Shemot
Vaera וארא
Part of: VaeraVaera, Aliyah 1Vaera, Aliyah 2Vaera, Aliyah 3Vaera, Aliyah 4Vaera, Aliyah 5Vaera, Aliyah 6Vaera, Aliyah 7Chapter 6Chapter 7Chapter 8Chapter 9Petuchah, Exodus 6:10Petuchah, Exodus 6:13Petuchah, Exodus 7:1Petuchah, Exodus 7:8Petuchah, Exodus 7:26Petuchah, Exodus 9:1Petuchah, Exodus 9:8Petuchah, Exodus 9:22Setumah, Exodus 6:2Setumah, Exodus 6:14Setumah, Exodus 6:29Setumah, Exodus 7:14Setumah, Exodus 7:19Setumah, Exodus 8:12Setumah, Exodus 8:16Setumah, Exodus 9:13
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Shemot 6
וַיְדַבֵּר אֱלֹהִים אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו אֲנִי יְהֹוָֽה׃
Elohim spoke to Moshe and said to him, “I am Adonoy.
Elohim spoke to Moshe and said to him, “I am Adonoy.
Rashi
ויאמר אליו אני ה'. נאמן לשלם שכר טוב למתהלכים לפני, ולא לחנם שלחתיך כי אם לקיים דברי שדברתי לאבות הראשונים. ובלשון הזה מצינו שהוא נדרש בכמה מקומות אני ה' נאמן ליפרע, כשהוא אומר אצל עונש, כגון וחללת את שם אלהיך אני ה', וכשהוא אומר אצל קיום מצות, כגון ושמרתם מצותי ועשיתם אותם אני ה', נאמן ליתן שכר:
And said to him, “I am Adonoy.” (I.e.) “[I] can be trusted to properly reward those who walk before Me. And it is not in vain that I sent you but to keep My promise which I had made to the early Fathers.” And it is in this sense that we find in many places: "אֲנִי ה'" [denoting] that He may be relied upon to exact retribution, when it (אני ה') appears in the context of punishment, as in: “You shall be profaning your God’s Name (אֲנִי ה') I am God. And when it appears in the context of the fulfillment of mitzvos as in: “And you shall keep My mitzvos and do them, (אֲנִי ה') I am God,” [it means, “I may be] trusted to give reward.”
וָאֵרָא אֶל־אַבְרָהָם אֶל־יִצְחָק וְאֶֽל־יַעֲקֹב בְּאֵל שַׁדָּי וּשְׁמִי יְהֹוָה לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי לָהֶֽם׃
I revealed Myself to Avraham, to Yitzchok, and to Yaakov as Almighty Shaddai, but My Name Adonoy I did not make known to them.
I revealed Myself to Avraham, to Yitzchok, and to Yaakov as Almighty Shaddai, but My Name Adonoy I did not make known to them.
Rashi
וארא. אל האבות:
I revealed Myself — to the fathers —
באל שדי. הבטחתים הבטחות, ובכולן אמרתי להם אני אל שדי:
as Almighty Shaddai. [Meaning:] “I made promises to them always saying to them, ‘I am El Shaddai.’”
ושמי ה' לא נודעתי להם. לא הודעתי אין כתיב כאן, אלא לא נודעתי, לא נִכַּרְתִּי להם במדת אמיתית שלי שעליה נקרא שמי ה', נאמן לְאַמֵּת דברי, שהרי הבטחתים ולא קיימתי:
[But,] My Name Adonoy I did not make known to them. לֹא הוֹדַעְתִּי is not written here (I did not make known), but, rather לֹא נוֹדַעְתִּי (I did not become known) [meaning:] “I was not recognized by them by My attribute of keeping trust, the reason for which My Name is called ה', [which denotes that] I may be trusted to keep My promises. For I made promises but have not [as yet] fulfilled them.”
וְגַם הֲקִמֹתִי אֶת־בְּרִיתִי אִתָּם לָתֵת לָהֶם אֶת־אֶרֶץ כְּנָעַן אֵת אֶרֶץ מְגֻרֵיהֶם אֲשֶׁר־גָּרוּ בָֽהּ׃
I also established My covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their sojourning where they lived as strangers.
I also established My covenant with them, to give them the land of Canaan, the land of their sojourning where they lived as strangers.
Rashi
וגם הקמתי את בריתי וגו'. וגם כשנראיתי להם באל שדי, הצבתי והעמדתי בריתי ביני וביניהם:
I also established My covenant, etc. [Meaning:] Also when I revealed Myself to them as Almighty Shaddai, I established and set up My covenant between Myself and them.
לתת להם את ארץ כנען. לאברהם בפרשת מילה נאמר, אֲנִי אֵל שַדַּי וגו' וְנָתַתִּי לְךָ וּלְזַרְעֲךָ אַחֲרֶיךָ אֵת אֶרֶץ מְגֻרֶיךָ (בראשית יז, א—ח). ליצחק, כִּי לְךָ וּלְזַרְעֲךָ אֶתֵּן אֶת כָּל הָאֲרצֹת הָאֵל וַהֲקִימֹתִּי אֶת הַשְׁבֻעָה אֲשֶׁר נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי לְאַבְרָהָם (שם כו, ג), ואותה שבועה שנשבעתי לאברהם באל שדי, אמרתי ליעקב אֲנִי אֵל שַׁדַּי פְּרֵה וּרְבֵה וגו' (שם לה, יא), וְאֶת הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר וגו' (שם יב), הרי שנדרתי להם ולא קיימתי:
To give them the Land of Canaan. To Avraham, in the chapter concerning circumcision, it is said: “I am Almighty Shaddai, etc., and I will give to you and to your descendants who will follow you the land of your temporary residence.” To Yitzchok: “For to you and to your descendants I will give all these lands, I will [thus] keep the oath that I swore to Avraham,” and that oath that I swore to Avraham was with [My Name] Almighty Shaddai. To Yaakov: “I am Almighty Shaddai be fruitful and multiply, etc. and the land that, etc. [I gave to Avraham and to Yitzchok I will give to you].” Thus, [you see] that I have made vows to them but have not [as yet] fulfilled [them].
וְגַם ׀ אֲנִי שָׁמַעְתִּי אֶֽת־נַאֲקַת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר מִצְרַיִם מַעֲבִדִים אֹתָם וָאֶזְכֹּר אֶת־בְּרִיתִֽי׃
And also I have heard the groaning of the B’nei Yisrael, that the Egyptians are enslaving them, and I have remembered My covenant.
And also I have heard the groaning of the B’nei Yisrael, that the Egyptians are enslaving them, and I have remembered My covenant.
Rashi
וגם אני. כמו שהצבתי והעמדתי הברית יש עלי לקיים, לפיכך שמעתי את נאקת בני ישראל הנואקים: אשר מצרים מעבידים אתם ואזכור. אותו הברית, כי בברית בין הבתרים אמרתי לו וְגַם אֶת הַגֹוי אַשֶר יַעֲבֹדוּ דָן אָנֹכִי (בראשית טו, יד):
I have also. “Just as I established and set up the covenant so, too, must I fulfill it. Therefore, I heard the groaning of the B’nei Yisrael who groan: that the Egyptians are enslaving them and I remember that covenant, for at the covenant of ‘Between the Pieces’ I said to him (Avraham): ‘And also the nation whom they will serve I will judge.’”
לָכֵן אֱמֹר לִבְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנִי יְהֹוָה וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם מִתַּחַת סִבְלֹת מִצְרַיִם וְהִצַּלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מֵעֲבֹדָתָם וְגָאַלְתִּי אֶתְכֶם בִּזְרוֹעַ נְטוּיָה וּבִשְׁפָטִים גְּדֹלִֽים׃
Therefore say to the B’nei Yisrael, ‘I am Adonoy. I will bring you out from under the burdens of Egypt, and I will save you from their slavery. I will redeem you with an outstretched arm, and with acts of great judgments.
Therefore say to the B’nei Yisrael, ‘I am Adonoy. I will bring you out from under the burdens of Egypt, and I will save you from their slavery. I will redeem you with an outstretched arm, and with acts of great judgments.
Rashi
לכן. על פי אותה השבועה:
Therefore. [Meaning:] in accordance with that oath —
אמור לבני ישראל אני ה'. הנאמן בהבטחתי:
say to the B’nai Yisrael — “I am Adonoy — Who can be trusted to fulfill My promise.”
והוצאתי אתכם. כי כן הבטחתיו (שם), וְאַחֲרֵי כֵן יֵצְאוּ בִּרְכֻשׁ גָדֹול:
I will bring you out. For I so promised: ‘And afterwards they will leave with great wealth.’
סבלות מצרים. טורח משא מצרים:
The burdens of Egypt. [Meaning:] the trouble of the burden of Egypt.
וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם לִי לְעָם וְהָיִיתִי לָכֶם לֵֽאלֹהִים וִֽידַעְתֶּם כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם הַמּוֹצִיא אֶתְכֶם מִתַּחַת סִבְלוֹת מִצְרָֽיִם׃
I will take you to Myself as a people, and I will be to you Elohim. You will know that I am Adonoy, your God Who is bringing you out from under the burdens of Egypt.
I will take you to Myself as a people, and I will be to you Elohim. You will know that I am Adonoy, your God Who is bringing you out from under the burdens of Egypt.
וְהֵבֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם אֶל־הָאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נָשָׂאתִי אֶת־יָדִי לָתֵת אֹתָהּ לְאַבְרָהָם לְיִצְחָק וּֽלְיַעֲקֹב וְנָתַתִּי אֹתָהּ לָכֶם מוֹרָשָׁה אֲנִי יְהֹוָֽה׃
I will bring you to the land regarding which I raised My hand [in oath] that I would give it to Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov, and I will give it to you as an inheritance. I am Adonoy.’”
I will bring you to the land regarding which I raised My hand [in oath] that I would give it to Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov, and I will give it to you as an inheritance. I am Adonoy.’”
Rashi
נשאתי את ידי. הרימותיה לישבע בכסאי:
I raised My hand. [Meaning:] “I lifted it to swear by My Throne.”
וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה כֵּן אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא שָֽׁמְעוּ אֶל־מֹשֶׁה מִקֹּצֶר רוּחַ וּמֵעֲבֹדָה קָשָֽׁה׃ {פ}
Moshe spoke [these words] to the B’nei Yisrael, but they would not listen to Moshe because of [their] shortness of wind and hard labor.
Moshe spoke [these words] to the B’nei Yisrael, but they would not listen to Moshe because of [their] shortness of wind and hard labor.
Rashi
ולא שמעו אל משה. לא קבלו תנחומין:
But they would not listen to Moshe. [Meaning:] they did not accept [his] words of comfort.
מקצר רוח. כל מי שהוא מיצר רוחו ונשימתו קצרה ואינו יכול להאריך בנשימתו. קרוב לענין זה שמעתי בפרשה זו מרבי ברוך בר' אליעזר, והביא לי ראיה ממקרא זה, בַּפַּעַם הַזֹּאת אֹודִיעֵם אֶת יָדִי וְאֶת גְבוּרָתִי וְיָדְעוּ כִּי שְׁמִי ה' (ירמי' טז, כא), למדנו כשהקב"ה מְאַמֵּן את דבריו אפילו לפורענות, מודיע ששמו ה', וכל שכן האמנה לטובה. ורבותינו דרשוהו (שמו"ר ו, ד. — סנהדרין קיא.) לענין של מעלה, שאמר משה לָמָה הֲרֵעֹתָה (שמות ה, כב), אמר לו הקב"ה חבל על דאבדין ולא משתכחין, יש לי להתאונן על מיתת האבות, הרבה פעמים נגליתי עליהם באל שדי, ולא אמרו לי מה שמך, ואתה אמרת מה שמו מה אומר אליהם:
Because of [their] shortness of wind. If someone is in a distressed state he is short of breath and he cannot draw long breaths. I heard [an explanation] similar to this one in this Parsha from Rabbi Baruch b. Rabbi Eliezer and he brought me proof from the following verse: “This time I will make known to them My hand and My might so that they will know that My Name is Adonoy.” We learn [from this] that when Hashem fulfills His words even where punishment is involved, He lets it be known that His Name is Adonoy. This is all the more so when it is a fulfillment of reward [promised]. The Sages, however, explained it as referring to what is discussed earlier — when Moshe said, “Why have You brought harm?” Hashem said to him, “Woe for those who are gone and cannot be replaced!” I have reason to mourn the deaths of the Fathers [for] many times I revealed Myself to them with [the Name] El Shaddai and they [never] said, “What is Your Name?” But, you said, “[‘Should they ask] what is His Name, what shall I tell them?’”...
וגם הקימותי וגו'. וכשבקש אברהם לקבור את שרה, לא מצא קרקע עד שקנה בדמים מרובים, וכן ביצחק ערערו עליו על הבארות אשר חפר, וכן ביעקב וַיִקֶן אֶת חֶלְקַת הַשָׂדֶה לנטות אהלו (בראשית לג, יט), ולא הרהרו אחר מדותי, ואתה אמרת למה הרעותה. ואין המדרש מתישב אחר המקרא מפני כמה דברים, אחת, שלא נאמר ושמי ה' לא שאלו לי, ואם תאמר לא הודיעם שכך שמו, הרי תחלה כשנגלה לאברהם בין הבתרים נאמר אֲנִי ה' אֲשֶׁר הֹוצֵאתִיךָ מֵאוּר כַּשְׁדִּים (שם טו, ז), ועוד, היאך הסמיכה נמשכת בדברים שהוא סומך לכאן וגם אני שמעתי וגו', לכן אמור לבני ישראל, לכך אני אומר יתישב המקרא על פשוטו דָּבָר דָּבֻר עַל אָפְנָיו (משלי כה, יא), והדרש תדרש, שנאמר הֲלֹוא כֹה דְבָרִי כָּאֵש נְאֻם ה' וּכְפַטִּיש יְפֹצֵץ סָלַע (ירמיה כג, כט), מתחלק לכמה ניצוצות:
...I also established, etc. (v. 4)... And when Avraham sought to bury Sarah, he could not find land until he had to buy it at great expense. Similarly, concerning Yitzchok, there was opposition to him on account of the wells that he dug. Similarly, concerning Yaakov, [it is written:] “He bought the part of the field” in order to pitch his tent, yet they did not question My attributes, but, you said, “Why did You bring harm?” However, this Midrash does not flow with the text for many reasons. First, because it does not state: “And they did not ask about My Name, Adonoy.” Should you say [that the intent of the verse is] He did not make known that that is His name, [this cannot be,] because in the beginning when He appeared to Avraham [at the Covenant] ‘Between the Pieces’ it is said: “I am Adonoy Who brought you out of Ur Kasdim.” And, furthermore, how is there continuity of context with the statements which [the Torah] places immediately afterwards, [viz.,] “I have also heard, etc.” (v. 5) [and:] “Therefore say to the B’nei Yisrael” (v. 6). Therefore, I say, let the verse be explained simply, each statement fitting its context, and let the exposition [by the Sages] be expounded, as it is said: “Is not My Word as fire, says Hashem, and like a hammer that shatters stone,” [so, too, does Hashem’s word] divide into many sparks.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying,
בֹּא דַבֵּר אֶל־פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם וִֽישַׁלַּח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ׃
“Come, speak to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, that he send the B’nei Yisrael out of his land.”
