתה. פורענות זו תלקו מיד, שתורידו עדיכם מעליכם:

And now — this is the punishment that you will receive immediately, that you will remove your ornaments from yourselves.

ואדעה מה אעשה לך. בפקודת שאר העון, אני יודע מה שבלבי לעשות לך:

And I know what to do with you. Insofar as the accounting for the rest of the sin I know what I have in My heart to do to you.

33:6

וַיִּֽתְנַצְּלוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־עֶדְיָם מֵהַר חוֹרֵֽב׃

The B’nei Yisrael took off their ornaments that they had [worn] at Mount Chorev.

The B’nei Yisrael took off their ornaments that they had [worn] at Mount Chorev.

Rashi

את עדים מהר חורב. את הָעֲדִי שהיה בידם מהר חורב:

Their ornaments from Mount Chorev. Their ornaments which they possessed from Mount Chorev.

33:7

וּמֹשֶׁה יִקַּח אֶת־הָאֹהֶל וְנָֽטָה־לוֹ ׀ מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶה הַרְחֵק מִן־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וְקָרָא לוֹ אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְהָיָה כׇּל־מְבַקֵּשׁ יְהֹוָה יֵצֵא אֶל־אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אֲשֶׁר מִחוּץ לַֽמַּחֲנֶֽה׃

Moshe would take the tent and set it up outside the camp, a distance from the camp, and he called it [the] Tent of Meeting. Everyone who sought Adonoy, would go out to the Tent of Meeting that was outside the camp.

Moshe would take the tent and set it up outside the camp, a distance from the camp, and he called it [the] Tent of Meeting. Everyone who sought Adonoy, would go out to the Tent of Meeting that was outside the camp.

Rashi

ומשה. מאותו עון והלאה:

And Moshe — from the time of the sin and on —

יקח את האהל. לשון הווה הוא, לוקח אהלו ונוטהו מחוץ למחנה, אמר, מנודה לרב מנודה לתלמיד:

would take the tent. [יִקַּח] is an ongoing action (present tense): he would take his tent and pitch it outside the encampment. He thought: one who is ostracized by the master ought to be ostracized by the disciple as well.

הרחק. אלפים אמה, כענין שנאמר אַךְ רָחֹוק יִהְיֶה בֵּינֵיכֶם וּבֵינָו כְּאַלְפַּיִם אַמָּה בַּמִּדָּה (יהושע ג, ד):

A distance — of two thousand amohs, similar to what is said: “Only let there be a distance between you (the B’nei Yisrael) and it (the Ark) of about two thousand amohs by measure.”

וקרא לו. והיה קורא לו אהל מועד, הוא בית ועד למבקשי תורה:

And he called it. He would refer to it as Tent of Meeting — a gathering place for those who seek knowledge of Torah.

כל מבקש ה'. מכאן למבקש פני זקן, כמקבל פני שכינה:

Everyone who sought Adonoy. From here [we derive] that one who seeks to be in the presence of an “elder” (a Torah scholar) is as if he is in the presence of the Shechinah.

יצא אל אהל מועד. כמו יוצא. דבר אחר והיה כל מבקש ה', אפילו מלאכי השרת כשהיו שואלים מקום שכינה, חבריהם אומרים להם הרי הוא באהלו של משה:

Would go out to the Tent of Meeting. [יֵצֵא here is] the same [tense] as יוֹצֵא (i.e., present tense). An alternate explanation of וְהָיָה כָּל מְבַקֵּשׁ ה' . Even the ministering angels, when they would inquire as to the place of the Shechinah their fellow-angels would say to them: “But He is there in Moshe’s tent”!

