Shemot
Ki Tisa, Aliyah 1 כי תשא, ראשון
Part of: Ki TisaKi Tisa, Aliyah 1Chapter 30Chapter 31Petuchah, Exodus 30:11Petuchah, Exodus 30:17Petuchah, Exodus 30:22Petuchah, Exodus 31:12Setumah, Exodus 30:34Setumah, Exodus 31:1
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Shemot 30
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,
כִּי תִשָּׂא אֶת־רֹאשׁ בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לִפְקֻדֵיהֶם וְנָתְנוּ אִישׁ כֹּפֶר נַפְשׁוֹ לַיהֹוָה בִּפְקֹד אֹתָם וְלֹא־יִהְיֶה בָהֶם נֶגֶף בִּפְקֹד אֹתָֽם׃
“When you take the count of the B’nei Yisrael to determine their numbers, each man shall give an atonement pledge for his soul to Adonoy, when you count them. Thus there will be no plague among them when you count them.
“When you take the count of the B’nei Yisrael to determine their numbers, each man shall give an atonement pledge for his soul to Adonoy, when you count them. Thus there will be no plague among them when you count them.
Rashi
ולא יהיה בהם נגף. שהמנין שולט בו עין הרע, וְהַדֶּבֶר בא עליהם, כמו שמצינו בימי דוד:
Thus there will be no plague among them — for things that are counted are subject to the evil eye and as a result a plague befalls them like the one which occurred in the days of David.
זֶה ׀ יִתְּנוּ כׇּל־הָעֹבֵר עַל־הַפְּקֻדִים מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל בְּשֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ עֶשְׂרִים גֵּרָה הַשֶּׁקֶל מַחֲצִית הַשֶּׁקֶל תְּרוּמָה לַֽיהֹוָֽה׃
Everyone passing by to be counted must give this—half a shekel based on the shekel of the Holy [Sanctuary,] where a shekel is twenty geirah. Half of such a shekel must be given as a terumah-offering to Adonoy.
Everyone passing by to be counted must give this—half a shekel based on the shekel of the Holy [Sanctuary,] where a shekel is twenty geirah. Half of such a shekel must be given as a terumah-offering to Adonoy.
Rashi
זה יתנו. הראה לו כמין מטבע של אש ומשקלה מחצית השקל, ואמר לו כזה יתנו:
Must give this. He (God) showed him the likeness of a coin made of fire whose weight was half a shekel and said to him, “Like this shall they give.”
העובר על הפקודים. דרך המונין מעבירין את הנמנין זה אחר זה, וכן כֹּל אֲשֶׁר יַעֲבֹר תַּחַת הַשָׁבֶט (ויקרא כז, לב), וכן תַּעֲבֹרְנָה הַצֹּאן עַל יְדֵי מֹונֶה (ירמיה לג, יג):
Passing by to be counted. It is the way of those who take a count to make that which is to be counted pass one after the other. Similarly: “Whoever passes under the rod” and similarly: “the sheep shall pass by the counter.”
מחצית השקל בשקל הקדש. במשקל השקל שקצבתי לך לשקול בו שקלי הקדש, כגון שקלים האמורין בפרשת ערכין ושדה אחוזה:
Half a shekel based on the shekel of the holy [Sanctuary]. I.e., based on the weight of the shekel which I (God) set aside for you with which to weigh the shekels to be used for sacred things. For example, the shekels mentioned in the section [dealing with] evaluating things vowed to the Sanctuary and possessed fields [vowed to the Sanctuary].
עשרים גרה השקל. עכשיו פירש לך כמה הוא:
Where a shekel is twenty geirah. It now clarifies for you how much it is.
גרה. לשון מעה, וכן בשמואל (א ב, לו) יָבֹוא לְהִשְׁתַּחֲֹות לֹו לַאֲגֹורַת כֶּסֶף וְכִכַּר לָחֶם:
Geirah. [Geirah in Hebrew is] the word for מָעָה [in Aramaic]. The same applies to: “...will come to bow down for an אֲגוֹרָה of silver and a piece of bread.”
עשרים גרה השקל. שהשקל השלם ד' זוזים, והזוז מתחלתו חמש מעות, אלא באו והוסיפו עליו שתות, והעלוהו לשש מעה כסף, ומחצית השקל הזה שאמרתי לך, יתנו תרומה לה':
Where a shekel is twenty geirah. I.e., a whole shekel. For a shekel is four zuz and a zuz at first was five מָעָה . But then one sixth was added and its value was raised to six silver מָעָה . “It is half of this [original] shekel, which I described to you, that they shall give as a terumah-offering to God.”
כֹּל הָעֹבֵר עַל־הַפְּקֻדִים מִבֶּן עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה וָמָעְלָה יִתֵּן תְּרוּמַת יְהֹוָֽה׃
Everyone passing by to be counted, from [age] twenty years and older, must give a terumah-offering to Adonoy.
Everyone passing by to be counted, from [age] twenty years and older, must give a terumah-offering to Adonoy.
Rashi
מבן עשרים שנה ומעלה. למדך כאן, שאין פחות מבן עשרים יוצא לצבא, ונמנה בכלל אנשים:
From [age] twenty years and older. Here it teaches you that no one below twenty years of age goes into the army nor is he counted among the men.
הֶֽעָשִׁיר לֹֽא־יַרְבֶּה וְהַדַּל לֹא יַמְעִיט מִֽמַּחֲצִית הַשָּׁקֶל לָתֵת אֶת־תְּרוּמַת יְהֹוָה לְכַפֵּר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶֽם׃
The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when giving this terumah-offering to Adonoy to atone for your souls.
The rich shall not give more, and the poor shall not give less than half a shekel, when giving this terumah-offering to Adonoy to atone for your souls.
Rashi
לכפר על נפשותיכם. שלא תנגפו על ידי מנין. דבר אחר לכפר על נפשותיכם, לפי שרמז להם כאן ג' תרומות, שנכתב כאן תרומת ה' ג' פעמים, אחת תרומת אדנים, שמנאן כשהתחילו בנדבת המשכן, ונתנו כל אחד ואחד מחצית השקל, ועלה למאת הככר, שנאמר וְכֶסֶף פְּקוּדֵי הָעֵדָה מְאַת כִּכָּר (שמות לח, כה), ומהם נעשו האדנים שנאמר וַיְהִי מְאַת כִּכָּר הַכֶּסֶף וגו' (שם שם, כז). והשנית אף היא על ידי מנין, שמנאן משהוקם המשכן, הוא המנין האמור בתחלת חומש הפקודים, בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵׁנִי בַּשָׁנָה הַשֵׁנִית (במדבר א, א), ונתנו כל אחד מחצית השקל, והן לקנות מהן קרבנות צבור של כל שנה ושנה, והשוו בהם עניים ועשירים, ועל אותה תרומה נאמר לכפר על נפשותיכם, שהקרבנות לכפרה הם באים. והשלישית היא תרומת המשכן, כמו שנאמר כָּל מֵרִים תְּרוּמַת כֶּסֶף וּנְחשֶׁת (שמות לה, כד), ולא היתה יד כלם שוה בה, אלא איש איש מה שנדבו לבו:
To atone for your souls. [Meaning:] so that you not be struck by a plague as a result of being counted. An alternate explanation of לְכַפֵּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם: Because it alludes here to three terumah-offerings, for תְּרוּמַת ה' is written three times here. The first represents the terumah-offering for the sockets for he (Moshe) counted them when they began contributing to the mishkon and each person gave half a shekel, and it totalled 100 kikar, as it states: “And the silver of the counted of the congregation totalled one hundred kikar,” and from these the sockets were made as it states: “The one hundred kikar of silver, etc.” The second [תְּרוּמַת ה'], it, too, [was contributed] through counting for they were counted after the mishkon was erected. It is the counting that is spoken of at the start of the book of Numbers (Bamidbar): “[God spoke to Moshe] on the first day of the second month, in the second year,” [at which time] each one gave half a shekel. They were for buying the communal korbonos for each year. Both were considered alike regarding them — the poor and the rich. It is regarding this [last] terumah-offering that it is said: “to atone for your souls,” because the [purpose of the] korbonos is atonement. And the third [תְּרוּמַת ה'] is the terumah-offering for the mishkon, as it is said: “everyone who set aside a terumah-offering of silver and copper.” Not everyone participated alike in this case, rather, each person contributed as his heart moved him.