“Come, speak to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, that he send the B’nei Yisrael out of his land.”
וַיְדַבֵּר מֹשֶׁה לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה לֵאמֹר הֵן בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹֽא־שָׁמְעוּ אֵלַי וְאֵיךְ יִשְׁמָעֵנִי פַרְעֹה וַאֲנִי עֲרַל שְׂפָתָֽיִם׃ {פ}
Moshe spoke before Adonoy, saying, “Behold the B’nei Yisrael have not listened to me, how then will Pharaoh listen to me—I whose lips are covered.”
Moshe spoke before Adonoy, saying, “Behold the B’nei Yisrael have not listened to me, how then will Pharaoh listen to me—I whose lips are covered.”
Rashi
ערל שפתים. אטום שפתים, וכן כל לשון ערלה אני אומר שהוא אטום. עֲרֵלָה אָזְנָם (שם ו, י), אטומה משמוע. עַרְלֵי לֵב (שם ט, כה), אטומים מהבין. שְׁתֵה גַּם אַתָּה וְהֵעָרֵל (חבקוק ב, טז), והאטם משכרות כוס הקללה (נ"א התרעלה). וְעֶרֶל בָּשָׁר (יחזקאל מד, ט) שהגיד אטום ומכוסה בה. וַעֲרַלְתֶּם עָרְלָתֹו (ויקרא יט, כג), עשו לו אוטם וכיסוי, איסור שיבדיל בפני אכילתו. שָׁלשׁ שָׁנִים יִהְיֶה לָכֶם עֲרֵלִים (שם), אטום ומכוסה ומובדל מלאכלו:
How then will Pharaoh listen to me. This is one of the ten a fortiori inferences in the Torah.
ואיך ישמעני פרעה. זה אחד מעשרה ק"ו שבתורה (ב"ר צב, ז):
[Whose] lips are covered. [Literally,] obstructed regarding the lips. Similarly, wherever a term [derived from] עָרְלָה [appears] I say that it means obstructed [as in:] “Their ear is עֲרֵלָה,” [meaning:] obstructed from hearing. [or:] “עַרְלֵי of heart” [meaning:] obstructed of understanding, [or:] “You drink and וְהֵעָרֵל” [meaning:] and become obstructed [of understanding] from intoxication caused by the cup of curse. The foreskin of the flesh [is so called] because the member is obstructed and covered by it. וַעֲרַלְתֶּם עָרְלָתוֹ [means:] make for it (the fruit) an obstruction and cover — a prohibition that will prevent its being eaten. “For three years they shall be עֲרֵלִים to you” [עֲרֵלִים meaning:] obstructed and covered and barred from eating.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן וַיְצַוֵּם אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶל־פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרָיִם לְהוֹצִיא אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ {ס}
Adonoy [then] spoke to Moshe and Aharon, commanding them regarding the B’nei Yisrael and Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to bring out the B’nei Yisrael from the land of Egypt.
Adonoy [then] spoke to Moshe and Aharon, commanding them regarding the B’nei Yisrael and Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to bring out the B’nei Yisrael from the land of Egypt.
Rashi
וידבר ה' אל משה ואל אהרן. לפי שאמר משה ואני ערל שפתים, צירף לו הקב"ה את אהרן להיות לו לְפֶה ולמליץ:
Adonoy [then] spoke to Moshe and Aharon. Since Moshe had said, “And I have a speech defect,” (v. 12) Hashem had Aharon join him so that he would be his spokesman and interpreter.
ויצום אל בני ישראל. צוה עליהם להנהיגם בנחת ולסבול אותם (שמו"ר ז, ג):
Commanding them regarding the B’nei Yisrael. He commanded them regarding them (the B’nei Yisrael) to lead them with gentleness and to be patient with them.
ואל פרעה מלך מצרים. צִוָּם עליו לחלוק לו כבוד בדבריהם, זה מדרשו. ופשוטו, צִוָּם על דבר ישראל ועל שליחותו אל פרעה. ודבר הצווי מהו, מפורש בפרשה שניה לאחר סדר היחס, אלא מתוך שהזכיר משה ואהרן, הפסיק הענין באלה ראשי בית אבותם, ללמדנו היאך נולדו משה ואהרן, ובמי נתיחסו:
And Pharaoh, king of Egypt. He commanded them regarding him (Pharaoh) to treat him with respect when speaking [to him]. This is its midrashic meaning. But, its simple meaning (of אֶל בְּנֵי יִשְּׂרָאֵל וְאֶל פַּרְעֹה) is that He commanded them regarding the matter of Yisrael and regarding his mission to Pharaoh. And as far as what the substance of the command was, it is explained in the next chapter after the order of the genealogy, but, having mentioned Moshe and Aharon, it (the Torah) interrupts the narrative with, “These are the heads of their paternal households” to teach us how they were born and to whom they trace their lineage.
אֵלֶּה רָאשֵׁי בֵית־אֲבֹתָם בְּנֵי רְאוּבֵן בְּכֹר יִשְׂרָאֵל חֲנוֹךְ וּפַלּוּא חֶצְרֹן וְכַרְמִי אֵלֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹת רְאוּבֵֽן׃
These are the heads of their paternal households: the sons of Reuvein, the first-born of Yisrael [are]: Chanoch, Pallu, Chetzron and Carmi. These are the families of Reuvein.
These are the heads of their paternal households: the sons of Reuvein, the first-born of Yisrael [are]: Chanoch, Pallu, Chetzron and Carmi. These are the families of Reuvein.
Rashi
אלה ראשי בית אבותם. מתוך שהוזקק ליחס שבטו של לוי עד משה ואהרן בשביל משה ואהרן, התחיל ליחסם דרך תולדותם מראובן. (ובפסיקתא גדולה ראיתי, לפי שֶׁקִּנְטְרָם יעקב אבינו לשלשה שבטים הללו בשעת מותו, חזר הכתוב ויחסם כאן לבדם, לומר שחשובים הם):
These are the heads of their paternal households. Since it was necessary to state the genealogy of the tribe of Leivi down to Moshe and Aharon because of Moshe and Aharon, it (the Torah) begins to give their genealogy in the order of their births, [beginning] from Reuvein. But, in Pesikta Rabbasi (7, 12) I saw: Because our Father Yaakov criticized these three tribes at the time of his death, Scripture, here again traces only their genealogy thereby indicating that they were [nevertheless] worthy.
וּבְנֵי שִׁמְעוֹן יְמוּאֵל וְיָמִין וְאֹהַד וְיָכִין וְצֹחַר וְשָׁאוּל בֶּן־הַֽכְּנַעֲנִית אֵלֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹת שִׁמְעֽוֹן׃
The sons of Shimon: Yemuel, Yamin, Ohad, Yachin, Tzochar and Shaul, the son of the Canaanite woman. These are the families of Shimon.
The sons of Shimon: Yemuel, Yamin, Ohad, Yachin, Tzochar and Shaul, the son of the Canaanite woman. These are the families of Shimon.
וְאֵלֶּה שְׁמוֹת בְּנֵֽי־לֵוִי לְתֹלְדֹתָם גֵּרְשׁוֹן וּקְהָת וּמְרָרִי וּשְׁנֵי חַיֵּי לֵוִי שֶׁבַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁים וּמְאַת שָׁנָֽה׃
These are the names of the sons of Leivi, according to their generations: Gershon, Kehos, and Merari. The years of Leivi’s life were one hundred and thirty-seven years.
These are the names of the sons of Leivi, according to their generations: Gershon, Kehos, and Merari. The years of Leivi’s life were one hundred and thirty-seven years.
Rashi
ושני חיי לוי וגו'. למה נמנו שנותיו של לוי, להודיע כמה ימי השעבוד, שכל זמן שאחד מן השבטים קיים, לא היה שעבוד, שנאמר וַיָּמָת יֹוסֵף וְכָל אֶחָיו (שמות א, ו), ואח"כ וַיָּקָם מֶלֶךְ חָדָשׁ, ולוי האריך ימים על כולם:
The years of Leivi’s life were, etc. Why are the years of Leivi’s life specified [here]? To tell the length of time that the enslavement lasted, for as long as one of the Tribes (Yaakov’s sons) remained alive there was no enslavement, as it is said “Yoseif and his brothers died,” and afterwards: “A new king arose,” and Leivi outlived all of them.
בְּנֵי גֵרְשׁוֹן לִבְנִי וְשִׁמְעִי לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם׃
The sons of Gershon: Livni and Shimi, and their families [descending from them].
The sons of Gershon: Livni and Shimi, and their families [descending from them].
וּבְנֵי קְהָת עַמְרָם וְיִצְהָר וְחֶבְרוֹן וְעֻזִּיאֵל וּשְׁנֵי חַיֵּי קְהָת שָׁלֹשׁ וּשְׁלֹשִׁים וּמְאַת שָׁנָֽה׃
The sons of Kehos: Amram, Yitzhar, Chevron and Uzziel. The years of Kehos’s life were one hundred and thirty-three years.
The sons of Kehos: Amram, Yitzhar, Chevron and Uzziel. The years of Kehos’s life were one hundred and thirty-three years.
Rashi
ושני חיי קהת. ושני חיי עמרם וגו'. מחשבון זה אנו למדים על מושב בני ישראל ארבע מאות שנה שאמר הכתוב, שלא בארץ מצרים לבדה היו, אלא מיום שנולד יצחק, שהרי קהת מיורדי מצרים היה, חשוב כל שנותיו ושנות עמרם ושמונים של משה, לא תמצאם ד' מאות שנה, והרבה שנים נבלעים לבנים בשני האבות:
The years of Kehos’s life, the years of Amram’s life, etc. (v. 20). From these calculations we learn that the 400 year sojourn of the B’nei Yisrael of which Scripture speaks, was not [spent] in Egypt alone, but [was calculated] from the day Yitzchok was born. [This can be calculated thus:] For Kehos was among those who went down to Egypt. [Now] total up all of his years and the years of Amram [his son], and the eighty years of Moshe, you will find that they do not total [even] 400 years, [especially since] many of the [sons’] years are included in the fathers’ years.
וּבְנֵי מְרָרִי מַחְלִי וּמוּשִׁי אֵלֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹת הַלֵּוִי לְתֹלְדֹתָֽם׃
The sons of Merari: Machli and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to their [descending] generation.
The sons of Merari: Machli and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to their [descending] generation.
וַיִּקַּח עַמְרָם אֶת־יוֹכֶבֶד דֹּֽדָתוֹ לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶֽת־אַהֲרֹן וְאֶת־מֹשֶׁה וּשְׁנֵי חַיֵּי עַמְרָם שֶׁבַע וּשְׁלֹשִׁים וּמְאַת שָׁנָֽה׃
Amram took his aunt Yocheved for his wife and she bore him Aharon and Moshe. The years of Amram’s life were one hundred and thirty-seven years.
Amram took his aunt Yocheved for his wife and she bore him Aharon and Moshe. The years of Amram’s life were one hundred and thirty-seven years.
Rashi
יוכבד דדתו. אחת אבוהי, בת לוי אחות קהת:
His aunt Yocheved. [Translated by Onkelos:] “His father’s sister,” for she was Leivi’s daughter, Kehos’s sister.
וּבְנֵי יִצְהָר קֹרַח וָנֶפֶג וְזִכְרִֽי׃
The sons of Yitzhar: Korach, Nefeg and Zichri.
The sons of Yitzhar: Korach, Nefeg and Zichri.
וּבְנֵי עֻזִּיאֵל מִֽישָׁאֵל וְאֶלְצָפָן וְסִתְרִֽי׃
The sons of Uzziel: Mishaeil, Eltzaphan and Sisri.
The sons of Uzziel: Mishaeil, Eltzaphan and Sisri.
וַיִּקַּח אַהֲרֹן אֶת־אֱלִישֶׁבַע בַּת־עַמִּינָדָב אֲחוֹת נַחְשׁוֹן לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת־נָדָב וְאֶת־אֲבִיהוּא אֶת־אֶלְעָזָר וְאֶת־אִֽיתָמָֽר׃
Aharon took Elisheva, daughter of Aminadav, sister of Nachshon, for a wife, and she bore him Nadav, Avihu, Elazar and Isamar.
Aharon took Elisheva, daughter of Aminadav, sister of Nachshon, for a wife, and she bore him Nadav, Avihu, Elazar and Isamar.
Rashi
אחות נחשון. מכאן למדנו, הנושא אשה צריך לבדוק באחיה (ב"ב קי. — שמו"ר ז, ד):
Sister of Nachshon. From here we learn that one [who contemplates] marrying a woman should [first] investigate her brothers.
וּבְנֵי קֹרַח אַסִּיר וְאֶלְקָנָה וַאֲבִיאָסָף אֵלֶּה מִשְׁפְּחֹת הַקׇּרְחִֽי׃
The sons of Korach: Assir, Elkanah and Aviasaf. These are the families of the Korachites.
The sons of Korach: Assir, Elkanah and Aviasaf. These are the families of the Korachites.
וְאֶלְעָזָר בֶּֽן־אַהֲרֹן לָקַֽח־לוֹ מִבְּנוֹת פּֽוּטִיאֵל לוֹ לְאִשָּׁה וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֶת־פִּֽינְחָס אֵלֶּה רָאשֵׁי אֲבוֹת הַלְוִיִּם לְמִשְׁפְּחֹתָֽם׃
Elazar, son of Aharon took, for himself one of the daughters of Putieil, for a wife, and she bore him Pinchas. These are the heads of the Levites’ patriarchs according to their families.
Elazar, son of Aharon took, for himself one of the daughters of Putieil, for a wife, and she bore him Pinchas. These are the heads of the Levites’ patriarchs according to their families.
Rashi
מבנות פוטיאל. מזרע יתרו שֶׁפִּטֵּם עגלים לעבודת אלילים, ומזרע יוסף שפטפט ביצרו (ב"ב קט:):
One of the daughters of Putiel. [He was] of the descendants of Yisro who [at one time] fattened (פִּטֵּם) calves [for use as] idolatrous [sacrifices], and of the descendants of Yoseif, who showed contempt (פִּטְפֵּט) for his evil inclination.
הוּא אַהֲרֹן וּמֹשֶׁה אֲשֶׁר אָמַר יְהֹוָה לָהֶם הוֹצִיאוּ אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם עַל־צִבְאֹתָֽם׃
This is [the lineage of] Aharon and Moshe to whom Adonoy had said, “Bring the B’nei Yisrael out of the land of Egypt with their multitudes.”