33:8

וְהָיָה כְּצֵאת מֹשֶׁה אֶל־הָאֹהֶל יָקוּמוּ כׇּל־הָעָם וְנִצְּבוּ אִישׁ פֶּתַח אׇהֳלוֹ וְהִבִּיטוּ אַחֲרֵי מֹשֶׁה עַד־בֹּאוֹ הָאֹֽהֱלָה׃

Whenever Moshe went out to the tent, all the people would rise, and each person would stand at the entrance of his tent; and they would gaze after Moshe, until he had gone into the tent.

Whenever Moshe went out to the tent, all the people would rise, and each person would stand at the entrance of his tent; and they would gaze after Moshe, until he had gone into the tent.

Rashi

והיה. לשון הווה:

Whenever. [וְהָיָה is] in the present tense.

כצאת משה מן המחנה. ללכת אל האהל:

Moshe went out — from the encampment to go to the tent —

יקומו כל העם. עומדים מפניו, ואין יושבין עד שנתכסה מהם:

all the people would rise. They would stand up before him and would not sit until he disappeared from view.

והביטו אחרי משה. לשבח, אשרי ילוד אשה שכך מובטח שהשכינה תכנס אחריו לפתח אהלו:

And they would gaze after Moshe — in an admiring way, [saying, in effect:] “Fortunate is one born of woman who is assured that the Shechinah will follow him into the entranceway of his tent.”

33:9

וְהָיָה כְּבֹא מֹשֶׁה הָאֹהֱלָה יֵרֵד עַמּוּד הֶֽעָנָן וְעָמַד פֶּתַח הָאֹהֶל וְדִבֶּר עִם־מֹשֶֽׁה׃

When Moshe had gone into the tent, the Pillar of Cloud would descend and stand at the entrance of the tent, and [Adonoy] would speak to Moshe.

When Moshe had gone into the tent, the Pillar of Cloud would descend and stand at the entrance of the tent, and [Adonoy] would speak to Moshe.

Rashi

ודבר עם משה. כמו ומִדַּבֵּר עם משה. תרגומו וּמִתְמַלֵּל עם משה, שהוא כבוד השכינה, כמו וַיִּשְׁמַע אֶת הַקֹּול מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו (במדבר ז, פט), ואינו קורא מְדבר אליו, כשהוא קורא מִדבר פתרונו הקול מדבר בינו לבין עצמו, וההדיוט שומע מאליו, וכשהוא קורא מְדבר, משמע שהמלך מדבר עם ההדיוט:

And would speak with Moshe — the same as וּמְדַבֵּר עִם משֶׁה (present tense). Onkelos translates it וּמִתְמַלֵּל עִם משֶׁה which is respect for the Shechinah, as in: “He heard the voice מִדַבֵּר to him” and it does not read מְדַבֵּר אֵלָיו . Because when it reads מִדַּבֵּר its interpretation is: the Voice speaking to itself which the ordinary person happens to overhear, but when it reads מְדַבֵּר it implies that the king is speaking with the ordinary person.

33:10

וְרָאָה כׇל־הָעָם אֶת־עַמּוּד הֶֽעָנָן עֹמֵד פֶּתַח הָאֹהֶל וְקָם כׇּל־הָעָם וְהִֽשְׁתַּחֲווּ אִישׁ פֶּתַח אׇהֳלֽוֹ׃

When all the people saw the Pillar of Cloud, standing at the entrance of the tent; all the people rose and prostrated themselves, each man at the entrance of his tent.

When all the people saw the Pillar of Cloud, standing at the entrance of the tent; all the people rose and prostrated themselves, each man at the entrance of his tent.

Rashi

והשתחוו. לשכינה:

Prostrated themselves — to the Shechinah.

33:11

וְדִבֶּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים כַּאֲשֶׁר יְדַבֵּר אִישׁ אֶל־רֵעֵהוּ וְשָׁב אֶל־הַֽמַּחֲנֶה וּמְשָׁרְתוֹ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בִּן־נוּן נַעַר לֹא יָמִישׁ מִתּוֹךְ הָאֹֽהֶל׃ {פ}

Adonoy spoke to Moshe face to face, just as a man speaks to his friend. and [Moshe then] would return to the camp, but his youthful attendant, Yehoshua, son of Nun, did not leave the tent.