וְלָקַחְתָּ אֶת־כֶּסֶף הַכִּפֻּרִים מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְנָתַתָּ אֹתוֹ עַל־עֲבֹדַת אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְהָיָה לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְזִכָּרוֹן לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה לְכַפֵּר עַל־נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶֽם׃ {פ}
Take this atonement money from the B’nei Yisrael and donate it for the work of the Tent of Meeting. It will be a remembrance for the B’nei Yisrael before Adonoy to atone for your souls.”
Take this atonement money from the B’nei Yisrael and donate it for the work of the Tent of Meeting. It will be a remembrance for the B’nei Yisrael before Adonoy to atone for your souls.”
Rashi
ונתת אותו על עבודת אהל מועד. למדת, שנצטוו למנותם בתחלת נדבת המשכן אחר מעשה העגל, מפני שנכנס בהם מגפה, כמו שנאמר וַיִּגֹּף ה' אֶת הָעָם (שמות לב, לה), משל לצאן החביבה על בעליה שנפל בה דבר, ומשפסק, אמר לו לרועה בבקשה ממך, מנה את צאני ודע כמה נותרו בהם, להודיע שהיא חביבה עליו. ואי אפשר לומר שהמנין הזה הוא האמור בחומש הפקודים, שהרי נאמר בו בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵׁנִי (במדבר א, א), והמשכן הוקם באחד לחדש הראשון, שנאמר בְּיֹום הַחֹדֶש הָרִאשֹׁון בְּאֶחָד לַחֹדֶשׁ תָּקִים וגו' (שמות מ, ב), ומהמנין הזה נעשו האדנים משקלים שלו, שנאמר וַיְהִי מְאַת כִּכַּר הַכֶּסֶף לָצֶקֶת וגו' (שם לח, כז), הא למדת, ששתים היו, אחת בתחלת נדבתן אחר יום הכפורים בשנה ראשונה, ואחת בשנה שנייה באייר משהוקם המשכן. ואם תאמר, וכי אפשר שבשניהם היו ישראל שוים, ו' מאות אלף וג' אלפים וה' מאות ונ', שהרי בכסף פקודי העדה נאמר כן, ובחומש הפקודים אף בו נאמר כן, וַיִּהיוּ כָּל הַפְּקֻדִים שֵׁשׁ מֵאֹות אֶלֶף וּשְׁלשֶׁת אֲלָפִים וַחֲמֵשׁ מֵאֹות וַחֲמִשִׁים (במדבר א, מו), והלא בשתי שנים היו, ואי אפשר שלא היו בשעת מנין הראשון בני י"ט שנה שלא נמנו, ובשנייה נעשו בני כ'. תשובה לדבר, אצל שנות האנשים בשנה אחת נמנו, אבל למנין יציאת מצרים היו שתי שנים, לפי שליציאת מצרים מונין מניסן, כמו ששנינו במסכת ראש השנה (ב:), ונבנה המשכן בראשונה והוקם בשנייה, שנתחדשה שנה באחד בניסן, אבל שנות האנשים מנויין למנין שנות עולם המתחילין מתשרי, נמצאו שני המנינים בשנה אחת, המנין הראשון היה בתשרי לאחר יום הכפורים, שנתרצה המקום לישראל לסלוח להם ונצטוו על המשכן, והשני באחד באייר:
And donate it for the work of the Tent of Meeting. From this you may learn that he (Moshe) was commanded to count them when they began to contribute to the mishkon, after the occurrence of the [golden] calf because a plague had come upon them, as it states: “And God plagued the people.” A parable [to which this can be compared]: to a flock of sheep that is dear to its owner that was struck by a plague. Once it (the plague) ceased, he said to the shepherd, “I ask of you, count my sheep so that you know how many of them are left.” [He did this] in order to make it known that it (i.e., the flock) was dear to him. [However,] it is impossible to say that this count is the same one spoken of in the book of Numbers (i.e., Bamidbar), for regarding that one it says: “on the first day of the second month,” whereas the mishkon was erected on the first day of the first month, as it is said: “On the first day of the first month you shall erect, etc. [the mishkon]” and from this count [in this section] the sockets were made from its shekalim, as it states: “the one hundred kikar [of silver] were used to cast, etc.”: Thus you learn that they were two [separate countings], one at the start of their contribution after Yom Kippur of the first year, and one in the second year in Iyar after the mishkon was already erected. Should you ask: but is it possible that at both [countings] the [number of] Israelites was exactly the same, viz., 603,550?! For in relating the use of the silver [which was collected] at the counting of the congregation it is so stated (i.e., it gives the above number). And in the Book of Numbers (i.e., Bamidbar) there, too, it states: “And the total of all who were counted was 603,550.” Were not [these countings] in two [different] years and it would have been impossible that there would not have been at the first counting some nineteen year olds who were not counted and turned twenty by the second year. The solution to this problem is: As regards to the age of the people [it is considered that] they were counted in the same year, whereas as pertaining to the exodus from Egypt they are [considered] as two years. This is because the exodus from Egypt is calculated from Nissan, as we have learned in Tractate Rosh Hashanah [and we therefore speak of] the mishkon being built in the first year and erected in the second, for the new year begins on the first of Nissan, whereas the ages of the people are calculated according to the years [since the creation] of the world which begin with [the month of] Tishri. Consequently both countings [took place, in effect,] in the same year. The first counting was in Tishri, after Yom Kippur, when God became reconciled with the Israelites to forgive them [for the sin of the golden calf], and they were given the command regarding [the construction] of the mishkon while the second [counting] took place on the first of Iyar.
על עבודת אהל מועד. הן אדנים שנעשו בו:
For the work of the Tent of Meeting. This refers to the sockets which were made of it.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying:
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying:
וְעָשִׂיתָ כִּיּוֹר נְחֹשֶׁת וְכַנּוֹ נְחֹשֶׁת לְרׇחְצָה וְנָתַתָּ אֹתוֹ בֵּֽין־אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וּבֵין הַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְנָתַתָּ שָׁמָּה מָֽיִם׃
“Make a copper wash basin and its copper base for washing; and place it between the Tent of Meeting and the Altar, and put water in it.
“Make a copper wash basin and its copper base for washing; and place it between the Tent of Meeting and the Altar, and put water in it.