This is [the lineage of] Aharon and Moshe to whom Adonoy had said, “Bring the B’nei Yisrael out of the land of Egypt with their multitudes.”
Rashi
הוא אהרן ומשה. אלו שהוזכרו למעלה שילדה יוכבד לעמרם. הוא אהרן ומשה אשר אמר ה', יש מקומות שמקדים אהרן למשה ויש מקומות שמקדים משה לאהרן, לומר לך ששקולין כאחד:
This is [the lineage of] Aharon and Moshe. The same ones about whom it is mentioned above (v. 20) that Yocheved bore to Amram. This is [the lineage of] Aharon and Moshe. There are places where [the Torah] sets Aharon ahead of Moshe, and there are places where it sets Moshe ahead of Aharon, to tell you that they were equal.
על צבאותם. בצבאותם, כל צבאם לשבטיהם, יש על, שאינו אלא במקום אות אחת, וְעַל חַרְבְּךָ תִּחְיֶה (בראשית כז, מ), כמו בחרבך. עֲמַדְתֶּם עַל חַרְבְּכֶם (יחזקאל לג, כו), כמו בחרבכם:
With their multitudes. [עַל צִבְאֹתָם meaning:] with their multitudes — [i.e.] all their multitudes according to their tribes. Sometimes עַל replaces only a single letter, [as in:] וְעַל חַרְבְּךָ — “You shall live by your sword” [וְעַל חַרְבְּךָ] being the same as בְּחַרְבְּךָ, [or:] עֲמַדְתֶּם עַל חַרְבְּכֶם — “You stand by your sword” [עַל חַרְבְּכֶם] being the same as בְּחַרְבְּכֶם .
הֵם הַֽמְדַבְּרִים אֶל־פַּרְעֹה מֶֽלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם לְהוֹצִיא אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִמִּצְרָיִם הוּא מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹֽן׃
They are the ones who spoke to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to bring the B’nei Yisrael out of Egypt. These are Moshe and Aharon.
They are the ones who spoke to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to bring the B’nei Yisrael out of Egypt. These are Moshe and Aharon.
Rashi
הם המדברים וגו'. הם שנצטוו הם שקיימו:
They are the ones who spoke, etc. They were the ones who were commanded, they were the ones who fulfilled [their mission].
הוא משה ואהרן. הם בשליחותם ובצדקתם מתחלה ועד סוף:
These are Moshe and Aharon. They [remained faithful] in their mission and [remained] in their righteousness from beginning to end.
וַיְהִי בְּיוֹם דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃ {ס}
It was the day when Adonoy spoke to Moshe in the land of Egypt.
It was the day when Adonoy spoke to Moshe in the land of Egypt.
Rashi
ויהי ביום דבר וגו'. מחובר למקרא שלאחריו:
It was the day when [Adonoy] spoke, etc. [This verse] is to be joined with the verse that follows.
וַיְדַבֵּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה לֵּאמֹר אֲנִי יְהֹוָה דַּבֵּר אֶל־פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ מִצְרַיִם אֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי דֹּבֵר אֵלֶֽיךָ׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying, “I am Adonoy. Speak to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, all that I am speaking to you.”
Adonoy spoke to Moshe saying, “I am Adonoy. Speak to Pharaoh, king of Egypt, all that I am speaking to you.”
Rashi
וידבר ה'. הוא הדבור עצמו האמור למעלה בא דבר אל פרעה מלך מצרים, אלא מתוך שהפסיק הענין כדי ליחסם, חזר הענין עליו להתחיל בו:
Adonoy spoke. This is the same statement that was mentioned above. “Come speak to Pharaoh, king of Egypt,” but since the narrative was interrupted in order to present their lineage the narrative returns to it and begins again.
אני ה'. כדאי אני לשלחך ולקיים דברי שליחותי:
I am Adonoy. I.e., “I have the power to send you and to fulfill the things of My mission.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה הֵן אֲנִי עֲרַל שְׂפָתַיִם וְאֵיךְ יִשְׁמַע אֵלַי פַּרְעֹֽה׃ {פ}
Moshe said before Adonoy, “Behold, I have covered lips. How will Pharaoh listen to me?”
Moshe said before Adonoy, “Behold, I have covered lips. How will Pharaoh listen to me?”
Rashi
ויאמר משה לפני ה'. היא האמירה שאמר למעלה הן בני ישראל לא שמעו אלי, וְשָׁנָה הכתוב כאן, כיון שהפסיק הענין, וכך היא הַשִּׁיטָה, כאדם האומר נחזור על הראשונות:
Moshe said before Adonoy. This is the same statement which was mentioned above: “Behold, the B’nei Yisrael have not listened to me.” Scripture repeats it here since it interrupted the narrative. This is the method [of a narrator], just as a person who says, “Let us return to the first [subject].”
Shemot 7
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה רְאֵה נְתַתִּיךָ אֱלֹהִים לְפַרְעֹה וְאַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ יִהְיֶה נְבִיאֶֽךָ׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “See, I have made you a god to Pharaoh, and Aharon, your brother will be your spokesman.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “See, I have made you a god to Pharaoh, and Aharon, your brother will be your spokesman.
Rashi
נתתיך אלהים לפרעה. שופט ורודה לרדותו במכות ויסורין:
I have made you a god to Pharaoh. [אלקים means here] a judge and castigator, to castigate him with plagues and sufferings.
יהיה נביאך. כתרגומו יְהֵי מְתוּרְגְּמָנָךְ, וכן כל לשון נבואה, אדם המכריז ומשמיע לעם דברי תוכחות, והוא מגזרת נִיב שְׂפָתָיִם (ישעי' נז, יט), יָנוּב חָכְמָה (משלי י, לא), וַיְכַל מֵהִתְנַבֹּות דשמואל (שמואל־א י, יג), ובלע"ז קוראין לו פרידי"גר
Will be your spokesman. [נְבִיאֶךָ is] as Onkelos translates it: “your interpreter.” Similarly, wherever [you find] the term נְבוּאָה (prophecy) [it refers to] a person who proclaims and lets the nation hear words of admonition, and comes from the same root as נִיב שְׂפָתָיִם [or] יָנוּב חָכְמָה — “It utters wisdom,” [or] וַיְכַל מֵהִתְנַבּוֹת — “He ended proclaiming,” of the Book of Shmuel. In Old French he is called preideor — preacher.
אַתָּה תְדַבֵּר אֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר אֲצַוֶּךָּ וְאַהֲרֹן אָחִיךָ יְדַבֵּר אֶל־פַּרְעֹה וְשִׁלַּח אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאַרְצֽוֹ׃
You will speak all that I command you and Aharon, your brother, will speak to Pharaoh, that he send the B’nei Yisrael out of his land.
You will speak all that I command you and Aharon, your brother, will speak to Pharaoh, that he send the B’nei Yisrael out of his land.
Rashi
אתה תדבר. פעם אחת כל שליחות ושליחות כפי ששמעת מפי, ואהרן אחיך ימליצנו ויטעימנו באזני פרעה:
You will speak — once, each and every message just as you heard it from Me and your brother Aharon will eloquently express it and make it palatable to the ears of Pharaoh.
וַאֲנִי אַקְשֶׁה אֶת־לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת־אֹתֹתַי וְאֶת־מוֹפְתַי בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, [in order to] increase My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt.
I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, [in order to] increase My signs and wonders in the land of Egypt.
Rashi
ואני אקשה. מאחר שהרשיע והתריס כנגדי, וגלוי לפני שאין נחת רוח באומות עובדי אלילים, לתת לב שלם לשוב, טוב לי שיתקשה לבו, למען הרבות בו אותותי ותכירו את גבורותי, וכן מדתו של הקדוש ב"ה, מביא פורענות על האומות עובדי אלילים, כדי שישמעו ישראל וייראו, שנאמר הִכְרַתִּי גֹויִם נָשַמּוּ פִּנֹּותָם וגו' (צפניה ג, ו), אָמַרְתִּי אַךְ תִּירְאִי אֹותִי תִּקְחִי מוּסָר (שם ז), ואף על פי כן בחמש מכות הראשונות לא נאמר ויחזק ה' את לב פרעה, אלא ויחזק לב פרעה. (ועיין ברא"ם שגורס כאן דבור המתחיל בלכתך לשוב עד שמתים בידך, וכדלעיל בפרשת שמות בפסוק בלכתך לשוב ע"ש):
I will harden. Since he acted wickedly and in opposition towards Me, and it is revealed to Me that the nations take no pleasure in wholeheartedly repenting, it is better for Me that his heart be hardened so that My signs be increased against him and you will thereby recognize My power. This is the way of Hashem: He brings punishment upon the wicked nations so that Israel may hear about it and fear [Him], as it is said: “I have cut off nations making their corners desolate... I said: If only you would fear Me then you (Israel) will accept admonition.” Nevertheless, concerning the first five plagues it does not say: “Hashem strengthened Pharaoh’s heart” but, “Pharaoh’s heart was strengthened.”
וְלֹֽא־יִשְׁמַע אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה וְנָתַתִּי אֶת־יָדִי בְּמִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת־צִבְאֹתַי אֶת־עַמִּי בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם בִּשְׁפָטִים גְּדֹלִֽים׃
[Thus] Pharaoh will not listen to you. But then I will display My hand against Egypt, and I will bring My multitude, My people, the B’nei Yisrael out of the land of Egypt with great acts of judgment.
[Thus] Pharaoh will not listen to you. But then I will display My hand against Egypt, and I will bring My multitude, My people, the B’nei Yisrael out of the land of Egypt with great acts of judgment.
Rashi
את ידי. יד ממש, להכות בהם:
My hand. [אֶת יָדִי is to be understood] literally, the hand with which to strike them.
וְיָדְעוּ מִצְרַיִם כִּֽי־אֲנִי יְהֹוָה בִּנְטֹתִי אֶת־יָדִי עַל־מִצְרָיִם וְהוֹצֵאתִי אֶת־בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל מִתּוֹכָֽם׃
Egypt will then know that I am Adonoy when I send forth My hand over Egypt and bring out the B’nei Yisrael from among them.”
Egypt will then know that I am Adonoy when I send forth My hand over Egypt and bring out the B’nei Yisrael from among them.”
וַיַּעַשׂ מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה אֹתָם כֵּן עָשֽׂוּ׃
Moshe and Aharon did so. They did exactly as Adonoy commanded them.
Moshe and Aharon did so. They did exactly as Adonoy commanded them.
וּמֹשֶׁה בֶּן־שְׁמֹנִים שָׁנָה וְאַֽהֲרֹן בֶּן־שָׁלֹשׁ וּשְׁמֹנִים שָׁנָה בְּדַבְּרָם אֶל־פַּרְעֹֽה׃ {פ}
Moshe was eighty years old and Aharon was eighty-three years old when they spoke to Pharaoh.
Moshe was eighty years old and Aharon was eighty-three years old when they spoke to Pharaoh.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן לֵאמֹֽר׃
Adonoy said to Moshe and Aharon, saying:
Adonoy said to Moshe and Aharon, saying:
כִּי יְדַבֵּר אֲלֵכֶם פַּרְעֹה לֵאמֹר תְּנוּ לָכֶם מוֹפֵת וְאָמַרְתָּ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן קַח אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ וְהַשְׁלֵךְ לִפְנֵֽי־פַרְעֹה יְהִי לְתַנִּֽין׃
“When Pharaoh speaks to you, saying, ‘Give yourselves [credibility by displaying] a marvel;’ you [Moshe] should then say to Aharon, ‘Take your rod and throw it down before Pharaoh.’ It will become a serpent.’”
“When Pharaoh speaks to you, saying, ‘Give yourselves [credibility by displaying] a marvel;’ you [Moshe] should then say to Aharon, ‘Take your rod and throw it down before Pharaoh.’ It will become a serpent.’”
Rashi
מופת. אות, להודיע שיש צורך (צרוך) במי ששולח אתכם:
A marvel. A sign to make it known that there is power in the One Who sends you.
וַיָּבֹא מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן אֶל־פַּרְעֹה וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵן כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהֹוָה וַיַּשְׁלֵךְ אַהֲרֹן אֶת־מַטֵּהוּ לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה וְלִפְנֵי עֲבָדָיו וַיְהִי לְתַנִּֽין׃
Moshe and Aharon came to Pharaoh and they did exactly as Adonoy commanded [them]. Aharon threw his rod before Pharaoh and before his servants and it became a serpent.
Moshe and Aharon came to Pharaoh and they did exactly as Adonoy commanded [them]. Aharon threw his rod before Pharaoh and before his servants and it became a serpent.
Rashi
לתנין. נחש:
A serpent. [לְתַנִּין means] a serpent.
וַיִּקְרָא גַּם־פַּרְעֹה לַֽחֲכָמִים וְלַֽמְכַשְּׁפִים וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ גַם־הֵם חַרְטֻמֵּי מִצְרַיִם בְּלַהֲטֵיהֶם כֵּֽן׃
Pharaoh too called [his] wise men and magicians. The sorcerers of Egypt also did likewise with their magic art.
Pharaoh too called [his] wise men and magicians. The sorcerers of Egypt also did likewise with their magic art.
Rashi
בלהטיהם בְּלַחֲשֵׁיהוֹן, ואין לו דמיון במקרא, ויש לדמות לו לַהַט הַחֶרֶב הַמִּתְהַפֶּכֶת (בראשית ג, כד), דומה שהיא מתהפכת על ידי לחש:
With their magic art. [Onkelos translates it as] בְּלַחֲשֵׁיהוֹן — “with their magic.” There is no comparable word [to בְּלַהֲטֵיהֶם] in Scripture. However, one may compare to it: “the לַהַט of the rotating sword,” for it appears to rotate [as if] by magic.
וַיַּשְׁלִיכוּ אִישׁ מַטֵּהוּ וַיִּהְיוּ לְתַנִּינִם וַיִּבְלַע מַטֵּֽה־אַהֲרֹן אֶת־מַטֹּתָֽם׃
When each man threw down his rod they (the rods) became serpents, and Aharon’s rod swallowed their rods.
When each man threw down his rod they (the rods) became serpents, and Aharon’s rod swallowed their rods.
Rashi
ויבלע מטה אהרן. מאחר שחזר ונעשה מטה בלע את כלן (שבת צז):
Aharon’s rod swallowed. After it became a rod again, did it swallow all the rest.
וַיֶּֽחֱזַק לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֲלֵהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}
Pharaoh’s heart [remained] hard and he did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had foretold.
Pharaoh’s heart [remained] hard and he did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had foretold.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה כָּבֵד לֵב פַּרְעֹה מֵאֵן לְשַׁלַּח הָעָֽם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Pharaoh’s heart is heavy [unmoved]. He refuses to let the people go.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Pharaoh’s heart is heavy [unmoved]. He refuses to let the people go.