Adonoy spoke to Moshe face to face, just as a man speaks to his friend. and [Moshe then] would return to the camp, but his youthful attendant, Yehoshua, son of Nun, did not leave the tent.

Rashi

ודבר ה' אל משה פנים אל פנים. וּמִתְמַלֵּל עם משה:

Adonoy spoke to Moshe face to face. The correct reading of Onkelos is וּמִתְמַלֵּל עִם משֶׁה .

ושב אל המחנה. לאחר שנדבר עמו, היה שב משה אל המחנה, ומלמד לזקנים מה שלמד, והדבר הזה נהג משה מיום הכפורים עד שהוקם המשכן ולא יותר, שהרי בשבעה עשר בתמוז נשתברו הלוחות (תענית כח:), ובי"ח שרף את העגל ודן את החוטאים, ובי"ט עלה, שנאמר וַיְהִי מִמָּחֳרָת וַיֹאמֶר משֶׁה אֶל הָעָם וגו' (שמות לב, ל), ועשה שם ארבעים יום ובקש רחמים, שנאמר וָאֶתְנַפַּל לִפְנֵי ה' וגו' (דברים ט, יח), ובראש חדש אלול נאמר לו ועלית בבקר אל הר סיני, לקבל לוחות האחרונות, ועשה שם מ' יום, שנאמר בהם וְאָנֹכִי עָמַדְתִּי בָהָר כַּיָּמִים הָרִאשֹׁונִים וגו' (שם י, ו), מה הראשונים ברצון אף האחרונים ברצון, אמור מעתה, אמצעיים היו בכעס. בי' בתשרי נתרצה הקב"ה לישראל בשמחה ובלב שלם, ואמר לו למשה סָלַחְתִּי כִּדְבָרֶיך, ומסר לו לוחות אחרונות, וירד והתחיל לצוותן על מלאכת המשכן, ועשאוהו עד אחד בניסן, ומשהוקם לא נדבר עמו עוד, אלא מאהל מועד:

He returned to the camp — after [God’s] conversing with him Moshe would return to the encampment and teach the elders what he had learned. Moshe acted in this way from Yom Kippur until the mishkon was erected but not longer. For on the 17th of Tammuz the tablets were broken and on the 18th he burned the Calf and judged the sinners and on the nineteenth he went up [the mountain], as it says: “The next day Moshe said to the people, etc.” and spent forty days there and asked for mercy [for the B’nei Yisrael], “and he would return to the encampment,” because it is in the present (ongoing) tense. The same applies to this whole section: וְרָאָה כָל הָעָם (v. 10) is וַחֲזַן — “would see,” וְנִצָבוּ (v. 8) is וִקַיְימִין — “they would rise,” וְהִבִּיטוּ (ibid.) is וּמִסְתַּכְּלִין — “they would gaze,” וְהִשְׁתַּחֲווּ (v. 10) is וְסָגְדִין — “they would bow.” But its midrashic explanation is:

ושב אל המחנה. תרגומו וְתָב לְמַשְׁרִיתָא, לפי שהוא לשון הווה, וכן כל הענין, וראה כל העם וחזן, ונצבו וקיימין. והביטו, ומסתכלין. והשתחוו, וְסָגְדִּין. ומדרשו, ודבר ה' אל משה שישוב אל המחנה, אמר לו אני בכעס ואתה בכעס, אם כן מי יקרבם:

God spoke to Moshe that he must return to the encampment; he said to him: “I am angry and you are angry; if so, who will again bring them near to me.”

Texts

  • Hebrew: Miqra according to the Masorah · License: CC-BY-SA
  • English: Metsudah Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • Hebrew: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY
  • English: Rashi Chumash, Metsudah Publications, 2009 · License: CC-BY

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