Rashi
כיור. כמין דּוּד גדולה, ולה דדים המריקים בפיהם מים:
A wash basin — like a large pot which had spigots which poured out water through their openings.
וכנו. כתרגומו בְּסִיסֵיהּ, מושב מתוקן לכיור:
And its base. As Onkelos translates it: “and its base,” a stand set up [to hold] the wash basin.
לרחצה. מוסב על הכיור:
For washing. This refers back to the wash basin.
ובין המזבח. מזבח העולה, שכתוב בו שהוא לפני פתח משכן אהל מועד, והיה הכיור מָשׁוּךְ קמעא, ועומד כנגד אויר שבין המזבח והמשכן ואינו מפסיק כלל בנתיים, משום שנאמר וְאֵת מִזְבַּח הָעֹלָה שָׂם פֶּתַח מִשְׁכַּן אֹהֶל מֹועֵד (שמות מ, כט), כלומר מזבח לפני אהל מועד, ואין כיור לפני אהל מועד, הא כיצד, משוך קמעא כלפי הדרום, כך שנויה בזבחים (נט.):
And the altar — the altar of the burnt-offering, about which it is written that it is “in front of the entrance way of the mishkon of the Tent of Meeting.” The wash basin was slightly pulled to the side and stood in the space between the altar and the mishkon and did not obstruct at all between them, for it is stated: “And the altar of the burnt-offering he placed at the entrance of the mishkon of the Tent of Meeting,” [indicating that] the altar was in front of the Tent of Meeting but the wash basin was not in front of the Tent of Meeting. Then where was it? It was slightly pulled back southward. So it is taught in Tractate Zevachim.
וְרָחֲצוּ אַהֲרֹן וּבָנָיו מִמֶּנּוּ אֶת־יְדֵיהֶם וְאֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶֽם׃
Aharon and his sons will wash from it their hands and their feet.
Aharon and his sons will wash from it their hands and their feet.
Rashi
את ידיהם ואת רגליהם. בבת אחת היה מקדש ידיו ורגליו, וכך שנינו בזבחים (יט:), כיצד קדוש ידים ורגלים, מניח ידו הימנית על גבי רגלו הימנית, וידו השמאלית על גבי רגלו השמאלית, ומקדשן:
Their hands and their feet. He (the kohein) simultaneously washed his hands and feet. Thus did we learn in Tractate Zevachim: How was the washing of the hands and feet done? He placed his right hand on his right foot, and his left hand on his left foot and washed [them].
בְּבֹאָם אֶל־אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד יִרְחֲצוּ־מַיִם וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ אוֹ בְגִשְׁתָּם אֶל־הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לְשָׁרֵת לְהַקְטִיר אִשֶּׁה לַֽיהֹוָֽה׃
Before entering the Tent of Meeting they must wash with water and they will not die, or whenever they approach the Altar for Divine service, or to burn a fire-offering to Adonoy.
Before entering the Tent of Meeting they must wash with water and they will not die, or whenever they approach the Altar for Divine service, or to burn a fire-offering to Adonoy.
Rashi
בבואם אל אהל מועד. להקטיר שחרית ובין הערבים קטרת, או להזות מדם פר כהן המשיח ושעירי עבודת אלילים:
Before entering the Tent of Meeting — to burn the incense, morning and afternoon, or to sprinkle from the blood of the bull brought by the anointed kohein [godol] and of the goats brought for the sin of idolatry.
ולא ימותו. הא אם לא ירחצו ימותו, שבתורה נאמרו כללות, ומכלל לאו אתה שומע הן:
And they will not die. But, if they do not wash, they will die, for in the Torah there were said things intended to be understood by inference. Hence from the inference of the negative you may derive the positive.
אל המזבח. החיצון, שאין כאן ביאת אהל מועד אלא בחצר:
The altar. [I.e.,] the outer [altar] for in this case there is no entering into the Tent of Meeting, but only into the courtyard.
וְרָחֲצוּ יְדֵיהֶם וְרַגְלֵיהֶם וְלֹא יָמֻתוּ וְהָיְתָה לָהֶם חׇק־עוֹלָם לוֹ וּלְזַרְעוֹ לְדֹרֹתָֽם׃ {פ}
They must wash their hands and their feet and they will not die. This is a perpetual statute for them, for him [Aharon] and his descendants for all their generations.”
They must wash their hands and their feet and they will not die. This is a perpetual statute for them, for him [Aharon] and his descendants for all their generations.”
Rashi
ולא ימותו. לחייב מיתה על המשמש במזבח ואינו רחוץ ידים ורגלים, שממיתה הראשונה לא שמענו אלא על הנכנס להיכל:
And they will not die. This intends to make liable to the death penalty someone who performs a korbon service on the [outer] altar without having washed his hands and feet; for from the earlier mention of the death penalty we can derive only that it applies to someone who enters the Sanctuary.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying.
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying.
וְאַתָּה קַח־לְךָ בְּשָׂמִים רֹאשׁ מׇר־דְּרוֹר חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְקִנְּמׇן־בֶּשֶׂם מַחֲצִיתוֹ חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָיִם וּקְנֵה־בֹשֶׂם חֲמִשִּׁים וּמָאתָֽיִם׃
“You shall take the finest spices, five hundred [shekels] of pure myrrh, half portions of fragrant cinnamon, [consisting of] two hundred and fifty [shekels] each, and two hundred and fifty [shekels] of calamus spices.
“You shall take the finest spices, five hundred [shekels] of pure myrrh, half portions of fragrant cinnamon, [consisting of] two hundred and fifty [shekels] each, and two hundred and fifty [shekels] of calamus spices.
Rashi
בשמים ראש. חשובים:
The finest spices. [Meaning:] the finest.
וקנמן בשם. לפי שהקנמון קליפת עץ הוא, יש שהוא טוב ויש בו ריח טוב וטעם, ויש שאינו אלא כעץ, לכך הוצרך לומר קנמן בשם, מן הטוב:
Fragrant cinnamon. Since cinnamon is the bark of a tree, there are some that are good and have a good fragrance and flavor, and there are some that are merely like wood, it was therefore necessary to say: קִנְּמָן בֶּשֶׂם — i.e., of the fragrant one.
מחציתו חמשים ומאתים. מחצית הבאתו תהא חמשים ומאתים, נמצא כלו חמש מאות, כמו שיעור מר דרור, אם כן למה נאמר בו חצאין, גזרת הכתוב היא להביאו לחצאין, להרבות בו ב' הכרעות, שאין שוקלין עין בעין, וכך שנויה בכריתות (ה.):
Half a portion being two hundred fifty. I.e., half of what is brought shall be two hundred fifty. Consequently the total was five hundred, equal to the amount of pure myrrh. If that is the case, why is it expressed in terms of halves? It is a scriptural decree that it be brought as two halves so that it be increased by two tippings of the scale for things cannot be weighed to their absolute exactness. So this is taught in Tractate Kerisos.
וקנה בושם. קנה של בשם, לפי שיש קנים שאינן של בשם, הוצרך לומר בשם:
Calamus spices. [Meaning:] cane containing spices. Because there are canes that contain no spices it was necessary to say: בֹּשֶׂם — “containing spices.”
חמשים ומאתים. סך משקל כולו:
Two hundred fifty — the amount of the total weight.
וְקִדָּה חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת בְּשֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְשֶׁמֶן זַיִת הִֽין׃
[Also take] five hundred [shekels] of cassia based on the shekel value of the Holy [Sanctuary], and a hin of olive oil.