Rashi
כבד. תרגומו יַקִּיר, ולא אתיקר, מפני שהוא שם דבר, כמו כִּי כָּבֵד מִמְּךָ הַדָּבָר (שמות יח, יח):
Is heavy. The correct version of Onkelos is יַקִּיר — is hard and not אִתְיַקַּר — hardened, because it is an adjective as in: “the thing is too hard for you.”
לֵךְ אֶל־פַּרְעֹה בַּבֹּקֶר הִנֵּה יֹצֵא הַמַּיְמָה וְנִצַּבְתָּ לִקְרָאתוֹ עַל־שְׂפַת הַיְאֹר וְהַמַּטֶּה אֲשֶׁר־נֶהְפַּךְ לְנָחָשׁ תִּקַּח בְּיָדֶֽךָ׃
Go to Pharaoh in the morning when he goes out to the water, and stand there to meet him by the bank of the river. The rod that was turned into a snake, take in your hand.
Go to Pharaoh in the morning when he goes out to the water, and stand there to meet him by the bank of the river. The rod that was turned into a snake, take in your hand.
Rashi
הנה יצא המימה. לנקביו, שהיה עושה עצמו אלוה, ואומר שאינו צריך לנקביו, ומשכים ויוצא לנילוס ועושה שם צרכיו (שמו"ר ט, ז):
When he goes out to the water — to relieve himself, for he made claims to be a god and said that he did not need to relieve himself. He would arise early and go out to the Nile and there relieve himself.
וְאָמַרְתָּ אֵלָיו יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי הָעִבְרִים שְׁלָחַנִי אֵלֶיךָ לֵאמֹר שַׁלַּח אֶת־עַמִּי וְיַֽעַבְדֻנִי בַּמִּדְבָּר וְהִנֵּה לֹא־שָׁמַעְתָּ עַד־כֹּֽה׃
Say to him, “Adonoy, God of the Hebrews, sent me to you to say [to you], ‘Send out My people that they may worship Me in the wilderness. Behold, thus far you have not listened.
Say to him, “Adonoy, God of the Hebrews, sent me to you to say [to you], ‘Send out My people that they may worship Me in the wilderness. Behold, thus far you have not listened.
Rashi
עד כה. עד הנה. ומדרשו, עד שתשמע ממני מכת בכורות, שאפתח בה בכה כֹּה אָמַר ה' כֲַּחצֹת הַלַּיְלָה:
Thus Far. [The plain meaning of עַד כֹּה is:] thus far. But its midrashic explanation is: “until you will hear [the word כֹּה] from Me at the killing of the first-born, which I will begin with the word כֹה: [viz.] “כֹּה — Thus did Hashem say at midnight.”
כֹּה אָמַר יְהֹוָה בְּזֹאת תֵּדַע כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי מַכֶּה ׀ בַּמַּטֶּה אֲשֶׁר־בְּיָדִי עַל־הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר בַּיְאֹר וְנֶהֶפְכוּ לְדָֽם׃
This is what Adonoy has said, ‘By this you will know that I am Adonoy. Behold, with the rod that is in my hand, I will strike the water of the river and it will turn into blood.
This is what Adonoy has said, ‘By this you will know that I am Adonoy. Behold, with the rod that is in my hand, I will strike the water of the river and it will turn into blood.
Rashi
ונהפכו לדם. לפי שאין גשמים יורדים במצרים, ונילוס עולה ומשקה את הארץ, ומצרים עובדים לנילוס, לפיכך הלקה את יראתם ואחר כך הלקה אותם:
It will turn into blood. Since rain does not fall in Egypt and the Nile rises and irrigates the land, and the Egyptians worship the Nile, He therefore struck their god [first] and afterwards struck them.
וְהַדָּגָה אֲשֶׁר־בַּיְאֹר תָּמוּת וּבָאַשׁ הַיְאֹר וְנִלְאוּ מִצְרַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם מִן־הַיְאֹֽר׃ {ס}
The fish that is in the river will die, and the river will become polluted. The Egyptians will weary themselves [trying to purify] drinking water from the river.’”
The fish that is in the river will die, and the river will become polluted. The Egyptians will weary themselves [trying to purify] drinking water from the river.’”
Rashi
ונלאו מצרים. לבקש רפואה למי היאור שיהיו ראויין לשתות:
The Egyptians will weary themselves — [attempting] to find a cure so that the waters of their river should be fit to drink.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֱמֹר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן קַח מַטְּךָ וּנְטֵֽה־יָדְךָ עַל־מֵימֵי מִצְרַיִם עַֽל־נַהֲרֹתָם ׀ עַל־יְאֹרֵיהֶם וְעַל־אַגְמֵיהֶם וְעַל כׇּל־מִקְוֵה מֵימֵיהֶם וְיִֽהְיוּ־דָם וְהָיָה דָם בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וּבָעֵצִים וּבָאֲבָנִֽים׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, ‘Take your rod and extend your hand over the waters of Egypt—over their rivers, over their canals, over their lakes, and over every place where their water is gathered, and it [the water] will become blood. There will be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, [even] in [vessels] of wood and [vessels] of stone.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, ‘Take your rod and extend your hand over the waters of Egypt—over their rivers, over their canals, over their lakes, and over every place where their water is gathered, and it [the water] will become blood. There will be blood throughout all the land of Egypt, [even] in [vessels] of wood and [vessels] of stone.”
Rashi
אמר אל אהרן. לפי שהגין היאור על משה כשנשלך לתוכו, לפיכך לא לקה על ידו לא בדם ולא בצפרדעים, ולקה על ידי אהרן:
Say to Aharon. Since the river protected Moshe when he was thrown into it, therefore it was not struck by him, neither at the plague of blood nor at the plague of frogs, but was struck by Aharon.
נהרותם. הם נהרות המושכים כעין נהרות שלנו:
The rivers. [נְהָרוֹת] are the flowing rivers, just like our rivers.
יאוריהם. הם בריכות נגרים העשויות בידי אדם משפת הנהר לשדות, ונילוס מימיו מתברכים ועולה דרך היאורים ומשקה השדות:
Their canals. [יְאוֹרִים] are man-made irrigation canals that extend from the river’s edge to the fields. The waters of the Nile rise [periodically] and travel by way of the canals to irrigate the fields.
אגמיהם. קבוצת מים שאינן נובעין ואין מושכין, אלא עומדין במקום אחד, וקורין לו אשטנ"ק:
Their lakes. [אֲגַם is] a gathering of waters that do not spring up or flow but are stationary in one place, and called [in Old French] estanc.
בכל ארץ מצרים. אף במרחצאות ובאמבטאות שבבתים:
Throughout all the land of Egypt. Also in their bathhouses and the baths in their homes.
ובעצים ובאבנים. מים שבכלי עץ ובכלי אבן:
In the wood and stones. [Meaning] the water in the wooden vessels and the stone vessels.
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן כַּאֲשֶׁר ׀ צִוָּה יְהֹוָה וַיָּרֶם בַּמַּטֶּה וַיַּךְ אֶת־הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר בַּיְאֹר לְעֵינֵי פַרְעֹה וּלְעֵינֵי עֲבָדָיו וַיֵּהָפְכוּ כׇּל־הַמַּיִם אֲשֶׁר־בַּיְאֹר לְדָֽם׃
Moshe and Aharon did exactly as Adonoy commanded them. He [Aharon] lifted the rod and struck the water in the river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his [Pharaoh’s] servants, and all the water of the river turned into blood.
Moshe and Aharon did exactly as Adonoy commanded them. He [Aharon] lifted the rod and struck the water in the river before the eyes of Pharaoh and before the eyes of his [Pharaoh’s] servants, and all the water of the river turned into blood.
וְהַדָּגָה אֲשֶׁר־בַּיְאֹר מֵתָה וַיִּבְאַשׁ הַיְאֹר וְלֹא־יָכְלוּ מִצְרַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת מַיִם מִן־הַיְאֹר וַיְהִי הַדָּם בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
The fish that were in the river died, and the river became so polluted that the Egyptians were unable to drink the water from the river. There was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.
The fish that were in the river died, and the river became so polluted that the Egyptians were unable to drink the water from the river. There was blood throughout all the land of Egypt.
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן חַרְטֻמֵּי מִצְרַיִם בְּלָטֵיהֶם וַיֶּחֱזַק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה וְלֹא־שָׁמַע אֲלֵהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָֽה׃
The sorcerers of Egypt did likewise with their magic art. Pharaoh’s heart remained hardened and he did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had spoken.
The sorcerers of Egypt did likewise with their magic art. Pharaoh’s heart remained hardened and he did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had spoken.
Rashi
בלטיהם. לחש שאומרין אותו בלט ובחשאי. ורבותינו אמרו, בלטיהם מעשה שדים, בלהטיהם מעשה כשפים (סנהדרין סז:):
With their magic art. [בְּלָטֵיהֶם refers to a] magical incantation which is said (בַּלָט) secretly and in a (לַחַשׁ) whisper. Our Sages say: בְּלָטֵיהֶם refers to works of demons, whereas בְּלַהֲטֵיהֶם (v. 11) refers to witchcraft.
ויחזק לב פרעה. לומר על ידי מכשפות אתם עושים כן, תבן אתם מכניסין לָעֲפָרִיִּים (מנחות פה.) עיר שכולה תבן, אף אתם מביאין מכשפות למצרים שכולה כשפים:
Pharaoh’s heart remained hardened — by claiming, “You are doing this through witchcraft, you are importing straw to Efarayim — a city that is full of straw, you, too, are bringing witchcraft to Egypt which is full of witchcraft.”
וַיִּפֶן פַּרְעֹה וַיָּבֹא אֶל־בֵּיתוֹ וְלֹא־שָׁת לִבּוֹ גַּם־לָזֹֽאת׃
Pharaoh turned and went into his house, and paid no attention even to this [miracle].
Pharaoh turned and went into his house, and paid no attention even to this [miracle].
Rashi
גם לזאת. למופת המטה שנהפך לתנין ולא לזה של דם:
Even to this. [I.e., neither] to the wonder of the rod that turned into a serpent, neither to this [wonder] of the blood.
וַיַּחְפְּרוּ כׇל־מִצְרַיִם סְבִיבֹת הַיְאֹר מַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת כִּי לֹא יָֽכְלוּ לִשְׁתֹּת מִמֵּימֵי הַיְאֹֽר׃
The Egyptians dug around the river for water to drink, for they could not drink from the waters of the river.
The Egyptians dug around the river for water to drink, for they could not drink from the waters of the river.
וַיִּמָּלֵא שִׁבְעַת יָמִים אַחֲרֵי הַכּוֹת־יְהֹוָה אֶת־הַיְאֹֽר׃ {פ}
Seven full days [passed] after Adonoy had struck the river.
Seven full days [passed] after Adonoy had struck the river.
Rashi
וימלא. מנין שבעת ימים שלא שב היאור לקדמותו, שהיתה המכה משמשת רביע חדש, ושלשה חלקים היה מעיד ומתרה בהם (שמו"ר ט, יב):
[Seven] full [days passed]. [וַיִמָּלֵא refers to] the number of seven days that the river did not revert to its original condition. For each plague functioned for a quarter of a month, and for three quarters [of a month] he would caution and warn them.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בֹּא אֶל־פַּרְעֹה וְאָמַרְתָּ אֵלָיו כֹּה אָמַר יְהֹוָה שַׁלַּח אֶת־עַמִּי וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy has said, “Send out my people so they may worship Me.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy has said, “Send out my people so they may worship Me.
וְאִם־מָאֵן אַתָּה לְשַׁלֵּחַ הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי נֹגֵף אֶת־כׇּל־גְּבוּלְךָ בַּֽצְפַרְדְּעִֽים׃
If you refuse to send [them,] behold I will plague all your borders [territories] with frogs.
If you refuse to send [them,] behold I will plague all your borders [territories] with frogs.
Rashi
ואם מאן אתה. ואם סרבן אתה. מאן כמו ממאן, מסרב, אלא כינה האדם על שם המפעל, כמו שָׁלֵו (איוב טז, יב) וְשֹׁקֵט (ירמיה מח, יא), סַר וְזָעֵף (מלכים ־א כ, מג):
If you refuse. [וְאִם מָאֵן אַתָּה means:] If you are a refuser מָאֵן meaning the same as מְמָאֵן “one who refuses”) or מְסָרֵב — “one who refuses.” [The difference being] only that it is describing a person based on an ongoing action, similar to שָׁלֵו — “a person at ease,” [or] שָׁקֵט — “a person serene” [or] סַר וְזָעֵף — “a person with anger.”
נגף את כל גבולך. מכה, וכן כל לשון מגפה אינו לשון מיתה אלא לשון מכה, וכן וְנָגְפוּ אִשָּׁה הָרָה (שמות כא, כב) אינו לשון מיתה, וכן וּבְטֶרֶם יִתְנַגְּפוּ רגליכם (ירמי' יג, טז), פֶּן תִּגֹּף בָּאֶבֶן רַגְלֶךָ (תהלים צא, יב), וּלְאֶבֶן נֶגֶף (ישעי' ח, יד):
I will plague all of your borders. [נֹגֵף means] striking a blow. Similarly, every form of the word מַגֵּפָה does not [necessarily] refer to killing, but, rather, refers to striking. Similarly, “They will strike (וְנָגְפוּ) a pregnant woman” does not refer to killing. Similarly, “Before your feet (יִתְנַגְּפוּ) strike against something,” [or] “Lest your feet (תִּגּוֹף) strike a stone,” [or] “And as a stumbling stone.”
וְשָׁרַץ הַיְאֹר צְפַרְדְּעִים וְעָלוּ וּבָאוּ בְּבֵיתֶךָ וּבַחֲדַר מִשְׁכָּבְךָ וְעַל־מִטָּתֶךָ וּבְבֵית עֲבָדֶיךָ וּבְעַמֶּךָ וּבְתַנּוּרֶיךָ וּבְמִשְׁאֲרוֹתֶֽיךָ׃
The river will swarm with frogs. They will emerge and come into your house, into your bedroom, and on your bed, into the houses of your servants and your people, into your ovens and into your kneading bowls.
The river will swarm with frogs. They will emerge and come into your house, into your bedroom, and on your bed, into the houses of your servants and your people, into your ovens and into your kneading bowls.
Rashi
ועלו. מן היאור:
They will emerge — from the river.
בביתך. ואחר כך בבתי עבדיך, הוא התחיל בעצה תחלה, ויאמר אל עמו, וממנו התחילה הפורענות (סוטה יא. — שמו"ר י, ד):
Into your house — and afterwards in your servants’ houses. [Since] he initiated the plan at the beginning: “He said to his nation” (1, 9), therefore the punishment began with him.