[Also take] five hundred [shekels] of cassia based on the shekel value of the Holy [Sanctuary], and a hin of olive oil.
Rashi
וקדה. שם שורש עשב, ובלשון חכמים קציעה:
Cassia. It is the name of a root of an herb which, in the language of the Sages, is ketzia
הין. י"ב לוגין, ונחלקו בו חכמי ישראל, ר' מאיר אומר, בו שלקו את העקרין, אמר לו ר' יהודה, והלא לסוך את העקרין אינו סיפק, אלא שראום במים שלא יבלעו את השמן, ואחר כך הציף עליהם השמן, עד שקלט הריח וקפחו לשמן שעל העקרין:
Hin. The equivalent of twelve logs. The Sages of Yisrael disputed [the oil’s purpose]: Rabbi Meir said that the roots were boiled in it. Whereupon Rabbi Yehuda said to him: [But it is not so] for even to coat the roots this amount [of oil] would be insufficient! But [its purpose was this:] they soaked them (the roots) in water [so that being saturated with water] they would not absorb the oil, after which he poured the oil upon them [and kept it there] until it absorbed the aroma and then skimmed the oil off the roots.
וְעָשִׂיתָ אֹתוֹ שֶׁמֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת מַעֲשֵׂה רֹקֵחַ שֶׁמֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶֽה׃
Make it into sacred anointing oil, a blend made by a [perfume] blender. It shall be a sacred anointing oil.
Make it into sacred anointing oil, a blend made by a [perfume] blender. It shall be a sacred anointing oil.
Rashi
רוקח מרקחת. רוקח שם דבר הוא, והטעם מוכיח שהוא למעלה, והרי הוא כמו רקע, רגע, ואינו כמו רֹגַע הַיָּם (ישעיה נא, טו), וכמו רֹוקַע הָאָרֶץ (שם מב, ה), שהטעם למטה, וכל דבר המעורב בחבירו, עד שזה קופח מזה או ריח או טעם, קרוי מרקחת:
A blend made by a [perfume] blender. רֹקַח is a noun [and not a verb], and the accent’s being on the first syllable indicates this. It is the same as רֶקַח — “blended,” or רֶגַע — “a moment.” It is not the same as: רֹגַע הַיָּם — “he stirs up the sea;” or the same as: רֹקַע הָאָרֶץ — “who spreads out the land,” where the accent is on the last syllable. Anything mixed with another thing to the degree that one absorbs from the other either smell or taste is called מִרְקַחַת .
רקח מרקחת. רקח העשוי על ידי אומנות ותערובות:
רֹקַח מִרְקַחַת [therefore means] a blend made through skilled craftsmanship and mixing.
מעשה רוקח. שם האומן בדבר:
The work of a רוֹקֵחַ — the name of the craftsman in this field.
וּמָשַׁחְתָּ בוֹ אֶת־אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְאֵת אֲרוֹן הָעֵדֻֽת׃
Anoint with it the Tent of Meeting, and the Ark of the Testimony,
Anoint with it the Tent of Meeting, and the Ark of the Testimony,
Rashi
ומשחת בו. כל המשיחות כמין כ"ף יונית, חוץ משל מלכים שהן כמין נזר:
Anoint with it. All anointings were done in the form of the Greek chi except those of kings which are done in the form of a crown.
וְאֶת־הַשֻּׁלְחָן וְאֶת־כׇּל־כֵּלָיו וְאֶת־הַמְּנֹרָה וְאֶת־כֵּלֶיהָ וְאֵת מִזְבַּח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃
And the Table and all its vessels, and the Menorah and its vessels, and the Incense Altar,
And the Table and all its vessels, and the Menorah and its vessels, and the Incense Altar,
וְאֶת־מִזְבַּח הָעֹלָה וְאֶת־כׇּל־כֵּלָיו וְאֶת־הַכִּיֹּר וְאֶת־כַּנּֽוֹ׃
And the Burnt-offering Altar and all its vessels, and the wash basin and its base.
And the Burnt-offering Altar and all its vessels, and the wash basin and its base.
וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ אֹתָם וְהָיוּ קֹדֶשׁ קׇֽדָשִׁים כׇּל־הַנֹּגֵעַ בָּהֶם יִקְדָּֽשׁ׃
Sanctify them and they will become holy of holies. Anything that touches them will become holy.
Sanctify them and they will become holy of holies. Anything that touches them will become holy.
Rashi
וקדשת אותם. משיחה זו מקדשתם להיות קדש קדשים, ומה היא קדושתם, כל הנוגע וגו', כל הראוי לכלי שרת, משנכנס לתוכו קדוש קדושת הגוף, להפסל ביוצא, ולינה, וטבול יום, ואינו נפדה לצאת לחולין, אבל דבר שאינו ראוי להם אין מקדשין. ושנויה היא משנה שלימה אצל מזבח, מתוך שנאמר כֹּל הַנֹּגֵעַ בַּמִּזְבֵּחַ יִקְדָּשׁ (שמות כט, לז), שומע אני בין ראוי בין שאינו ראוי, תלמוד לומר כבשים, מה כבשים ראויים אף כל ראויים. כל משיחת משכן וכהנים ומלכים מתורגם לשון רבוי, לפי שאין צורך משיחתן אלא לגדולה, כי כן יסד המלך שזה חנוך גדולתן, ושאר משיחות, כמו רקיקין משוחין וְרֵאשִׁית שְׁמָנִים יִמְשָׁחוּ (עמוס ו, ו), לשון ארמית בהן כלשון עברית:
Sanctify them. It is this anointing which sanctifies them to become holy of holies. And what is the manifestation of their holiness? It is: “Anything that touches them, etc.” [This means:] anything that is fit for a sacred vessel, once it comes into it (i.e., the vessel) it becomes intrinsically holy, so that it will become unfit though יוֹצֵא, [i.e., if taken out of the courtyard of the mishkon] or לִינָה, [i.e., being left overnight off the altar], or [by coming in contact with] a טְבוּל יוֹם and cannot be redeemed so as to become secular. However, anything that is not fit for them they do not sanctify. This is stated as an undisputed Mishnah (i.e., a beraisa) concerning the altar. From that which is stated: “Whatever touches the altar becomes sanctified,” I might infer that this applies whether it is fit [for the altar] or whether it is not fit. The Torah, therefore, says [in the next verse]: “sheep” — just as sheep are fit [for the altar], so must everything be fit [to be sanctified by the altar]. Every anointing of the mishkon, kohanim and kings is translated by Onkelos as רִבּוּי — “elevating to a higher status” because the only purpose of anointing is to elevate to a higher status, for so did the King (God) establish that this [shall be the method] of installation to a higher status. However, other anointings, for example, רְקִיקִין מְשׁוּחִים (anointed wafers), or: “With the important oils shall they anoint (יִמְשָׁחוּ),” their Aramaic version is the same as the Hebrew.
וְאֶת־אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת־בָּנָיו תִּמְשָׁח וְקִדַּשְׁתָּ אֹתָם לְכַהֵן לִֽי׃
You shall also anoint Aharon and his sons, and sanctify them to serve Me as kohanim.”
You shall also anoint Aharon and his sons, and sanctify them to serve Me as kohanim.”
וְאֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל תְּדַבֵּר לֵאמֹר שֶׁמֶן מִשְׁחַת־קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה זֶה לִי לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶֽם׃
Speak to the B’nei Yisrael, saying: “This shall be sacred anointing oil to Me for all your generations.
Speak to the B’nei Yisrael, saying: “This shall be sacred anointing oil to Me for all your generations.
Rashi
לדרתיכם. מכאן למדו רבותינו לומר שכולו קיים לעתיד לבא (הוריות יא:):
For all your generations. From this our Sages deduced that one can state that the entire [שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה] will be preserved for the time yet to come (i.e., after Moshiach comes).
זה. בגימטריא תריסר לוגין הוו:
This. The numerical value [of זֶה] [ז =7, ה =5] corresponds to the twelve logs [of the שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה].
עַל־בְּשַׂר אָדָם לֹא יִיסָךְ וּבְמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ כָּמֹהוּ קֹדֶשׁ הוּא קֹדֶשׁ יִהְיֶה לָכֶֽם׃
It must not be poured on the flesh of any man, and its formula must not be duplicated. It is sacred. It must be sacred to you.
It must not be poured on the flesh of any man, and its formula must not be duplicated. It is sacred. It must be sacred to you.
Rashi
לא ייסך. בשני יודי"ן, לשון לא יפעל, כמו לְמַעַן יִיטַב לָךְ (דברים ו, יח):
לֹא יִיסָךְ — spelled with two letters י' which takes the form: he (or, it) shall not be done, as in: “so that (יִיטַב) it will be well with you.”
על בשר אדם לא ייסך. מן השמן הזה עצמו:
It must not be poured on the flesh of any man — from this oil itself.
ובמתכנתו לא תעשו כמוהו. בסכום סממניו, לא תעשו אחר כמוהו במשקל סממנין הללו, לפי מדת הין שמן, אבל אם פחת או רבה סממנין לפי מדת הין שמן, מותר, ואף העשוי במתכונתו של זה, אין הסך ממנו חייב, אלא הרוקחו (כריתות ה.):
וּבְמַתְכֻּנְתּוֹ לֹא תַעֲשֹוּ כָּמֹהוּ . [Meaning:] with the quantity of each of its spices make no other like it, i.e., with the weight of these spices in proportion to the measure of a hin of oil. But if he decreased or increased the spices in proportion to the measure of a hin of oil, then it is permissible. However, even if it were made in the proportions of this one (i.e., the שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה), there is no transgression for one who applies it to himself, only for one who blends it [transgresses].
ובמתכנתו. לשון חשבון, כמו מתכנת הלבנים, וכן במתכונתה, של קטורת:
And its formula. A term meaning: “a particular quantity,” as in: “(מַתְכֹּנֶת) the quantity of bricks.” Similarly: בְמַתְכֻּנְתָּה — “in its particular quantity,” of the incense.
אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר יִרְקַח כָּמֹהוּ וַאֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן מִמֶּנּוּ עַל־זָר וְנִכְרַת מֵעַמָּֽיו׃ {ס}
If a person compounds a similar formula, or if he places from it upon an unauthorized person, he shall be cut off [spiritually] from his people.
If a person compounds a similar formula, or if he places from it upon an unauthorized person, he shall be cut off [spiritually] from his people.
Rashi
ואשר יתן ממנו. מאותו של משה:
Or if he places from it. [I.e.,] from the one which Moshe [blended].
על זר. שאינו צורך כהונה ומלכות:
Upon an unauthorized person. [I.e.,] when it is not for the need of the priesthood or kingdom (i.e., anointing a king).
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה קַח־לְךָ סַמִּים נָטָף ׀ וּשְׁחֵלֶת וְחֶלְבְּנָה סַמִּים וּלְבֹנָה זַכָּה בַּד בְּבַד יִהְיֶֽה׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, Take for yourself spices, stacte, onycha and galbanum, spices and pure frankincense. They shall be of equal weight.
Adonoy said to Moshe, Take for yourself spices, stacte, onycha and galbanum, spices and pure frankincense. They shall be of equal weight.
Rashi
נטף. הוא צרי, ועל שאינו אלא שרף הנוטף מעצי הקטף קרוי נטף, ובלע"ז גומ"א (גוממיא), והצרי קורין לו טרי"אקה (טהעריאק):
stacte. נָטָף is balsam, but since it is only the sap that drips from the balsam trees it is called נָטָף (from נוֹטֵף — “drips”). In Old French it is called gome (tree sap) and the balsam is called theriake.
ושחלת. שורש בשם, חלק ומצהיר כצפורן, ובלשון המשנה קרוי צפורן, וזהו שתרגם אונקלוס וְטוּפְרָא:
Onycha. It is a smooth fragrant root, translucent like a fingernail. In mishnaic Hebrew it is called צִפּוֹרֶן . And that is the intent of Onkelos when he translates it: וְטוּפְרָא (טוּפְרָא being Aramaic for צִפּוֹרֶן).
וחלבנה. בשם שריחו רע, וקורין לו גלב"נא (גאלבאן) ומנאה הכתוב בין סממני הקטורת, ללמדנו שלא יקל בעינינו לצרף עמנו באגודת תעניותינו ותפלתנו את פושעי ישראל שיהיו נמנין עמנו:
Galbanum. A spice with a bad odor, which is called galbanum. Scripture counts it among the spices of the incense to teach us not to look with contempt at including in our gatherings for fasts and prayers the sinners among the Israelites, that they should be counted (i.e., united) with us.
סמים. אחרים:
Spices. [I.e.,] other spices.
ולבונה זכה. מכאן למדו רבותינו (כריתות ו:) י"א סממנין נאמרו לו למשה בסיני, מעוט סמים שנים, נטף ושחלת וחלבנה ג', הרי ה', סמים, לרבות עוד כמו אלו, הרי עשר, ולבונה, הרי י"א. ואלו הן, הצרי, והצפורן, החלבנה, והלבונה, מור, וקציעה, שבולת נרד, וכרכום, הרי ח', שהשבולת ונרד אחד שהנרד דומה לשבולת, הקושט, והקילופה, והקנמון, הרי י"א. בורית כרשינה אינו נקטר, אלא בו שפין את הצפורן ללבנה שתהא נאה:
And pure frankincense. From here our Sages derived that Moshe was told of eleven spices at Sinai: the minimum amount indicated by סַמִּים — “spices,” is two (for the least of any plural is two); stacte, onycha, and galbanum are three; so you have five; סַמִּים [is repeated at this point] so as to add an amount equal to the above; so now you have ten; and frankincense makes it eleven. They are as follows: 1.stacte, 2.onycha, 3.galbanum 4.frankincense, 5.myrrh, 6.cassia, 7.spikenard, 8.saffron; this gives you eight, because שִׁבּוֹלֶת and נֵרְד are one, for נֵרְד is similar to שִׁבּוֹלֶת; 9.costus, 10.aromatic bark, 11.cinnamon, giving you the total of eleven. Boris karshina is not burnt but it is used to smooth the onycha in order to whiten it so as to make it pleasing to the eye.