וּבְכָה וּֽבְעַמְּךָ וּבְכׇל־עֲבָדֶיךָ יַעֲלוּ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִֽים׃
Upon you and upon your people and upon all your servants the frogs will emerge.
Upon you and upon your people and upon all your servants the frogs will emerge.
Rashi
ובכה ובעמך. בתוך מעיהם נכנסים ומקרקרין:
Upon you and upon your people. They would enter their intestines and croak.
Shemot 8
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֱמֹר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן נְטֵה אֶת־יָדְךָ בְּמַטֶּךָ עַל־הַנְּהָרֹת עַל־הַיְאֹרִים וְעַל־הָאֲגַמִּים וְהַעַל אֶת־הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים עַל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, ‘Extend your hand with your rod over the rivers, over the streams and over the lakes, and bring up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.’”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, ‘Extend your hand with your rod over the rivers, over the streams and over the lakes, and bring up the frogs upon the land of Egypt.’”
וַיֵּט אַהֲרֹן אֶת־יָדוֹ עַל מֵימֵי מִצְרָיִם וַתַּעַל הַצְּפַרְדֵּעַ וַתְּכַס אֶת־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Aharon extended his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frog emerged and covered the land of Egypt.
Aharon extended his hand over the waters of Egypt, and the frog emerged and covered the land of Egypt.
Rashi
ותעל הצפרדע. צפרדע אחת היתה, והיו מַכִּין אותה והיא מתזת נחילים נחילים, זהו מדרשו (שמו"ר י, ה). ופשוטו יש לומר, שרוץ הצפרדעים קורא לשון יחידות, וכן ותהי הכנם, הרחישה גדוליר"א בלע"ז, ואף ותעל הצפרדע גרינולי"רא בלע"ז
And the frog emerged. There was [only] one frog and [when] they struck at it it would split apart into various teeming swarms. That is its midrashic explanation. But as to its plain meaning, it may be said [that] the swarming of the frogs is referred to in the singular. Similarly וַתְּהִי הַכִּנָּם — [lit.] “There was lice” [referring to] the swarming. Pedoliere, in Old French — swarming lice, so, too וַתַּעַל הַצְּפַרְדֵּעַ [is translated as] grenoilliere in Old French — a swarm of frogs.
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן הַֽחַרְטֻמִּים בְּלָטֵיהֶם וַיַּעֲלוּ אֶת־הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים עַל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
The sorcerers did likewise with their magic art, and made the frogs emerge upon the land of Egypt.
The sorcerers did likewise with their magic art, and made the frogs emerge upon the land of Egypt.
וַיִּקְרָא פַרְעֹה לְמֹשֶׁה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמֶר הַעְתִּירוּ אֶל־יְהֹוָה וְיָסֵר הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים מִמֶּנִּי וּמֵֽעַמִּי וַאֲשַׁלְּחָה אֶת־הָעָם וְיִזְבְּחוּ לַיהֹוָֽה׃
Pharaoh called for Moshe and Aharon and said, “Pray to Adonoy, and let Him remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people to sacrifice to Adonoy.”
Pharaoh called for Moshe and Aharon and said, “Pray to Adonoy, and let Him remove the frogs from me and from my people, and I will send the people to sacrifice to Adonoy.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה לְפַרְעֹה הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי לְמָתַי ׀ אַעְתִּיר לְךָ וְלַעֲבָדֶיךָ וּֽלְעַמְּךָ לְהַכְרִית הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים מִמְּךָ וּמִבָּתֶּיךָ רַק בַּיְאֹר תִּשָּׁאַֽרְנָה׃
Moshe said to Pharaoh, “Glorify yourself at my expense. [Exactly for] when shall I pray for you, and for your servants and for your people, that the frogs be destroyed from you and from your houses, remaining only in the river.”
Moshe said to Pharaoh, “Glorify yourself at my expense. [Exactly for] when shall I pray for you, and for your servants and for your people, that the frogs be destroyed from you and from your houses, remaining only in the river.”
Rashi
התפאר עלי. כמו הֲיִתְפָּאֵר הַגַרְזֶן עַל הַחֹצֵב בֹּו (ישעי' י, טו), משתבח לומר אני גדול ממך ונטי"ר בלע"ז, וכן התפאר עלי, השתבח להתחכם ולשאול דבר גדול ולומר שלא אוכל לעשותו:
Glorify yourself at my expense. As in: (הֲיִתְפָּאֵר) “Should the axe boast to the one who chops with it?” [הֲיִתְפָּאֵר meaning:] boasting by saying, “I am greater than you.” Wanter in Old French — to boast. This, too, is the meaning of הִתְפָּאֵר עָלַי: “You boast of your cleverness by asking [me to perform] something difficult and then saying that I will be unable to do it.”
למתי אעתיר לך. את אשר אעתיר לך היום על הכרתת הצפרדעים, למתי תרצה שיכרתו, ותראה אם אשלים דברי למועד שתקבע לי. אלו נאמר מתי אעתיר, היה משמע מתי אתפלל, עכשיו שנאמר למתי, משמע אני היום אתפלל עליך שיכרתו הצפרדעים לזמן שתקבע עלי, אמור לאיזה יום תרצה שיכרתו. אעתיר העתירו והעתרתי, ולא נאמר אעתר עתרו ועתרתי, מפני שכל לשון עתר הרבות פלל הוא, וכאשר יאמר הרבו ארבה והרביתי לשון הפעיל, כך יאמר, אעתיר העתירו והעתרתי דברים, ואב לכולם וְהַעְתַּרְתֶּם עָלַי דִּבְרֵיכֶם (יחזקאל לה, יג), הרביתם:
[Exactly for] when shall I pray for you. I will pray for you today for the destruction of the frogs — by when do you wish them destroyed so that you may see whether I will fulfill my promise at the appointed time you will set for me.” Had it said: מָתַי אַעְתִּיר [without the ל' prefix], it would have meant: “When shall I pray?” But, now that it says לְמָתַי [with the ל' prefix], it means: “I shall pray for you today that the frogs be destroyed by whatever time you may set for me. Just say by which day you want them destroyed.” The words אַעְתִּיר (this verse), הַעְתִּירוּ (v. 4) and וְהַעְתַּרְתִּי (v. 25) [are in the הִפְעִיל form] and not: אֶעְתַּר, עִתְרוּ, וְעָתַרְתִּי [in the קַל form], because wherever a form of עָתֹר appears it denotes a great deal of praying. And just as it says: אַרְבֶּה, הַרְבּוּ, וְהִרְבֵּיתִי terms denoting to cause to do, so, too, does it say אַעְתִּיר, הַעְתִּירוּ, וְהַעְתַּרְתִּי [referring to an increase of] words. The main proof of all this is [the verse:] “וְהַעְתַּרְתֶּם your words about me,” [וְהַעְתַּרְתֶּם meaning] you have increased.
וַיֹּאמֶר לְמָחָר וַיֹּאמֶר כִּדְבָרְךָ לְמַעַן תֵּדַע כִּי־אֵין כַּיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵֽינוּ׃
[Pharaoh] said, “By tomorrow.” [Moshe] said, “As you say. You will then know that there is none like Adonoy, our God.
[Pharaoh] said, “By tomorrow.” [Moshe] said, “As you say. You will then know that there is none like Adonoy, our God.
Rashi
ויאמר למחר. התפלל היום שיכרתו למחר:
He [Pharaoh] said by tomorrow. [I.e.] “Pray today that they be destroyed by tomorrow.”
וְסָרוּ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים מִמְּךָ וּמִבָּתֶּיךָ וּמֵעֲבָדֶיךָ וּמֵעַמֶּךָ רַק בַּיְאֹר תִּשָּׁאַֽרְנָה׃
The frogs will be removed from you, from your houses, from your servants and from your people. They will remain only in the river.
The frogs will be removed from you, from your houses, from your servants and from your people. They will remain only in the river.
וַיֵּצֵא מֹשֶׁה וְאַהֲרֹן מֵעִם פַּרְעֹה וַיִּצְעַק מֹשֶׁה אֶל־יְהֹוָה עַל־דְּבַר הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים אֲשֶׁר־שָׂם לְפַרְעֹֽה׃
Moshe and Aharon left Pharaoh, and Moshe cried out to Adonoy concerning the frogs that He had set upon Pharaoh.
Moshe and Aharon left Pharaoh, and Moshe cried out to Adonoy concerning the frogs that He had set upon Pharaoh.
Rashi
ויצא. ויצעק. מיד, שיכרתו למחר:
They left — [and Moshe] cried out. [He cried out] immediately that they be destroyed by tomorrow.
וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה כִּדְבַר מֹשֶׁה וַיָּמֻתוּ הַֽצְפַרְדְּעִים מִן־הַבָּתִּים מִן־הַחֲצֵרֹת וּמִן־הַשָּׂדֹֽת׃
Adonoy did as Moshe said, the frogs died, [those that were in] the houses, the courtyards, and the fields.
Adonoy did as Moshe said, the frogs died, [those that were in] the houses, the courtyards, and the fields.
וַיִּצְבְּרוּ אֹתָם חֳמָרִם חֳמָרִם וַתִּבְאַשׁ הָאָֽרֶץ׃
They gathered them into [many] heaps, and the land was polluted.
They gathered them into [many] heaps, and the land was polluted.
Rashi
חמרם חמרם. צְבוּרִים צְבוּרִים, כתרגומו דְּגוֹרִין, גַּלִּין:
Many heaps. [חֳמָרִים חֳמָרִים means] heaps [or mounds], as Onkelos translates it דְגוֹרִין which means heaps.
וַיַּרְא פַּרְעֹה כִּי הָֽיְתָה הָֽרְוָחָה וְהַכְבֵּד אֶת־לִבּוֹ וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֲלֵהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}
[When] Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart and did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had spoken.
[When] Pharaoh saw that there was respite, he hardened his heart and did not listen to them, just as Adonoy had spoken.
Rashi
והכבד את לבו. לשון פעול הוא, כמו הָלֹוךְ וְנָסֹועַ (בראשית יב, ט), וכן וְהַכֹּות אֶת מֹואָב (מלכים־ב ג, כד), וְשָׁאֹול לֹו בֵּאלֹהִים (שמואל־א כב, יג), הַכֵּה וּפָצֹעַ (מלכים־א כ, לז):
He hardened his heart. [The word הַכְבֵּד] is in the infinitive form the same as הָלוֹךְ וְנָסוֹעַ “going and travelling,” and similarly “וְהַכּוֹת (striking) the Moabites,” [or:] “וְשָׁאוֹל (and asking) Hashem for him” [or:] “הַכֵּה וּפָצֹעַ striking and wounding.”
כאשר דבר ה'. והיכן דבר, ולא ישמע אליכם פרעה:
Just as Adonoy had spoken. And where had He said this? When He said, “Pharaoh will not listen to you.”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה אֱמֹר אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן נְטֵה אֶֽת־מַטְּךָ וְהַךְ אֶת־עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ וְהָיָה לְכִנִּם בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, Extend your rod and strike the dust of the earth; and it will turn into lice throughout the whole land of Egypt.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Say to Aharon, Extend your rod and strike the dust of the earth; and it will turn into lice throughout the whole land of Egypt.”
Rashi
אמר אל אהרן. לא היה העפר כדאי ללקות על ידי משה, לפי שהגין עליו כשהרג את המצרי ויטמנהו בחול, ולקה על ידי אהרן:
Say to Aharon. It was not fitting that the dust be struck by Moshe because it protected him when he killed the Egyptian and hid him in the sand and was [instead] struck by Aharon.
וַיַּֽעֲשׂוּ־כֵן וַיֵּט אַהֲרֹן אֶת־יָדוֹ בְמַטֵּהוּ וַיַּךְ אֶת־עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ וַתְּהִי הַכִּנָּם בָּאָדָם וּבַבְּהֵמָה כׇּל־עֲפַר הָאָרֶץ הָיָה כִנִּים בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
They did so. Aharon extended his hand with his rod and struck the dust of the earth, and there was lice on man and beast. All the dust of the earth turned into lice throughout the whole land of Egypt.
They did so. Aharon extended his hand with his rod and struck the dust of the earth, and there was lice on man and beast. All the dust of the earth turned into lice throughout the whole land of Egypt.
Rashi
ותהי הכנם. הָרְחִישָׁה, פדוליר"א בלע"ז:
And there was lice (lit. louse). [הַכִּנָם refers to] the swarm of lice. Pedoliere in Old French — swarming lice.
וַיַּעֲשׂוּ־כֵן הַחַרְטֻמִּים בְּלָטֵיהֶם לְהוֹצִיא אֶת־הַכִּנִּים וְלֹא יָכֹלוּ וַתְּהִי הַכִּנָּם בָּאָדָם וּבַבְּהֵמָֽה׃
The sorcerers did likewise with their magic art. They tried to bring forth lice but they could not, and there were lice on man and beast.
The sorcerers did likewise with their magic art. They tried to bring forth lice but they could not, and there were lice on man and beast.
Rashi
להוציא את הכנים. לבראותם (נ"א ולהוציאם) ממקום אחר:
To bring forth lice. [Meaning] to create them from elsewhere.
ולא יכלו. שאין השד שולט על בריה פחותה מכשעורה:
But they could not — because a demon has no power over a creature that is smaller than barley.
וַיֹּאמְרוּ הַֽחַרְטֻמִּם אֶל־פַּרְעֹה אֶצְבַּע אֱלֹהִים הִוא וַיֶּחֱזַק לֵב־פַּרְעֹה וְלֹֽא־שָׁמַע אֲלֵהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָֽה׃ {ס}
The sorcerers said to Pharaoh, “This is the finger of Elohim;” but Pharaoh’s heart remained hardened and he did not listen to them, as Adonoy had spoken.
The sorcerers said to Pharaoh, “This is the finger of Elohim;” but Pharaoh’s heart remained hardened and he did not listen to them, as Adonoy had spoken.
Rashi
אצבע אלהים היא. מכה זו אינה על ידי כשפים, מאת המקום היא:
“This is the finger of Elohim.” [I.e.,] this plague was not brought about by witchcraft — it is from Hashem.
כאשר דבר ה'. ולא ישמע אליכם פרעה:
As Adonoy had spoken. “Pharaoh will not listen to you.”
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הַשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר וְהִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה הִנֵּה יוֹצֵא הַמָּיְמָה וְאָמַרְתָּ אֵלָיו כֹּה אָמַר יְהֹוָה שַׁלַּח עַמִּי וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Rise up early in the morning and set yourself before Pharaoh, when he goes out to the water, and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy has said, ‘Send out My people so they may worship Me.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Rise up early in the morning and set yourself before Pharaoh, when he goes out to the water, and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy has said, ‘Send out My people so they may worship Me.
כִּי אִם־אֵינְךָ מְשַׁלֵּחַ אֶת־עַמִּי הִנְנִי מַשְׁלִיחַ בְּךָ וּבַעֲבָדֶיךָ וּֽבְעַמְּךָ וּבְבָתֶּיךָ אֶת־הֶעָרֹב וּמָלְאוּ בָּתֵּי מִצְרַיִם אֶת־הֶעָרֹב וְגַם הָאֲדָמָה אֲשֶׁר־הֵם עָלֶֽיהָ׃
For if you do not send out My people, behold, I will send against you and your servants, and your nation, and your houses, swarms of wild animals. The houses of Egypt will be full of the wild animals, and so too the ground upon which they stand.
For if you do not send out My people, behold, I will send against you and your servants, and your nation, and your houses, swarms of wild animals. The houses of Egypt will be full of the wild animals, and so too the ground upon which they stand.
Rashi
משליח בך. מגרה בך, וכן וְשֶׁן בְּהֵמֹת אֲשַלַּח בָּם (דברים לב, כד), לשון שסוי אינציט"ר בלע"ז:
I will send against you. [Meaning] incite against you. Similarly, it is said, (Devorim 32:24) “And the teeth of the animals will I send [אֲשַׁלַּח] against them,” [אֲשַׁלַּח] being a term of incitement. Enticier in Old French — to incite.
את הערב. כל מיני חיות רעות ונחשים ועקרבים בערבוביא, והיו משחיתים בהם. ויש טעם בדבר באגדה בכל מכה ומכה למה זו ולמה זו, בטכסיסי מלחמות מלכים בא עליהם, כסדר מלכות, כשצרה על עיר, בתחלה מקלקל מעיינותיה, ואחר כך תוקעין עליהם ומריעין בשופרות ליראם ולבהלם, וכן הצפרדעים מקרקרים והומים וכו', כדאי' במדרש רבי תנחומא (בא ד):
Swarms of wild animals. All kinds of wild beasts, snakes and scorpions, en masse (בְעִרְבוּבִיָא from עָרֹב — a mixture), who caused devastation among them. There is a reason in aggadic writings for each and every plague why this particular one and why that particular one. With similar strategies of war as employed by kings did He (Hashem) come against them — as does a kingdom that besieges a city. First it ruins its springs (water supply) and afterwards they sound trumpets against them in order to frighten and terrify them: the frogs thus croaked and made loud noises, etc., as is recorded in Midrash Rabbi Tanchuma.
וְהִפְלֵיתִי בַיּוֹם הַהוּא אֶת־אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן אֲשֶׁר עַמִּי עֹמֵד עָלֶיהָ לְבִלְתִּי הֱיֽוֹת־שָׁם עָרֹב לְמַעַן תֵּדַע כִּי אֲנִי יְהֹוָה בְּקֶרֶב הָאָֽרֶץ׃
On that day, I will set apart the land of Goshen upon which My people stand [dwell], so that there will not be any wild animals there, so that you will know that I am Adonoy in the midst of the earth.
On that day, I will set apart the land of Goshen upon which My people stand [dwell], so that there will not be any wild animals there, so that you will know that I am Adonoy in the midst of the earth.
Rashi
והפליתי. והפרשתי, וכן וְהִפְלָה ה' (שמות ט, ד), וכן לֹא נִפְלֵאת הִיא מִמְּךָ (דברים ל, יא), לא מובדלת ומופרשת היא ממך:
I will set apart. [וְהִפְלֵיתִי means] I will set apart. Similarly: וְהִפְלָה ה' — “Hashem will set apart.” Similarly: “It is not נִפְלֵאת from You,” [meaning] it is not set apart nor separated from You.
למען תדע כי אני ה' בקרב הארץ. אע"פ ששכינתי בשמים, גזרתי מתקיימת בתחתונים:
So that you will know that I am Adonoy in the midst of the earth. Though My Divine Presence is in the heavens, My decree is fulfilled in the lower worlds.
וְשַׂמְתִּי פְדֻת בֵּין עַמִּי וּבֵין עַמֶּךָ לְמָחָר יִהְיֶה הָאֹת הַזֶּֽה׃
I will set a [sign of] deliverance (distinction) between My people and between your people. This sign will take place tomorrow.”
I will set a [sign of] deliverance (distinction) between My people and between your people. This sign will take place tomorrow.”
Rashi
ושמתי פדות. שיבדיל בין עמי ובין עמך:
I will set a [sign of] deliverance — which will set apart My nation from your nation.
וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה כֵּן וַיָּבֹא עָרֹב כָּבֵד בֵּיתָה פַרְעֹה וּבֵית עֲבָדָיו וּבְכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם תִּשָּׁחֵת הָאָרֶץ מִפְּנֵי הֶעָרֹֽב׃
Adonoy did so. Huge throngs of wild animals came to the house of Pharaoh and the houses of his servants. Throughout the whole land of Egypt the land was devastated by the wild animals.
Adonoy did so. Huge throngs of wild animals came to the house of Pharaoh and the houses of his servants. Throughout the whole land of Egypt the land was devastated by the wild animals.
Rashi
תשחת הארץ. נשחתה הארץ, אִתְחַבָּלַת אַרְעָא:
The land was devastated. [תִשָּׁחֵת הָאָרֶץ means:] the land was devastated; [as Onkelos translates it] אִתְחַבָּלַת אַרְעָא (past tense).
וַיִּקְרָא פַרְעֹה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמֶר לְכוּ זִבְחוּ לֵאלֹֽהֵיכֶם בָּאָֽרֶץ׃
Pharaoh called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said, “Go! Sacrifice to your God [here] in the land.”
Pharaoh called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said, “Go! Sacrifice to your God [here] in the land.”
Rashi
זבחו לאלהיכם בארץ. במקומכם, ולא תלכו במדבר:
“Sacrifice to your God [here] in the land.” [I.e.] “where you are, and do not go into the wilderness.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה לֹא נָכוֹן לַעֲשׂוֹת כֵּן כִּי תּוֹעֲבַת מִצְרַיִם נִזְבַּח לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ הֵן נִזְבַּח אֶת־תּוֹעֲבַת מִצְרַיִם לְעֵינֵיהֶם וְלֹא יִסְקְלֻֽנוּ׃
Moshe said, “It would not be proper to do so. For that which is abominable [sacred] to Egypt we intend to sacrifice to Adonoy, our God. Could we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes and not have them stone us?
Moshe said, “It would not be proper to do so. For that which is abominable [sacred] to Egypt we intend to sacrifice to Adonoy, our God. Could we sacrifice the abomination of the Egyptians before their eyes and not have them stone us?
Rashi
תועבת מצרים. יראת מצרים, כמו וּלְמִלְכֹּם תֹּועֲבַת בְּנֵי עַמֹּון (מלכים־ב כג, יג), ואצל ישראל קורא אותם תועבה. ועוד יש לומר בלשון אחר תועבת מצרים, דבר שנאוי הוא למצרים זביחה שאנו זובחים, שהרי יראתם אנו זובחים:
Abominable to Egypt. [Actually] that which Egypt reveres (i.e., its idols) as in “and for Milkom the (תוֹעֲבַת) abomination of B’nei Ammon” but only when speaking to Israel is it called abominable. תּוֹעֲבַת מִצְרַיִם can also be explained another way: It would be despicable to Egypt [to witness] the sacrifice which we are sacrificing for it is their god that we sacrifice.
ולא יסקלנו. בתמיה:
And not have them stone us? [Meant as] a wondrous question.
דֶּרֶךְ שְׁלֹשֶׁת יָמִים נֵלֵךְ בַּמִּדְבָּר וְזָבַחְנוּ לַֽיהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ כַּאֲשֶׁר יֹאמַר אֵלֵֽינוּ׃
We must make a three day trip into the wilderness, and sacrifice to Adonoy, our God, in the manner that He will tell us.”
We must make a three day trip into the wilderness, and sacrifice to Adonoy, our God, in the manner that He will tell us.”
וַיֹּאמֶר פַּרְעֹה אָנֹכִי אֲשַׁלַּח אֶתְכֶם וּזְבַחְתֶּם לַיהֹוָה אֱלֹֽהֵיכֶם בַּמִּדְבָּר רַק הַרְחֵק לֹא־תַרְחִיקוּ לָלֶכֶת הַעְתִּירוּ בַּעֲדִֽי׃
Pharaoh, said, “I will send you out so that you may sacrifice to Adonoy, your God in the wilderness, as long as you do not go too far away. Pray for me.”
Pharaoh, said, “I will send you out so that you may sacrifice to Adonoy, your God in the wilderness, as long as you do not go too far away. Pray for me.”
וַיֹּאמֶר מֹשֶׁה הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי יוֹצֵא מֵֽעִמָּךְ וְהַעְתַּרְתִּי אֶל־יְהֹוָה וְסָר הֶעָרֹב מִפַּרְעֹה מֵעֲבָדָיו וּמֵעַמּוֹ מָחָר רַק אַל־יֹסֵף פַּרְעֹה הָתֵל לְבִלְתִּי שַׁלַּח אֶת־הָעָם לִזְבֹּחַ לַֽיהֹוָֽה׃
Moshe said, “Behold, when I leave your presence I will pray to Adonoy, and the wild animals will depart from Pharaoh, and from his servants and from his people, tomorrow. But let Pharaoh never again deceive us [by] refusing to send the people to sacrifice to Adonoy.”
Moshe said, “Behold, when I leave your presence I will pray to Adonoy, and the wild animals will depart from Pharaoh, and from his servants and from his people, tomorrow. But let Pharaoh never again deceive us [by] refusing to send the people to sacrifice to Adonoy.”
Rashi
התל. כמו להתל:
Deceive us. [הָתֵל is] the same as לְהָתֵל .
וַיֵּצֵא מֹשֶׁה מֵעִם פַּרְעֹה וַיֶּעְתַּר אֶל־יְהֹוָֽה׃
Moshe went out from Pharaoh[’s presence] and prayed to Adonoy.
Moshe went out from Pharaoh[’s presence] and prayed to Adonoy.
Rashi
ויעתר אל ה'. נתאמץ בתפלה, וכן אם בא לומר ויעתיר, היה יכול לומר, ומשמע וירבה בתפלה, עכשיו כשהוא אומר בלשון ויפעל, משמע וירבה להתפלל:
And prayed to Adonoy. [וַיֶּעְתַּר means] he exerted himself in prayer. Similarly, had he wished to say וַיַּעְתִּיר he could have said so and it would mean he used many [words] of prayer. Now that he says it in terms of וַיִּפְעַל it means he increased [the intensity] of the prayer.
וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה כִּדְבַר מֹשֶׁה וַיָּסַר הֶעָרֹב מִפַּרְעֹה מֵעֲבָדָיו וּמֵעַמּוֹ לֹא נִשְׁאַר אֶחָֽד׃
Adonoy did as Moshe spoke [requested]. He caused the wild animals to depart from Pharaoh from his servants and from his people. Not a single one remained.
Adonoy did as Moshe spoke [requested]. He caused the wild animals to depart from Pharaoh from his servants and from his people. Not a single one remained.
Rashi
ויסר הערוב. ולא מתו כמו שמתו הצפרדעים, שאם מתו יהיה להם הנאה בעורות:
He caused the wild animals to depart. They did not die as did the frogs, for had they died they would have benefitted from the skins.
וַיַּכְבֵּד פַּרְעֹה אֶת־לִבּוֹ גַּם בַּפַּעַם הַזֹּאת וְלֹא שִׁלַּח אֶת־הָעָֽם׃ {פ}
But Pharaoh hardened his heart again, this time and he did not send out the people.
But Pharaoh hardened his heart again, this time and he did not send out the people.
Rashi
גם בפעם הזאת. אע"פ שאמר אנכי אשלח אתכם, לא קיים הבטחתו:
Again this time. [Once more,] though he said, “I will send you out,” he did not keep his promise.
Shemot 9
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה בֹּא אֶל־פַּרְעֹה וְדִבַּרְתָּ אֵלָיו כֹּֽה־אָמַר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי הָֽעִבְרִים שַׁלַּח אֶת־עַמִּי וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy, God of the Hebrews has said, Send out My people and let them serve Me.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Go to Pharaoh and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy, God of the Hebrews has said, Send out My people and let them serve Me.
כִּי אִם־מָאֵן אַתָּה לְשַׁלֵּחַ וְעוֹדְךָ מַחֲזִיק בָּֽם׃
For if you refuse to send them out, and continue holding them;
For if you refuse to send them out, and continue holding them;
Rashi
מחזיק בם. אוחז בם, כמו וְהֶחֱזִיקָה בִּמְבֻשָׁיו (דברים כה, יא):
Holding them. [מַחֲזִיק בָּם means] holding them, as in “(וְהֶחֱזִיקָה) and she took hold of his private parts.”
הִנֵּה יַד־יְהֹוָה הוֹיָה בְּמִקְנְךָ אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׂדֶה בַּסּוּסִים בַּֽחֲמֹרִים בַּגְּמַלִּים בַּבָּקָר וּבַצֹּאן דֶּבֶר כָּבֵד מְאֹֽד׃
behold, the hand of Adonoy is directed at your livestock that are in the field—upon the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the cattle and the sheep—there will be a very heavy [serious] plague.
behold, the hand of Adonoy is directed at your livestock that are in the field—upon the horses, the donkeys, the camels, the cattle and the sheep—there will be a very heavy [serious] plague.
Rashi
הנה יד ה' הויה. לשון הוה, כי כן יאמר בלשון נקבה, על שעבר היתה, ועל העתיד תהיה, ועל העומד הווה, כמו עושה, רוצה, רועה:
Behold, the hand of Adonoy is directed. [הוֹיָה] is in the present tense, for this is how [the verb הָיָה] is expressed in the feminine gender: in the past tense: הָיְתָה — she was, in the future tense: תִּהְיֶה — she shall be, and in the present tense: הוֹיָה — she is; the same form as רוֹעָה, רוֹצָה, עוֹשָׂה .
וְהִפְלָה יְהֹוָה בֵּין מִקְנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל וּבֵין מִקְנֵה מִצְרָיִם וְלֹא יָמוּת מִכׇּל־לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דָּבָֽר׃
Adonoy will distinguish between the livestock of the [B’nei] Yisrael and the livestock of Egypt. None belonging to the B’nei Yisrael will die.’”
Adonoy will distinguish between the livestock of the [B’nei] Yisrael and the livestock of Egypt. None belonging to the B’nei Yisrael will die.’”
Rashi
והפלה. והבדיל:
[Adonoy] will distinguish. [וְהִפְלָה means] He will set apart.
וַיָּשֶׂם יְהֹוָה מוֹעֵד לֵאמֹר מָחָר יַעֲשֶׂה יְהֹוָה הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה בָּאָֽרֶץ׃
Adonoy has set a time, saying, Tomorrow Adonoy will do this thing in the land.
Adonoy has set a time, saying, Tomorrow Adonoy will do this thing in the land.