בד בבד יהיה. אלו הארבעה הנזכרים כאן יהיו שוין משקל במשקל, כמשקלו של זה כך משקלו של זה, וכן שנינו, הצרי והצפורן והחלבנה והלבונה משקל שבעים שבעים מנה. ולשון בד, נראה בעיני שהוא לשון יחיד, אחד באחד יהיה, זה כמו זה:
They shall be of equal weight. The four explicitly mentioned here shall be equal — weight for weight. The weight of one should be the same weight as the other, and so we learned: the balsam, the onycha, the galbanum, and the frankincense each had a weight of seventy manehs. The word בַּד, it seems to me, is a term for “a single one” [בַּד בְּבַד יִהְיֶה — therefore has the meaning:] “they shall be one for one” [i.e.,] one like the other.
וְעָשִׂיתָ אֹתָהּ קְטֹרֶת רֹקַח מַעֲשֵׂה רוֹקֵחַ מְמֻלָּח טָהוֹר קֹֽדֶשׁ׃
Make it into incense, a blend blended by a blender, thoroughly blended, pure and holy.
Make it into incense, a blend blended by a blender, thoroughly blended, pure and holy.
Rashi
ממלח. כתרגומו מעורב, שיערב שחיקתן יפה יפה זה עם זה, ואומר אני שדומה לו וַיִּרְאוּ הַמַּלָּחִים (יונה א, ה), מַלָּחַיִך וְחֹבְלַיִךְ (יחזקאל כז, כז), על שם שמהפכין את המים במשוטות כשמנהיגים את הספינה, כאדם המהפך בכף ביצים טרופות לערבן עם המים, וכל דבר שאדם רוצה לערב יפה יפה, מהפכו באצבע או בבזך:
Thoroughly blended. As Onkelos translates it: “mixed,” [i.e.] the particles must be mixed thoroughly with one another. It is my opinion that similar to this (i.e., מְמֻלָּח) is: “(הַמַּלָחִים) the sailors were frightened” [or:] “(מַלָחַיִךְ) your sailors and your pilots.” [They are so called] because they keep turning the water over (mixing) with oars when they move the ship, similar to a person who stirs beaten eggs with a spoon in order to mix them with water. Anything that a person wants to mix thoroughly he turns over (stirs up) with a finger or a spoon.
ממולח טהור קדש. ממולח יהיה, וטהור יהיה, וקדש יהיה:
Thoroughly blended, pure and holy. Thoroughly blended shall it be, pure shall it be, and holy shall it be.
וְשָֽׁחַקְתָּ מִמֶּנָּה הָדֵק וְנָתַתָּה מִמֶּנָּה לִפְנֵי הָעֵדֻת בְּאֹהֶל מוֹעֵד אֲשֶׁר אִוָּעֵד לְךָ שָׁמָּה קֹדֶשׁ קׇֽדָשִׁים תִּהְיֶה לָכֶֽם׃
Pulverize some of it very finely and place it before the [Ark of] Testimony in the Tent of Meeting, where I will meet with you. It shall be holy of holies to you.
Pulverize some of it very finely and place it before the [Ark of] Testimony in the Tent of Meeting, where I will meet with you. It shall be holy of holies to you.
Rashi
ונתתה ממנה וגו'. היא קטרת שבכל יום ויום שעל מזבח הפנימי שהוא באהל מועד:
And place it, etc. This refers to the daily incense burning which [was done] on the inner altar which is inside the Tent of Meeting.
אשר אועד לך שמה. כל מועדי דבור שאקבע לך, אני קובעם לאותו מקום:
Where I will meet with you. “All appointments that I will set up to speak with you I shall set up in that place.”
וְהַקְּטֹרֶת אֲשֶׁר תַּעֲשֶׂה בְּמַתְכֻּנְתָּהּ לֹא תַעֲשׂוּ לָכֶם קֹדֶשׁ תִּהְיֶה לְךָ לַיהֹוָֽה׃
The incense you are making, its formula must not be duplicated for you[r use]. It shall be sacred to you for Adonoy.
The incense you are making, its formula must not be duplicated for you[r use]. It shall be sacred to you for Adonoy.
Rashi
במתכנתה. במנין סממניה:
Its formula. [Meaning:] according to the quantity of its spices.
קדש תהיה לך לה'. שלא תעשנה אלא לשמי:
It shall be sacred to you for Adonoy. [Meaning:] that you shall do it only for My Name.
אִישׁ אֲשֶׁר־יַעֲשֶׂה כָמוֹהָ לְהָרִיחַ בָּהּ וְנִכְרַת מֵעַמָּֽיו׃ {ס}
A person who duplicates this formula to enjoy its fragrance, shall be cut off [spiritually] from his people.”
A person who duplicates this formula to enjoy its fragrance, shall be cut off [spiritually] from his people.”
Rashi
להריח בה. אבל עושה אתה במתכנתה משלך כדי למכרה לצבור:
To enjoy its fragrance. But, you may make it on your own in its proper proportions for the purpose of selling it to the community.
Shemot 31
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,
Adonoy spoke to Moshe, saying,
רְאֵה קָרָאתִֽי בְשֵׁם בְּצַלְאֵל בֶּן־אוּרִי בֶן־חוּר לְמַטֵּה יְהוּדָֽה׃
“I have called by name [designated] Betzalel, son of Uri son of Chur, of the tribe of Yehudah.
“I have called by name [designated] Betzalel, son of Uri son of Chur, of the tribe of Yehudah.
Rashi
קראתי בשם. לעשות מלאכתי, את בצלאל:
I have called by name — to do My work — Betzalel.
וָאֲמַלֵּא אֹתוֹ רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים בְּחׇכְמָה וּבִתְבוּנָה וּבְדַעַת וּבְכׇל־מְלָאכָֽה׃
I have filled him with Divine spirit, with wisdom, with understanding, with knowledge, and with [the skill to perform] all types of crafting,
I have filled him with Divine spirit, with wisdom, with understanding, with knowledge, and with [the skill to perform] all types of crafting,
Rashi
בחכמה. מה שאדם שומע דברים מאחרים ולמד:
With wisdom. [“Wisdom” refers to] that which a person hears from others, and learns.
ובתבונה. מבין דבר מלבו מתוך דברים שלמד:
With understanding. [תְּבוּנָה is what] he understands on his own from things that he has learned [from others].
ובדעת. רוח הקדש:
With knowledge. [דַּעַת refers to] Divine Inspiration.
לַחְשֹׁב מַחֲשָׁבֹת לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּזָּהָב וּבַכֶּסֶף וּבַנְּחֹֽשֶׁת׃
to devise plans to work in gold, in silver, and in copper,
to devise plans to work in gold, in silver, and in copper,
Rashi
לחשוב מחשבות. אריגת מעשה חשב:
To devise plans — [refers to] the weaving of a master craftsman.
וּבַחֲרֹשֶׁת אֶבֶן לְמַלֹּאת וּבַחֲרֹשֶׁת עֵץ לַעֲשׂוֹת בְּכׇל־מְלָאכָֽה׃
to cut stones for setting, to carve wood, and to work in all types of crafting.
to cut stones for setting, to carve wood, and to work in all types of crafting.
Rashi
ובחרשת. לשון אומנות, כמו חָרָשׁ חָכָם (ישעיה מ, כ). ואונקלוס פירש, ושנה בפירושן, שאומן אבנים קרוי אומן, וחרש עץ קרוי נגר:
וּבַחֲרשֶׁת . Meaning: a craft as in: חָרָשׁ חָכָם — “a wise craftsman.” However, Onkelos explains it more specifically and varies their explanation [in each instance], for a stone craftsman is called אוּמָן and a wood craftsman is called נַגָּר .