וַיַּעַשׂ יְהֹוָה אֶת־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה מִֽמׇּחֳרָת וַיָּמׇת כֹּל מִקְנֵה מִצְרָיִם וּמִמִּקְנֵה בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא־מֵת אֶחָֽד׃
Adonoy did this thing on the next day, and all the livestock in Egypt died, but of the livestock of the B’nei Yisrael, not one died.
Adonoy did this thing on the next day, and all the livestock in Egypt died, but of the livestock of the B’nei Yisrael, not one died.
וַיִּשְׁלַח פַּרְעֹה וְהִנֵּה לֹא־מֵת מִמִּקְנֵה יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד־אֶחָד וַיִּכְבַּד לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְלֹא שִׁלַּח אֶת־הָעָֽם׃ {פ}
Pharaoh sent [scouts] and behold not a single animal of the B’nei Yisrael died. The heart of Pharaoh remained hard and he did not send out the people.
Pharaoh sent [scouts] and behold not a single animal of the B’nei Yisrael died. The heart of Pharaoh remained hard and he did not send out the people.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה וְאֶֽל־אַהֲרֹן קְחוּ לָכֶם מְלֹא חׇפְנֵיכֶם פִּיחַ כִּבְשָׁן וּזְרָקוֹ מֹשֶׁה הַשָּׁמַיְמָה לְעֵינֵי פַרְעֹֽה׃
Adonoy spoke to Moshe and Aharon, “Both of you take full handfuls of furnace soot and let Moshe throw it heavenward before the eyes of Pharaoh.
Adonoy spoke to Moshe and Aharon, “Both of you take full handfuls of furnace soot and let Moshe throw it heavenward before the eyes of Pharaoh.
Rashi
מלא חפניכם. ילויינו"ש בלע"ז
Full handfuls. Jelones in Old French — handfuls.
פיח כבשן. דבר הַנִּפָּח מן הגחלים עוממים הנשרפים בכבשן, ובלע"ז אולב"ש. פיח לשון הפחה, שהרוח מפיחן ומפריחן:
Furnace soot. [פִּיחַ is] that which is blown from dying embers that have been burnt in a furnace, in Old French olves — furnace ashes. פִּיחַ having the same root as הַפָּחָה — blowing, for the wind blows and disperses them.
וזרקו משה. וכל דבר הנזרק בכח, אינו נזרק אלא ביד אחת, הרי נסים הרבה, אחד שהחזיק קומצו של משה מלא חפנים שלו ושל אהרן, ואחד שהלך האבק על כל ארץ מצרים:
And let Moshe throw it. And since anything thrown with force is thrown only with one hand, [we may conclude that] there were a number of miracles: One, that Moshe’s one fistful held both his and Aharon’s handfuls. And another, that the soot spread over the entire land of Egypt.
וְהָיָה לְאָבָק עַל כׇּל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם וְהָיָה עַל־הָאָדָם וְעַל־הַבְּהֵמָה לִשְׁחִין פֹּרֵחַ אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
It will become a fine dust [and settle] over the whole land of Egypt. It will settle on man and beast causing a rash which will break out into boils [affecting] the whole land of Egypt.”
It will become a fine dust [and settle] over the whole land of Egypt. It will settle on man and beast causing a rash which will break out into boils [affecting] the whole land of Egypt.”
Rashi
לשחין פרח אבעבועות. כתרגומו לשחין סַגִּי, אֲבַעְבּוּעִין שעל ידו צומחין בהן בועות:
A rash which will break out into boils. As Onkelos translates it: לְשִׁיחֲנָא סַגִּי אַבַעְבּוּעִין, (a rash producing boil) [meaning] that through it (שְׁחִין) boils sprouted all over them.
שחין. לשון חמימות, והרבה יש בלשון משנה, שנה שחונה:
A rash. שְׁחִין has the meaning of heat. There are several instances of this in the Mishnah: [e.g.] שָׁנָה שְׁחוּנָה — “a hot year.”
וַיִּקְחוּ אֶת־פִּיחַ הַכִּבְשָׁן וַיַּֽעַמְדוּ לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה וַיִּזְרֹק אֹתוֹ מֹשֶׁה הַשָּׁמָיְמָה וַיְהִי שְׁחִין אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת פֹּרֵחַ בָּאָדָם וּבַבְּהֵמָֽה׃
They took the furnace soot and stood before Pharaoh. Moshe threw it heavenward, and it caused a rash which broke into boils in man and beast.
They took the furnace soot and stood before Pharaoh. Moshe threw it heavenward, and it caused a rash which broke into boils in man and beast.
Rashi
באדם ובבהמה. ואם תאמר מאין היו להם הבהמות, והלא כבר נאמר וַיָמָת כֹּל מִקְנֵה מִצְרָיִם, אלא לא נגזרה גזרה אלא על אותן שבשדות בלבד, שנאמר בְּמִקְנְךָ אֲשֶׁר בַּשָׂדֶה, והַיָּרֵא אֶת דְּבַר ה' הֵנִיס אֶת מִקְנֵהוּ אֶל הַבָּתִּים. וכן שנויה במכילתא אצל וַיִקַּח שֵׁשׁ מֵאֹות רֶכֶב בָּחוּר (שמות יד, ז):
In man and beast. Should you ask: from where did they have these animals, has it not already been stated: “and the livestock in Egypt died”? [I would answer] that the decree was only on those [that remained] in the fields exclusively, as it is said: “at your livestock that are in the field,” and whoever feared the word of Hashem made his livestock flee into the house. It is likewise taught in the Mechilta concerning: “He took 600 selected chariots.”
וְלֹֽא־יָכְלוּ הַֽחַרְטֻמִּים לַעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי מֹשֶׁה מִפְּנֵי הַשְּׁחִין כִּֽי־הָיָה הַשְּׁחִין בַּֽחַרְטֻמִּם וּבְכׇל־מִצְרָֽיִם׃
The sorcerers could not stand before Moshe as a result of the rash, for the rash affected the sorcerers as well as all of Egypt.
The sorcerers could not stand before Moshe as a result of the rash, for the rash affected the sorcerers as well as all of Egypt.
וַיְחַזֵּק יְהֹוָה אֶת־לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְלֹא שָׁמַע אֲלֵהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶֽׁה׃ {ס}
Adonoy caused Pharaoh’s heart to remain hard and he did not listen to them just as Adonoy had spoken to Moshe.
Adonoy caused Pharaoh’s heart to remain hard and he did not listen to them just as Adonoy had spoken to Moshe.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה הַשְׁכֵּם בַּבֹּקֶר וְהִתְיַצֵּב לִפְנֵי פַרְעֹה וְאָמַרְתָּ אֵלָיו כֹּֽה־אָמַר יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי הָֽעִבְרִים שַׁלַּח אֶת־עַמִּי וְיַֽעַבְדֻֽנִי׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Rise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh, and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy, God of the Hebrews, has said, “Send out My people and let them serve Me.
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Rise early in the morning and stand before Pharaoh, and say to him, ‘This is what Adonoy, God of the Hebrews, has said, “Send out My people and let them serve Me.
כִּי ׀ בַּפַּעַם הַזֹּאת אֲנִי שֹׁלֵחַ אֶת־כׇּל־מַגֵּפֹתַי אֶֽל־לִבְּךָ וּבַעֲבָדֶיךָ וּבְעַמֶּךָ בַּעֲבוּר תֵּדַע כִּי אֵין כָּמֹנִי בְּכׇל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
For this time, I will send all My plagues against your [very] heart. [They will strike] your servants and your people, so that you will know that there is none like Me in all the earth.
For this time, I will send all My plagues against your [very] heart. [They will strike] your servants and your people, so that you will know that there is none like Me in all the earth.
Rashi
את כל מגפתי. למדנו מכאן, שמכת בכורות שקולה כנגד כל המכות:
All My plagues. We learn from here that מכת בכורות is equivalent to all the plagues.
כִּי עַתָּה שָׁלַחְתִּי אֶת־יָדִי וָאַךְ אוֹתְךָ וְאֶֽת־עַמְּךָ בַּדָּבֶר וַתִּכָּחֵד מִן־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
For now I [could] have extended My hand, and struck you and your people with the pestilence, and you would have been obliterated from the earth.
For now I [could] have extended My hand, and struck you and your people with the pestilence, and you would have been obliterated from the earth.
Rashi
כי עתה שלחתי את ידי וגו'. כי אלו רציתי, כשהיתה ידי במקנך שהכיתים בדבר, שלחתיה והכיתי אותך ואת עמך עם הבהמות: ותכחד מן הארץ. אבל בעבור זאת העמדתיך וגו':
For now. I [could] have extended my hand, etc. I.e., “for had I wished, [then] when My hand was [striking] at your livestock when I struck them with pestilence, I would have sent it and struck you and your people together with the animals — and you would have been obliterated from the earth. but it is for this reason that I have let you survive, etc.
וְאוּלָם בַּעֲבוּר זֹאת הֶעֱמַדְתִּיךָ בַּעֲבוּר הַרְאֹתְךָ אֶת־כֹּחִי וּלְמַעַן סַפֵּר שְׁמִי בְּכׇל־הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Nevertheless, for this reason I have let you survive—to show you My strength—so that My Name will be declared throughout all the earth.
Nevertheless, for this reason I have let you survive—to show you My strength—so that My Name will be declared throughout all the earth.
עוֹדְךָ מִסְתּוֹלֵל בְּעַמִּי לְבִלְתִּי שַׁלְּחָֽם׃
But you are still oppressing My people refusing to send them out.
But you are still oppressing My people refusing to send them out.
Rashi
עודך מסתולל בעמי. כתרגומו כְּבֵישַׁת בֵּיהּ בְּעַמִּי, והיא מגזרת מסלה דמתרגמינן אוֹרַח כְּבוּשָׁא, ובלע"ז קלקי"ר וכבר פירשתי בסוף ויהי מקץ, כל תיבה שתחלת יסודה סמ"ך והיא באה לדבר בלשון מתפעל, נותן התי"ו של שמוש באמצע אותיות של עיקר, כגון זו, וכגון וְיִסְתַּבֵּל הֶחָגָב (קהלת יב, ה), מגזרת סבל. כִּי תִּשְׂתָּרֵר עָלֵינוּ (דניאל ז, ח), מגזרת שר ונגיד. וכן מִשְׂתַּכַּל הֲוִית (דניאל ז, ח):
But you are still oppressing my people. [מִסְתּוֹלֵל בְּעַמִי is] as Onkelos translates it: “You are oppressing My people.” It (מִסְתּוֹלֵל) has the same root as מְסִלָה, which is translated by Onkelos as: “a well-worn path.” Chalchier in Old French — a trodden path. I have already explained at the end of Parshas Miketz that any word whose first root letter is סָמֶ"ךְ and intends to convey the הִתְפָּעֵל conjugation one places the prefix letter ת' in the middle of the root letters as in this case (מִסְתּוֹלֵל) and for example וְיִסְתַּבֵּל הֶחָגָב — “the grasshopper will drag itself,” יִסְתַּבֵּל having the root סָבֹל — carry a load, [or] כִּי תִשְׂתָּרֵר עָלֵינוּ — “that you would make yourself our ruler” תִשְׂתָּרֵר having the root of שַׂר וְנָגִיד — “a prince and a nobleman,” [or] מִשְׂתַּכַּל הֲוֵית — “I was reflecting.”
הִנְנִי מַמְטִיר כָּעֵת מָחָר בָּרָד כָּבֵד מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹא־הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּמִצְרַיִם לְמִן־הַיּוֹם הִוָּסְדָהֿ וְעַד־עָֽתָּה׃
Tomorrow at this time, I will cause it to rain a tremendously heavy hail. There was never anything like it in Egypt, from the time it was founded until now.
Tomorrow at this time, I will cause it to rain a tremendously heavy hail. There was never anything like it in Egypt, from the time it was founded until now.
Rashi
כעת מחר. כעת הזאת למחר, שרט לו שריטה בכותל, למחר כשתגיע חמה לכאן, ירד הברד:
Tomorrow at this time. [כָּעֵת מָחָר means] at the same time tomorrow. He scratched a mark in the wall [and said,] “Tomorrow when the sun reaches here the hail will come down.
הוסדה. שנתיסדה. וכל תיבה שתחלת יסודה יו"ד, כגון יסד, ילד, ידע, יסר, כשהיא מתפעלת, תבא הוי"ו במקום היו"ד, כמו הוסדה, הִוָּלְדָהּ (הושע ב, ה), וַיִּוָּדַע (אסתר ב, כב), וַיִּוָּלֵד לְיֹוסֵף (בראשית מו, כ), בִּדְבָרִים לֹא יִוָּסֶר עָבֶד (משלי כט, יט):
It was founded. [הִוָּסְדָה means] that it was founded. Every word whose first root-letter is a י', e.g., יָסֹד (founded), יָלֹד (gave birth) יָדֹעַ (knew), יָסֹר (removed), when it is put in the הִתְפָּעֵל form the letter ו' replaces the letter י', as in הִוָּסְדָה or הִוָּלְדָה וַיִּוָּדַע — “it became known,” [or] וַיִּוָּלֵד לְיוֹסֵף — “There was born to Yoseif,” [or] “With words will a servant לֹא יִוָּסֶר — not be rebuked.”
וְעַתָּה שְׁלַח הָעֵז אֶֽת־מִקְנְךָ וְאֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר לְךָ בַּשָּׂדֶה כׇּל־הָאָדָם וְהַבְּהֵמָה אֲשֶֽׁר־יִמָּצֵא בַשָּׂדֶה וְלֹא יֵֽאָסֵף הַבַּיְתָה וְיָרַד עֲלֵהֶם הַבָּרָד וָמֵֽתוּ׃
Now send [word] and gather [shelter] your livestock and all that you have in the field. Any man or beast that is found [remains] in the field and will not be brought into the house [indoors]—the hail will descend upon them and they will die.”
Now send [word] and gather [shelter] your livestock and all that you have in the field. Any man or beast that is found [remains] in the field and will not be brought into the house [indoors]—the hail will descend upon them and they will die.”
Rashi
שלח העז. כתרגומו שלח כְּנוֹשׁ, וכן ישְׁבֵי הַגֵּבִים הֵעִיזוּ (ישעיה י, לא), הָעִיזוּ בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן (ירמיה ו, א):
Send [word] and gather. שְׁלַח הָעֵז is as Onkelos translates it: “send [word] and gather.” Similarly: “The inhabitants of Geibim (הֵעִיזוּ) gathered,” [or:] “(הֵעִיזוּ) gather! children of Binyamin.”
ולא יאסף הביתה. לשון הכנסה היא:
And will not be brought into the house. יֵאָסֵף is a term meaning gathering in.
הַיָּרֵא אֶת־דְּבַר יְהֹוָה מֵֽעַבְדֵי פַּרְעֹה הֵנִיס אֶת־עֲבָדָיו וְאֶת־מִקְנֵהוּ אֶל־הַבָּתִּֽים׃
He that feared the word of Adonoy among Pharaoh’s servants, made his servants and his livestock flee into the houses [indoors].
He that feared the word of Adonoy among Pharaoh’s servants, made his servants and his livestock flee into the houses [indoors].
Rashi
הניס. הבריח, לשון וינס:
Made flee. הֵנִיס means caused to flee from the word “וַיָּנָס .”
וַאֲשֶׁר לֹא־שָׂם לִבּוֹ אֶל־דְּבַר יְהֹוָה וַֽיַּעֲזֹב אֶת־עֲבָדָיו וְאֶת־מִקְנֵהוּ בַּשָּׂדֶֽה׃ {פ}
But he whose heart did not heed the word of Adonoy, left his servants and his livestock in the field.
But he whose heart did not heed the word of Adonoy, left his servants and his livestock in the field.
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהֹוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה נְטֵה אֶת־יָֽדְךָ עַל־הַשָּׁמַיִם וִיהִי בָרָד בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם עַל־הָאָדָם וְעַל־הַבְּהֵמָה וְעַל כׇּל־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand toward the heavens, and there will be hail throughout the land of Egypt—on man and on beast, and upon all the vegetation in the land of Egypt.”
Adonoy said to Moshe, “Extend your hand toward the heavens, and there will be hail throughout the land of Egypt—on man and on beast, and upon all the vegetation in the land of Egypt.”
Rashi
על השמים. לצד השמים. ומדרש אגדה, הגביהו הקב"ה למשה למעלה מן השמים:
Toward the Heavens. [עַל הַשָּׁמַיִם means] toward the heavens. But the midrashic explanation is: Hashem lifted Moshe over the heavens.
וַיֵּט מֹשֶׁה אֶת־מַטֵּהוּ עַל־הַשָּׁמַיִם וַֽיהֹוָה נָתַן קֹלֹת וּבָרָד וַתִּהֲלַךְ אֵשׁ אָרְצָה וַיַּמְטֵר יְהֹוָה בָּרָד עַל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרָֽיִם׃
Moshe extended his rod toward the heavens, and Adonoy sent thunder and hail, and fire came streaming down upon the earth. Adonoy caused it to rain hail on the land of Egypt.
Moshe extended his rod toward the heavens, and Adonoy sent thunder and hail, and fire came streaming down upon the earth. Adonoy caused it to rain hail on the land of Egypt.
וַיְהִי בָרָד וְאֵשׁ מִתְלַקַּחַת בְּתוֹךְ הַבָּרָד כָּבֵד מְאֹד אֲשֶׁר לֹֽא־הָיָה כָמֹהוּ בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם מֵאָז הָיְתָה לְגֽוֹי׃
There was hail and fire [lightning] flashing among the hailstones. It was an extremely heavy [downfall]. There had never been anything like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.
There was hail and fire [lightning] flashing among the hailstones. It was an extremely heavy [downfall]. There had never been anything like it in all the land of Egypt since it became a nation.
Rashi
מתלקחת בתוך הברד. נס בתוך נס, האש והברד מעורבין, והברד מים הוא, ולעשות רצון קונם עשו שלום ביניהם (שמו"ר יב, ו):
Flashing Among the Hailstones. [This was] a miracle within a miracle; the fire and the hail intermingled, yet the hail is water! And to do the bidding of their Creator they made peace between themselves.
וַיַּךְ הַבָּרָד בְּכׇל־אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם אֵת כׇּל־אֲשֶׁר בַּשָּׂדֶה מֵאָדָם וְעַד־בְּהֵמָה וְאֵת כׇּל־עֵשֶׂב הַשָּׂדֶה הִכָּה הַבָּרָד וְאֶת־כׇּל־עֵץ הַשָּׂדֶה שִׁבֵּֽר׃
The hail struck throughout the whole land of Egypt, [killing] all that was in the field [outdoors]—both man and beast. All the vegetation in the fields was struck by the hail and every tree in the fields was shattered.
The hail struck throughout the whole land of Egypt, [killing] all that was in the field [outdoors]—both man and beast. All the vegetation in the fields was struck by the hail and every tree in the fields was shattered.
רַק בְּאֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן אֲשֶׁר־שָׁם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הָיָה בָּרָֽד׃
Only in the land of Goshen where the B’nei Yisrael were, there was no hail.
Only in the land of Goshen where the B’nei Yisrael were, there was no hail.
וַיִּשְׁלַח פַּרְעֹה וַיִּקְרָא לְמֹשֶׁה וּֽלְאַהֲרֹן וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵהֶם חָטָאתִי הַפָּעַם יְהֹוָה הַצַּדִּיק וַאֲנִי וְעַמִּי הָרְשָׁעִֽים׃
Pharaoh sent, and called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said to them, “This time I have sinned. Adonoy is the righteous One and I and my people are the sinners.
Pharaoh sent, and called for Moshe and Aharon, and he said to them, “This time I have sinned. Adonoy is the righteous One and I and my people are the sinners.
הַעְתִּירוּ אֶל־יְהֹוָה וְרַב מִֽהְיֹת קֹלֹת אֱלֹהִים וּבָרָד וַאֲשַׁלְּחָה אֶתְכֶם וְלֹא תֹסִפוּן לַעֲמֹֽד׃
Pray to Adonoy There has been enough of God’s thunder and hail. I will send you out without further delay.”
Pray to Adonoy There has been enough of God’s thunder and hail. I will send you out without further delay.”
Rashi
ורב. די לו במה שהוריד כבר:
Enough. [I.e.] let it be sufficient for Him with what He has already brought down.
וַיֹּאמֶר אֵלָיו מֹשֶׁה כְּצֵאתִי אֶת־הָעִיר אֶפְרֹשׂ אֶת־כַּפַּי אֶל־יְהֹוָה הַקֹּלוֹת יֶחְדָּלוּן וְהַבָּרָד לֹא יִֽהְיֶה־עוֹד לְמַעַן תֵּדַע כִּי לַיהֹוָה הָאָֽרֶץ׃
Moshe said to him, “When I leave the city, I will spread my hands to Adonoy. The thunder will cease and their will be no more hail, so that you will know that the earth belongs to Adonoy.
Moshe said to him, “When I leave the city, I will spread my hands to Adonoy. The thunder will cease and their will be no more hail, so that you will know that the earth belongs to Adonoy.
Rashi
כצאתי את העיר. מן העיר, אבל בתוך העיר לא התפלל, לפי שהיתה מלאה גלולים (שם יב, ז):
When I leave the city. [אֶת הָעִיר has the same meaning as] מִן הָעִיר — from the city. But within the city he would not pray because it was full of idols.
וְאַתָּה וַעֲבָדֶיךָ יָדַעְתִּי כִּי טֶרֶם תִּֽירְאוּן מִפְּנֵי יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהִֽים׃
But regarding you and your servants, I know that you are not yet in fear of Adonoy, Elohim.
But regarding you and your servants, I know that you are not yet in fear of Adonoy, Elohim.
Rashi
טרם תיראון. עדיין לא תיראון. וכן כל טרם שבמקרא עדיין לא הוא, ואינו לשון קודם, כמו טֶרֶם יִשְׁכָּבוּ (בראשית יט, ד), עד לא שכיבו. טֶרֶם יִצְמָח (שם ב, ה), עד לא צמח. אף זה כן הוא, ידעתי כי עדיין אינכם יראים, ומשתהיה הרוחה תעמדו בקלקולכם:
You are not yet in fear. [טֶרֶם תִּירְאוּן is translated:] “You are not yet in fear.” Similarly, wherever טֶרֶם appears in Scripture it has the meaning: not yet, and does not mean: before; as in טֶרֶם יִשְׁכָּבוּ — [which Onkelos translates] “They did not yet lie down,” [or: טֶרֶם יִצְמָּח — [which Onkelos translates:] “did not yet sprout. This one (i.e., טֶרֶם תִּירְאוּן), too, has a similar meaning: “I know that you [and your servants] do not yet fear, and that the moment there will be relief you will continue with your corruption.
וְהַפִּשְׁתָּה וְהַשְּׂעֹרָה נֻכָּתָה כִּי הַשְּׂעֹרָה אָבִיב וְהַפִּשְׁתָּה גִּבְעֹֽל׃
The flax and barley have been broken since the barley was ripe, and the flax had formed into stalks.
The flax and barley have been broken since the barley was ripe, and the flax had formed into stalks.
Rashi
והפשתה והשעורה נכתה. נשברה, לשון פרעה נכה, נכאים, וכן לא נכו, ולא יתכן לפרשו לשון הכאה, שאין נו"ן במקום ה"א לפרש נכתה כמו הוכתה, נכו כמו הכו, אלא הנו"ן שורש בתיבה, והרי הוא מגזרת וְשֻׁפּוּ עַצְמֹתָיו (איוב לג, כא):
The flax and barley have been broken. [נֻכָּתָה meaning] has been broken, from the same term as פַּרְעֹה נְכֹה — the lame Pharaoh; [or] נְכָאִים — broken. Similarly לֹא נֻכּוּ [means “were not broken”]. It would not be correct to explain it as a term meaning “striking,” for the letter נ' cannot replace the letter ה' so that נוּכָּתָה can be explained as הוּכָּתָה, or נֻכּוּ to be the same as הוּכּוּ . But rather, the נ' is part of the word-root and is [grammatically] the same form as וְשֻׁפוּ עַצְמוֹתָיו — “his bones were bared.”
כי השערה אביב. כבר ביכרה ועומדת בְּקָשְׁיָהּ, ונשתברו ונפלו, וכן הפשתה גדלה כבר והוקשה לעמוד בגבעוליה:
Since the barley was ripe. [Meaning] it has already ripened and is standing in its stalks and they [therefore] broke and fell. So, too, the flax has already become full-grown and has hardened so as to stand on its stems.
השעורה אביב. עמדה באביה, לשון בְּאִבֵּי הַנָּחַל (שיר השירים ו, יא):
The barley was ripe. [אָבִיב meaning] stood in its stalks, from the same term as: בְּאִבֵּי הַנָּחַל — “the stalks of the stream.”
וְהַחִטָּה וְהַכֻּסֶּמֶת לֹא נֻכּוּ כִּי אֲפִילֹת הֵֽנָּה׃
But neither the wheat or the spelt were broken since they are late in sprouting.”
But neither the wheat or the spelt were broken since they are late in sprouting.”
Rashi
כי אפילת הנה. מאוחרות, ועדיין היו רכות, ויכולות לעמוד בפני קשה, ואע"פ שנאמר ואת כל עשב השדה הכה הברד, יש לפרש פשוטו של מקרא בעשבים העומדים בקלחם הראויים ללקות בברד. ומדרש רבי תנחומא (וארא טז) יש מרבותינו שנחלקו על זאת, ודרשו כי אפילות, פלאי פלאות נעשו להם שלא לקו:
Since they are late in sprouting. [אֲפִילֹת meaning] late, and were still soft [and pliable] and were able to stand [even] in the face of [a] hard [blow]. Although it has been stated: “All the vegetation in the fields was struck by the hail” one can explain the plain meaning of the verse as referring to the vegetation that stood in their stalks (i.e., were ripe), and were vulnerable to be broken by the hail. [However], in Midrash Rabbi Tanchuma, some Sages dispute this and explain כִּי אֲפִילֹת [as meaning] a wonder of wonders (פֶּלֶא =wonder) occurred that they were not struck.
וַיֵּצֵא מֹשֶׁה מֵעִם פַּרְעֹה אֶת־הָעִיר וַיִּפְרֹשׂ כַּפָּיו אֶל־יְהֹוָה וַֽיַּחְדְּלוּ הַקֹּלוֹת וְהַבָּרָד וּמָטָר לֹא־נִתַּךְ אָֽרְצָה׃
Moshe [then] left Pharaoh’s presence, and left the city. He spread his hands [in prayer] to Adonoy. The thunder ceased, and the hail and the rain did not reach the earth.
Moshe [then] left Pharaoh’s presence, and left the city. He spread his hands [in prayer] to Adonoy. The thunder ceased, and the hail and the rain did not reach the earth.
Rashi
לא נתך. לא הגיע, ואף אותן שהיו באויר לא הגיעו לארץ, ודומה לו וַתִּתַּךְ עָלֵינוּ הָאָלָה וְהַשְׁבֻעָה (דניאל ט, יא) דעזרא, ותגיע עלינו. ומנחם בן סרוק חברו בחלק כְּהִתּוּך כֶּסֶף (יחזקאל כב, כב), לשון יציקת מתכת, ורואה אני את דבריו כתרגומו וַיִצֹק, וְאַתֵּיךְ. לָצֶקֶת, לְאַתָּכָא. אף זה לא נתך לארץ, לא הוצק לארץ:
Did not reach. [לֹא נִתַּךְ meaning] did not reach. Even those that were already in the air [never] reached the ground. Similar to this is: “וַתִּתַּךְ עָלֵינוּ the curse and the oath” in the Book of Daniel [וְתַּגִּיעַ עָלֵינוּ meaning:] it reached us. Menachem ben Saruk classified it in the category of כְּהִתּוּךְ כֶּסֶף meaning: the pouring (melting) of metal. I agree with his opinion, as Onkelos translates “וַיִּצֹק as וְאַתִּיךְ [and] “לָצֶקֶת” לְאַתָּכָא — to cast. So, too, לֹא נִתַּךְ לָאָרֶץ [has the meaning:] [The hail] was not poured to the ground.
וַיַּרְא פַּרְעֹה כִּֽי־חָדַל הַמָּטָר וְהַבָּרָד וְהַקֹּלֹת וַיֹּסֶף לַחֲטֹא וַיַּכְבֵּד לִבּוֹ הוּא וַעֲבָדָֽיו׃
[When] Pharaoh saw that the rain, and the hail and the thunder ceased, he continued his sin[ful ways]. He and his servants hardened their hearts.
[When] Pharaoh saw that the rain, and the hail and the thunder ceased, he continued his sin[ful ways]. He and his servants hardened their hearts.
וַיֶּֽחֱזַק לֵב פַּרְעֹה וְלֹא שִׁלַּח אֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כַּאֲשֶׁר דִּבֶּר יְהֹוָה בְּיַד־מֹשֶֽׁה׃ {פ}
Pharaoh’s heart was strengthened, and he did not send the B’nei Yisrael out. This was just as Adonoy had spoken through Moshe.
Pharaoh’s heart was strengthened, and he did not send the B’nei Yisrael out. This was just as Adonoy had spoken through Moshe.
וידבר אלהים אל משה. דִּבֶּר אתו משפט, על שהקשה לדבר ולומר למה הרעותה לעם הזה:
Elokim spoke to Moshe. He (Hashem) spoke to him with severity for he (Moshe) had spoken harshly, saying, “Why have you brought harm to this nation?”