למלאת. להושיבה במשבצות שלה במלואה, לעשות המשבצת למדת מושב האבן ועוביה:
For setting (lit. to fill). [I.e] to place it into its setting in its entirety [i.e.] to make the setting [corresponding] to the measurement of the bottom of the stone and its thickness.
וַאֲנִי הִנֵּה נָתַתִּי אִתּוֹ אֵת אׇהֳלִיאָב בֶּן־אֲחִֽיסָמָךְ לְמַטֵּה־דָן וּבְלֵב כׇּל־חֲכַם־לֵב נָתַתִּי חׇכְמָה וְעָשׂוּ אֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִֽךָ׃
And behold, I have appointed [to serve] with him, Oholiav, son of Achisamach of the tribe of Don. In the heart of every wise-hearted person I have placed wisdom, so they can make all that I have commanded:
And behold, I have appointed [to serve] with him, Oholiav, son of Achisamach of the tribe of Don. In the heart of every wise-hearted person I have placed wisdom, so they can make all that I have commanded:
Rashi
ובלב כל חכם לב וגו'. ועוד שאר חכמי לב שבכם, וכל אשר נתתי בו חכמה, ועשו את כל אשר צויתיך:
In the heart of every wise-hearted person, etc. [Meaning:] and the other wise-hearted among you, and anyone to whom I have given wisdom, all these shall do all that I have commanded you.
אֵת ׀ אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד וְאֶת־הָֽאָרֹן לָֽעֵדֻת וְאֶת־הַכַּפֹּרֶת אֲשֶׁר עָלָיו וְאֵת כׇּל־כְּלֵי הָאֹֽהֶל׃
the Tent of Meeting, the Ark for the Testimony, the [Ark] Cover that is to be placed on it, and all the vessels [furniture] of the Tent:
the Tent of Meeting, the Ark for the Testimony, the [Ark] Cover that is to be placed on it, and all the vessels [furniture] of the Tent:
Rashi
ואת הארון לעדות. לצורך לוחות העדות:
The ark for the Testimony. [I.e.] for the purpose of the Tablets of Testimony.
וְאֶת־הַשֻּׁלְחָן וְאֶת־כֵּלָיו וְאֶת־הַמְּנֹרָה הַטְּהֹרָה וְאֶת־כׇּל־כֵּלֶיהָ וְאֵת מִזְבַּח הַקְּטֹֽרֶת׃
the Table and its vessels, The pure [gold] Menorah, and all its vessels, and the Incense Altar,
the Table and its vessels, The pure [gold] Menorah, and all its vessels, and the Incense Altar,
Rashi
הטהורה. על שם זהב טהור:
The pure [Menorah]. So called on account of [its] pure gold.
וְאֶת־מִזְבַּח הָעֹלָה וְאֶת־כׇּל־כֵּלָיו וְאֶת־הַכִּיּוֹר וְאֶת־כַּנּֽוֹ׃
the Burnt—offering Altar, and all its vessels, the Wash Basin and its base.
the Burnt—offering Altar, and all its vessels, the Wash Basin and its base.
וְאֵת בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד וְאֶת־בִּגְדֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ לְאַהֲרֹן הַכֹּהֵן וְאֶת־בִּגְדֵי בָנָיו לְכַהֵֽן׃
[They shall also make] garments [coverings] of crochet-work, as well as the sacred garments for Aharon, the kohein, and the garments for his sons to serve [as kohanim,]
[They shall also make] garments [coverings] of crochet-work, as well as the sacred garments for Aharon, the kohein, and the garments for his sons to serve [as kohanim,]
Rashi
ואת בגדי השרד. אומר אני לפי פשוטו של מקרא, שאי אפשר לומר שבבגדי כהונה מדבר, לפי שנאמר אצלם ואת בגדי הקדש לאהרן הכהן ואת בגדי בניו לכהן, אלא אלו בגדי השרד הם, בגדי התכלת והארגמן ותולעת שני האמורים בפרשת מסעות, וְנָתְנוּ עָלָיו בֶּגֶד תְּכֵלֶת (במדבר ד, יב), וְנָתְנוּ עָלָיו בֶּגֶד אַרְגָּמָן (שם יג), וְנָתְנוּ עֲלֵיהֶם בֶּגֶד תֹּולַעַת שָׁנִי (שם ח), ונראין דברי, שנאמר וּמִן הַתְּכֵלֶת וְהָאַרְגָּמָן וְתֹולַעַת הַשָּׁנִי עָשׂוּ בִגְדֵי שְׂרָד לְשָׁרֵת בַּקֹּדֶשׁ (שמות לט, א), ולא הוזכר שש עמהם, ואם בבגדי כהונה מדבר, לא מצינו באחד מהם ארגמן או תולעת שני בלא שש:
Garments of crochet-work. It is my opinion [that] according to the plain meaning of the verse it is impossible to say that it speaks here of the priestly garments for [immediately thereafter] it states: “and the sacred garments of Aharon the kohein and the garments of his sons to serve.” But, [you must say] that these בִּגְדֵי הַשְּׂרָד are the “garments” [made of] the greenish-blue wool, and the dark red wool, and the crimson wool which are mentioned in the section of the travels: “They shall spread over it a ‘garment’ of greenish-blue wool” “and spread over it a ‘garment’ of dark red wool,” “they shall place over them a garment of crimson.” It seems that my opinion is correct, for it is said: “And from the greenish-blue wool, the dark red wool, and the crimson wool they made בִּגְדֵי שְׂרָד to serve in the Sanctuary,” and linen is not mentioned among them. Now, if [it were speaking] of the priestly garments — we do not find in a single one of them [mention of] dark red wool or crimson wool without linen [as well].
בגדי השרד. יש מפרשים לשון עבודה ושירות, כתרגומו לְבוּשֵׁי שִׁמּוּשָׁא, ואין לו דמיון במקרא, ואני אומר שהוא לשון ארמי, כתרגום של קלעים ותרגום של מכבר, שהיו ארוגים במחט, עשויים נקבים נקבים, לצי"דין בלע"ז (שלינגווערק):
Garments of crochet-work. Some explain it as garments of work and service as Onkelos translates it: “garments of service.” Nothing like שְׂרָד appears in Scripture. It is my opinion that it is from Aramaic similar to the Targum of the word קְלָעִים and the Targum of מִכְבָּר, both of which were woven by needle (crocheted) forming intermittent holes lacediz (net-work) in Old French.
וְאֵת שֶׁמֶן הַמִּשְׁחָה וְאֶת־קְטֹרֶת הַסַּמִּים לַקֹּדֶשׁ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־צִוִּיתִךָ יַעֲשֽׂוּ׃ {פ}
[Also] the anointing oil, and the incense of spices for the Holy [Sanctuary,] according to all that I have commanded you,” they shall make.
[Also] the anointing oil, and the incense of spices for the Holy [Sanctuary,] according to all that I have commanded you,” they shall make.
Rashi
ואת קטורת הסמים לקדש. לצורך הקטרת ההיכל שהוא קדש:
And the incense of spices for the Holy. For the purpose of bringing up smoke in the הֵיכָל which is [the] קֹדֶשׁ [referred to here].
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, saying,
Adonoy said to Moshe, saying,
וְאַתָּה דַּבֵּר אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֵאמֹר אַךְ אֶת־שַׁבְּתֹתַי תִּשְׁמֹרוּ כִּי אוֹת הִוא בֵּינִי וּבֵֽינֵיכֶם לְדֹרֹתֵיכֶם לָדַעַת כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה מְקַדִּשְׁכֶֽם׃
And you speak to the B’nei Yisrael, saying, You must still preserve My Shabbos, for it is a sign between Me and yourselves for your generations to know that I Adonoy am making you holy.
And you speak to the B’nei Yisrael, saying, You must still preserve My Shabbos, for it is a sign between Me and yourselves for your generations to know that I Adonoy am making you holy.
Rashi
ואתה דבר אל בני ישראל. ואתה, אף על פי שהפקדתיך לצוותם על מלאכת המשכן, אל יקל בעיניך לדחות את השבת מפני אותה מלאכה:
And you, speak to the B’nei Yisrael. “And you, though I have charged you to command them concerning the work of the mishkon, let it not be an easy matter for you to set the Shabbos aside on account of that work.”
אך את שבתותי תשמורו. אף על פי שתהיו רדופין וזריזין בזריזות המלאכה, שבת אל תדחה מפניה. כל אכין ורקין מעוטין, למעט שבת ממלאכת המשכן:
You must still preserve My Shabbos. Though you may be preoccupied in the rush of the work [of the mishkon], nevertheless Shabbos should not be set aside on account of it. [This is indicated by the fact that] every time the אַךְ or רַק appear [they convey the idea of] limiting or excluding. [Here אַךְ appears so as] to exclude Shabbos from any work of the mishkon.
כי אות היא ביני וביניכם. אות גדולה היא בינינו שבחרתי בכם, בהנחילי לכם את יום מנוחתי למנוחה:
For it is a sign between Me and yourselves. It is a sign of the esteem between us that I have chosen you, [as is indicated] by My giving to you as a legacy My day of rest, for rest.
לדעת. האומות בה, כי אני ה' מקדשכם:
To know. [So that] the nations [know] through it “that I, God, make you holy.”
וּשְׁמַרְתֶּם אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּת כִּי קֹדֶשׁ הִוא לָכֶם מְחַֽלְלֶיהָ מוֹת יוּמָת כִּי כׇּל־הָעֹשֶׂה בָהּ מְלָאכָה וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מִקֶּרֶב עַמֶּֽיהָ׃
You shall [therefore] preserve the Shabbos for it is sacred to you. Anyone who profanes it shall be put to death, for whoever does work on it [Shabbos] shall be cut off [spiritually] from the midst of his people.
You shall [therefore] preserve the Shabbos for it is sacred to you. Anyone who profanes it shall be put to death, for whoever does work on it [Shabbos] shall be cut off [spiritually] from the midst of his people.
Rashi
מות יומת. אם יש עדים והתראה:
Shall be put to death — provided there are witnesses and a warning.
ונכרתה. בלא התראה:
Shall be cut off [shall suffer the punishment of kares] — if there was no warning.
מחלליה. הנוהג בה חול בקדושתה:
Anyone who profanes it. [I.e.,] one who treats it in a profane matter despite its holiness.
שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים יֵעָשֶׂה מְלָאכָה וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן קֹדֶשׁ לַיהֹוָה כׇּל־הָעֹשֶׂה מְלָאכָה בְּיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת מוֹת יוּמָֽת׃
You may do work on [the] six days [of the week] but the seventh day is a Shabbos of complete rest, it is sacred to Adonoy. Whoever does work on the day of Shabbos shall be put to death.
You may do work on [the] six days [of the week] but the seventh day is a Shabbos of complete rest, it is sacred to Adonoy. Whoever does work on the day of Shabbos shall be put to death.
Rashi
שבת שבתון. מנוחת מרגוע ולא מנוחת עראי: (שבת שבתון. לכך כפלו הכתוב, לומר שאסור בכל מלאכה, אפילו אוכל נפש, וכן יום הכפורים שנאמר בו שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתֹון הוּא לָכֶם (ויקרא כג, לב), אסור בכל מלאכה, אבל יום טוב לא נאמר בו כי אם בַּיֹּום הָרִאשֹׁון שַׁבָּתֹון וּבַיֹּום הַשְׁמִינִי שַׁבָּתֹון (שם, לט), אסורים בכל מלאכת עבודה, ומותרים במלאכת אוכל נפש:)
A Shabbos of complete rest. [Means:] a restful rest and not a haphazard rest. (שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן . The reason the verse doubles the word שַׁבָּת is to tell you that all “work” is prohibited, even that which is for preparation of food. So, too, regarding Yom Kippur, where it states: “It is for you שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן,” all “work” is prohibited. Whereas regarding Yom Tov, it states only: “On the first day it shall be שַׁבָּתוֹן and on the eighth day it shall be שַׁבָּתוֹן they (i.e., these days) are prohibited from all “work” of toil but are permitted in work that is for the preparation of food.)
קדש לה'. שמירת קדושתה לשמי ובמצותי:
It is sacred to Adonoy. The observance of its sacredness shall be for My Name and to obey My commandments.
וְשָׁמְרוּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּת לַעֲשׂוֹת אֶת־הַשַּׁבָּת לְדֹרֹתָם בְּרִית עוֹלָֽם׃
The B’nei Yisrael shall preserve the Shabbos, to maintain the Shabbos for their generations, as an everlasting covenant.
The B’nei Yisrael shall preserve the Shabbos, to maintain the Shabbos for their generations, as an everlasting covenant.
בֵּינִי וּבֵין בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹת הִוא לְעֹלָם כִּי־שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים עָשָׂה יְהֹוָה אֶת־הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֶת־הָאָרֶץ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שָׁבַת וַיִּנָּפַֽשׁ׃ {ס}
Between Me and between the B’nei Yisrael it is an everlasting sign; for in six days Adonoy made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day, He abstained from work and He rested.”
Between Me and between the B’nei Yisrael it is an everlasting sign; for in six days Adonoy made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day, He abstained from work and He rested.”
Rashi
וינפש. כתרגומו וְנַח, וכל לשון נופש הוא לשון נפש, שמשיב נפשו ונשימתו בהרגיעו מטורח המלאכה, ומי שכתוב בו לֹא יִיעַף וְלֹא יִיגָע (ישעיה מ, כח), וכל פעלו במאמר הכתיב מנוחה לעצמו, לְשַׂבֵּר האוזן מה שהיא יכולה לשמוע:
And He rested. As Onkelos translates it: וְנָח — “and He rested.” All forms of נוֹפֶשׁ are from נֶפֶשׁ — “soul,” i.e., he retrieves his soul and breath by his resting from the toil of his work. Now He, about Whom it is written: “He does not become faint, nor weary,” and all His “work” is accomplished merely by command, attributes “rest” to Himself only to accustom the ear to what it can possibly hear.
כי תשא. לשון קבלה כתרגומו, כשתחפוץ לקבל סכום מנינם לדעת כמה הם, אל תמנם לגלגולת, אלא יתנו כל אחד מחצית השקל, ותמנה את השקלים ותדע מנינם:
When you take the count. [תִשָּׂא] has the meaning of “taking,” as Onkelos translates it [תְקַבֵּל] — “you will take.” [I.e.] “When you will wish to take the sum total of their numbers, do not take a head count, but, rather, let each give a half-shekel then count the shekalim and you will know [their number].”